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Management of Peak Loads in an Emerging Electricity Market

Energy Engineering 2022年第6期119卷 2637-2654页

作者： edwin n.mbinkar Derek Ajesam Asoh Jerome ndam Mungwe Livinus Songyuh Emmanuel Lamfu Laboratoire de Génie Electrique Mécatronique et Traitement du SignalENSPYUniversitéde YaoundéIYaoundeCameroun Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering National Higher Polytechnic Institute(NAHPI)University of BamendaBamendaCameroon Department of Electrical and Power Engineering Higher Technical Teacher Training College(HTTTC)University of BamendaBamendaCameroon Mekin Hydroelectric Development Corporation MeyomessalaCameroon EnEO Cameroun S.A. DoualaCameroon

An electricity market is a trading platform provided by the actors in the electricity sector to sell and buy electricity while maintaining the stability of the transmission network and minimizing energy *** management of electrical energy for rational use consists of all the operations that the consumers can carry out in order to minimize their electricity bill,while the producers optimize their benefits and the transmission *** reduction of active and reactive power consumption and the smoothing of daily and yearly load profiles are the main objectives in this *** developed countries already have properly functioning electricity markets,but developing countries are still in their infancy of deregulated electricity *** major tools used in smoothing the load profiles include decentralized generation,energy storage and demand response.A load power smoothing control strategy is proposed to smooth the load power fluctuations of the distribution *** required power change is determined by evaluating the power fluctuation rate of the load,and then the required power change is allocated to some generators or to some stored ***,the consumers are made to curtail their power *** ideas proposed in this work provide important opportunities for energy policy makers and *** ideas would only be feasible if there exists real-time communication among the actors in the electricity *** results indicate that as much as 1100 Megawatt-hours of energy can be stored for smoothing the load profile,when applied to the Southern Interconnected Grid of the Cameroon power system;and that Time of Use(TOU)pricing could be used instead of rotating blackouts in case of energy shortage.

关键词： Peak load electricity markets decentralized generation energy storage demand response

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Microcontroller Control of Reactive Power Compensation for Growing Industrial Loads

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Energy and Power Engineering 2022年第9期14卷 460-476页

作者： edwin n. mbinkar Derek Ajesam Asoh Sulayman Kujabi Laboratoire de Génie Electrique Mécatronique et Traitement du Signal ENSPY Université de Yaoundé I Yaounde Cameroun Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering National Higher Polytechnic Institute (NAHPI) University of Bamenda Bamenda Cameroon Department of Electrical and Power Engineering Higher Technical Teacher Training College (HTTTC) University of Bamenda Bamenda Cameroon Gambian Technical Training Institute Banjul The Gambia

Many industrial installations in developing countries start-up as small factories, without regard for the need of compensation of reactive power, leading to significant financial losses in the long term. By improving the power factor, the customer can reduce its power demand and potentially increase efficiency of their equipment. A PIC microcontroller is used to switch capacitor banks to compensate for the reactive power. In order to determine the size of the capacitor bank needed, the microcontroller calculates the phase difference between the voltage and the current. The results obtained based on the lagging power factor for three test loads show an improvement in the power factor from 0.52 to 0.96 under different test load conditions.

关键词： Power Factor Compensation Capacitor Bank PIC Microcontroller Reactive Power

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Design of a Photovoltaic Mini-Grid System for Rural Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Energy and Power Engineering 2021年第3期13卷 91-110页

作者： edwin n. mbinkar Derek A. Asoh Roger Tchuidjan Amadou Baldeh Laboratoire de Genie Electrique Mecatronique et Traitement du Signal ENSPY University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon nAHPI/HTTTC University of Bamenda Bamenda Cameroon Gambia Techinical Training Instisitute Banjul the Gambia

This paper presents a detailed design of a photovoltaic (PV) system for use in the rural electrification of remote settlements that are far off from the electricity grid. Since investment in building transmission lines from the grid to these localities is not viable, a good solution is an installation in these areas of standalone photovoltaic systems. The design process comprises the choice and dimensioning of the solar panels, the battery storage, DC-AC inverter, and mini transmission grid to the different homes. The design is for a 15 kW PV system including an economic evaluation and analysis using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software. Data on the average monthly solar radiation and temperature were obtained from various sources, including, Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) for Africa. From this data the study area receives a monthly average solar insolation of 6.16 kWh/m2/day with the worst month being August with 5.22 kWh/m2/day. The total daily electrical energy consumption is estimated to be about 72.525 kWh. Simulation results using HOMER software shows that the overall capital cost of the PV system components is $122,337, a replacement cost of $12,889 and an operation and maintenance cost of $29,946 over 10years. A financial analysis of the system showed that the design was both viable and sustainable with low maintenance cost.

关键词： Photovoltaic Solar Radiation Rural Electrification Mini-Grid System Dimensioning

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Design Considerations of a Flexible Biogas Digester System for Use in Rural Communities of Developing Countries

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2021年第4期11卷 260-271页

作者： Jerome ndam Mungwe Derek Ajesam Asoh Edwin.mbinkar Department of Electrical and Power Engineering Higher Technical Teachers Training College University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering National Higher Polytechnic Institute University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon Laboratoire de Genie Electrique Mechatronique et Traitement du Signal ENSPY University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon

Several challenges are associated with the development, adoption and deployment of biogas digesters in developing countries. Amongst these challenges is a comprehensive and systematic procedure for the design of diges... 详细信息

Several challenges are associated n>with the development, adoption and deployment of biogas digesters in developing countries. Amongst these challenges is a comprehensive and systematic procedure for the design of digesters suitable for rural communities. This paper proposes the Flexible Biogas Digester System (FBDS) as a viable option for rural communities in developing countries and provides a detailed step-by-step procedure for its design. The biogas production process is a function of the digester operating factors which may be grouped into physical, process and performance parameters. The physical design parameters include the digester volume, the volume of the biogas storage tank, and the volume of the installation pit. The process parameters include total solid content of the slurry (TS), organic loading rate (OLR), digester operating temperatures, pH of the slurry inside the digester. The performance parameters include n style="font-family:"">biogas production rate, biogas productivity and biogas quality. The net Present Value and the Levelised Cost of Energy are presented for simple economic evaluation of the FBDS.

关键词： Flexible Biogas Digester System Design Parameters Biogas in Rural Communities Biogas in Sub-Sahara Africa Digester Design Factors

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Load Frequency Control of Small Hydropower Plants Using One-Input Fuzzy PI Controller with Linear and non-Linear Plant Model

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2022年第1期13卷 1-16页

作者： Derek Ajesam Asoh edwin nyuysever mbinkar Albert nouck Moutlen Laboratoire de Génie Electrique Mécatronique et Traitement du Signal ENSPY University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon nAHPI/HTTTC University of Bamenda Bamenda Cameroon EnEO Douala Cameroon

This study presents an intelligent approach for load frequency control (LFC) of small hydropower plants (SHPs). The approach which is based on fuzzy logic (FL), takes into account the non-linearity of SHPs—something which is not possible using traditional controllers. Most intelligent methods use two- input fuzzy controllers, but because such controllers are expensive, there is economic interest in the relatively cheaper single-input controllers. A non-n> linear control model based on one-input fuzzy logic PI (FLPI) controller was developed and applied to control the non-linear SHP. Using MATLAB/Si- mulink SimScape, the SHP was simulated with linear and non-linear plant models. The performance of the FLPI controller was investigated and compared with that of the conventional PI/PID controller. Results show that the settling time for the FLPI controller is about 8 times shorter;while the overshoot is about 15 times smaller compared to the conventional PI/PID controller. Therefore, the FLPI controller performs better than the conventional PI/PID controller not only in meeting the LFC control objective but also in ensuring increased dynamic stability of SHPs.

关键词： Small Hydropower Plant Linear and non-Linear Model Load Frequency Control non-Linear Control Fuzzy Logic Controller Renewable Energy

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Maximum Power Point Tracking Using the Incremental Conductance Algorithm for PV Systems Operating in Rapidly Changing Environmental Conditions

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2022年第5期13卷 89-108页

作者： Derek Ajesam Asoh Brice Damien noumsi edwin nyuysever mbinkar Laboratoire de Génie Electrique Mécatronique et Traitement du Signal ENSPY University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering NAHPI University of Bamenda Bamenda Cameroon Higher Technical Teacher Training College (HTTTC) University of Bamenda Bamenda Cameroon Department of Electrical/Electronics Engineering Nigeria Army College of Environmental Studies and Technology (NACEST) Makurdi Nigeria

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is an important process in Photovoltaic (PV) systems because of the need to extract maximum power from PV panels used in these systems. Without the ability to track and have PV panels operate at its maximum power point (MPP) entails power losses;resulting in high cost since more panels will be required to provide specified energy needs. To achieve high efficiency and low cost, MPPT has therefore become an imperative in PV systems. In this study, an MPP tracker is modeled using the IC algorithm and its behavior under rapidly changing environmental conditions of temperature and irradiation levels is investigated. This algorithm, based on knowledge of the variation of the conductance of PV cells and the operating point with respect to the voltage and current of the panel calculates the slope of the power characteristics to determine the MPP as the peak of the curve. A simple circuit model of the DC-DC boost converter connected to a PV panel is used in the simulation;and the output of the boost converter is fed through a 3-phase inverter to an electricity grid. The model was simulated and tested using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the IC algorithm for tracking the MPP in PV systems operating under rapidly changing temperatures and irradiations with a settling time of 2 seconds.

关键词： Modeling Simulation PV System Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Incremental Conductance Algorithm MATLAB/Simulink

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