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Ecological Restoration Zones within the Monkey River Area (Belize) Using Community Grown Nurseries to Produce Plants for Riparian Strips

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2019年第3期10卷 353-359页

作者： Anna Koonce edward bush California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo USA Louisiana State University AgCenter Baton Rouge LA USA

Agricultural runoff near watersheds causes severe pollution of estuaries that can cause severe detrimental effects. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the most effective riparian strip combination to reduce offsite runoff and pollution. Three combinations of riparian strips were tested by simulating runoff in a greenhouse environment with drip irrigation. Results of elements in leaf tissues, effluent volume, and effluent element concentrations showed that the riparian strips with a combination of grass and trees was the most successful. If the detailed plan provided by this experiment for growing and planting a riparian strip near Monkey River is installed, then it can be concluded that the riparian strip will reduce nutrient runoff and help prevent erosion.

关键词： Agricultural Runoff Vegetated Buffer Water Pollution Fertilizer Pollution

Studying the Ecological Benefits of <i>Spartina</i>Grass Species and Use of a Mathematical Model (Pick’s Theorem) for Historical Documentation and Future Restoration of Hypoxic Marshlands

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2015年第16期7卷 1363-1374页

作者： Natalie bush edward bush Pamela Blanchard Nathan bush Jennifer Conover St. Joseph’s Academy Baton Rouge USA LSU AgCenter Baton Rouge USA LSU College of Human Sciences and Education Baton Rouge USA Department of Mathematics Texas A&M University College Station USA Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium Chauvin USA

Coastal erosion, subsidence, salt water intrusion, and hypoxia are forces that impact Louisiana and beyond. The objective of this research was to determine the extent of land loss due to erosion and establish the best Spartina (S.) species to ameliorate the coast. Using graph theory in the Geometer’s Sketch Pad program, progressive land loss from Isles Dernieres was determined from 1853 to 2005. This was accomplished using Pick’s Theorem (A = I + B/2 - 1), where A = total land area, I = interior intersections, and B = boundary intersections. The analysis indicated that there had been more than ninety percent land loss from 1853 to 2005. Additionally, four plants from each Spartina species (alterniflora, patens, and spartinae) were planted and flooded in four containers, respectively, filled with potting soil, and a non-vegetated control was included in this same manner. Dissolved oxygen was measured three times a week under three different temperature regimes, twenty-two, thirty, and ten degrees Celsius, respectively. This resulted in the control group diffusing the most oxygen at twenty-two degrees Celsius, the S. alterniflora diffusing the most oxygen at thirty degrees Celsius, and all the species diffusing statistically similar oxygen levels at ten degrees Celsius. After six months of flooded conditions, penetration and subsidence were measured. The vegetated soils required the greatest penetration forces and subsided the least. Oxygen diffusion is dependent on plant species and temperature. The penetration and subsidence results also support the conclusion that plants can reduce land loss and preserve the coastline.

关键词： Coastal Restoration Phytoremediation Barrier Island Mitigation Land Subsidence

The Effect of Organic Biostimulants on Beneficial Soil Microorganism Activity

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Open Journal of Ecology 2022年第8期12卷 499-512页

作者： Elizabeth Waguespack edward bush Kiki Fontenot St. Joseph’s Academy Baton Rouge USA LSU Ag Center Julian C. Miller Hall Baton Rouge USA

Organic biostimulants and organic fertilizers can improve soil health for various horticultural crops. The objectives of these experiments were to determine if biostimulants beneficially increase soil microorganism activity in soilless medium, and additionally measure the impact of synthetic and organic fertilizers with blackstrap molasses on plant nutrient uptake nutrient runoff. It was hypothesized that the addition of biostimulants will increase soil microbe activity. Evolution of soil carbon dioxide was measured by comparing different rates (0, 15, 30, and 45 mL/3.8 L of water) of blackstrap molasses using a randomized block design with 3 replications in nursery containers. Also, a second study using St. Augustinegrass and tomatoes fertilized with organic and synthetic fertilizers was evaluated with and without a biostimulant rate (30 mL/3.8 L of water). The plants were arranged in randomized complete block design with 6 replications. Soil biostimulants did significantly increase the microorganism activity at the 0.05 level. The highest rate of blackstrap molasses improved soil biological activity over a 4-week period. Additionally, fertilizer combined with molasses did show significant increases in soil microbiology for over 5 weeks for both tomatoes and St. Augustinegrass. Molasses increased soil microbial activity but not plant nutrition. Organic fertilizer though resulted in higher levels of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur in plant tissue. Further research is being conducted to measure the influence of biostimulants on the breakdown of composting plant matter. Organic fertilizer slightly increased soil water pH but reduced nutrient load pollution based on a 7-day nutrient effluent study. Total nutrients (nitrates, P, Ca, Mg, and S) runoff was significantly less than synthetic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer reduced nutrient dumping in waste effluent. Organic fertilizers can improve nutrient use efficiency.

关键词： Urban Gardening Tomato Plants St. Augustinegrass Microbial Community Nutrient Pollution

Mitigation of Hypoxic Ecosystems Using Hemolymph Analysis of Callinectes sapidus and Procambarus clarkii in Relation to Spartina Grasses

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Open Journal of Ecology 2016年第8期6卷 484-495页

作者： Natalie bush edward bush Christopher Green Julie Anderson Pamela Blanchard Nathan bush Jennifer Conover St. Joseph’s Academy Baton Rouge LA USA LSU AgCenter Baton Rouge LA USA LSU AgCenter Aquaculture Research Station Baton Rouge LA USA LSU AgCenter and Louisiana Sea Grant Baton Rouge LA USA Health and Human Resources Baton Rouge LA USA Department of Mathematics Texas A & M University College Station TX USA Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium Chauvin LA USA

In the past 80 years, Louisiana has lost over one million acres in land, affecting plants and crustaceans that live in these environments. The first objective of this research was to determine the relationship between diffused oxygen in water and time with the behavioral and physiological health of Callinectes sapidus (blue crab) and Procambarus clarkii (crawfish). After 24 hours, manual dexterity, or the amount of time it takes for a crustacean to flip itself over increased under hypoxic conditions. Hemolymph was extracted and tested for lactate, glucose, and protein. Crawfish were also exposed to this same procedure. An additional crawfish study comparing Spartina plants to assimilate oxygen for aeration compared to mechanical aeration was conducted. The hypoxic groups for all three studies at the 0.05 level had a significantly greater manual dexterity time and greater amounts of lactate and glucose. The protein was significantly higher in hypoxia-exposed crawfish. Time and aeration affect the health of crustaceans, and plants were shown to effectively provide normoxic oxygen levels at a similar level as mechanical aeration. These studies support the importance of marsh grasses for the coast and crustacean viability.

关键词： Coastal Restoration Barrier Island Mitigation Marine Ecology

The Effect of Sodium Chloride on Hybrid Taxodium Selections

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2020年第5期11卷 408-420页

作者： Anna Koonce edward bush David Creech California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA USA Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA Department of Agriculture Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture Stephen F. Austin State University Nacogdoches TX USA

Saltwater intrusion is a major cause of coastal erosion. New hybrid bald cypress species have been shown to exhibit salinity tolerance compared to native bald cypress species. Planting these hybrids, or Nanjing Bot Garden genotype (NBG), trees where their roots can stabilize soil and preserve land may reduce coastal erosion in areas subjected to saltwater intrusion. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether or not selected bald cypress NBG genotype tree species survive better than native bald cypress trees in areas inundated with saline water. Leaves were harvested, dried and analyzed for their elemental concentration. NBG genotype trees excluded more sodium than native bald cypress trees. NBG genotype tree roots were also less effected by brackish water. Finally, the growth of the NBG genotype trees and the control were measured. All NBG genotype trees tested showed growth while the control trees maintained little or no growth, and a decrease in tree height in sodic soil. If these NBG genotype trees are subjected to a surge of brackish water, NBG genotype bald cypress trees may be used to stabilize soil that may be otherwise subject to coastal erosion.

关键词： Salt Water Intrusion Brackish Water Coastal Erosion Taxodium Genotypes

Lead Phytoremediation in Contaminated Soils Using Ornamental Landscape Plants

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2021年第5期9卷 152-164页

作者： Danna Thompson edward bush Heather Kirk-Ballard Joseph’s Academy Baton Rouge LA USA LSU AgCenter Baton Rouge LA USA

Lead (Pb) in the urban environment can have a negative effect on human health, especially children’s health. Reducing elevated Pb exposure in the home landscape is essential. The purpose of this study was to determine which ornamental groundcover landscape plants uptake Pb from contaminated soil. Plants for both shade and sun were selected. Plants for shade [Brake fern (Pteris vittata), Asian Jasmine (Trachelospermum asiaticum), “Big Blue” Liriope (Liriope muscari), and St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum)] and sun [Variegated Liriope (Liriope muscari “Variegata”), Asian Jasmine (Trachelospermum asiaticum), Asparagus Fern (Asparagus setaceus), and Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)] adapted landscape groundcover plants successfully assimilated Pb grown in soil containing 250 ppm and 500 ppm Pb concentrations. Additionally, soil movement at both 25 mph and 50 mph wind speed was significantly different, with increased soil movement at 50 mph. Therefore, it was determined that landscape plants adapted to both sun and shade can help remove Pb from contaminated soils and stabilize soil particles reducing the movement of soil and be aesthetically pleasing.

关键词： Soil Heavy Metals Remediation Soil Health Urban Horticulture Phytoextraction

A Biological Restoration Model for Contaminated Coastal Marshes and Islands Using the Life Cycle of Acheta domesticus to Establish Environmental Sustainability

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Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering 2020年第2期9卷 13-21页

作者： Anna Leyrer edward bush James Geaghan Buffy Meyer St. Joseph’s Academy Baton Rouge Louisiana USA Ag Center Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA Emeritus Department of Experimental Statistics Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry Baton Rouge LA USA

Insects such as Acheta domesticus account for over half of marsh fish and migratory bird diet. Therefore, insects are very important to marsh and island ecosy stems and are susceptible to oil contamination, but little research has been done to study the effects of oil spills on cricket populations. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of an oil spill event on Acheta domesticus mortality and hatch rate to establish environmental sustainability. The treatment groups included 0% oil contamination, 5% oil contamination and 10% oil contamination. The scientist counted the number of deaths in two-week, four-week, and six-week-old crickets after oil contamination. In addition, the scientist counted the number of hatchlings among treated cricket eggs. Error bar lines in the results section supported the scientist’s hypothesis that the crickets would be affected by oil contamination. In fact, over 90% of the 10% oil treatment group died and over 80% of the 5% oil treatment group died after five days of oil contamination in the six-week-old experiment. The scientist used a Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer to determine if benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, or xylene (total) were present in the sediment samples. BTEX exposure is suspected to possibly cause insect mortality. These volatile organic compounds were present in the samples and were found in higher quantities in samples with higher concentrations of oil. The highest quantity of volatile organic compounds present was xylene. After studying the population dynamics of the tested Acheta domesticus, the scientist found that the two-week and four-week-old crickets’ survivability could fit a linear model while the six-week-old crickets fit an exponential model. The scientist used these models to observe how long it took each treatment group to approach zero, and the oiled groups grew closer to a population of zero significantly faster. For example, it took about twenty-seven days for the 10% treatment

关键词： Entomology Contamination Oil Insects Sustainability Marsh

Evaluation of Barriers to Prevent Lead Contamination of Produce Grown in Urban Gardens

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2020年第12期11卷 1064-1072页

作者： Celine Richard Kathryn Fontenot edward bush Heather Kirk-Ballard M. Taylor Bryant School of Plant Environmental & Soil Sciences Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge USA

High lead (Pb) contamination of soils is a threat to human health. Indirect ingestion occurs within the food chain through activities such as growing vegetables with an ability to accumulate lead in edible tissues. Many university extension systems recommend growing vegetables in raised beds to avoid lead contamination. However, there is limited scientific evidence of the efficacy of raised beds in reducing lead uptake in vegetable crops. To address the soil-lead exposure pathway from garden to consumption, this study supplements gaps in the literature pertaining to raised-bed garden practices by evaluating lining materials. Simulated raised beds were constructed to evaluate barriers (neoprene rubber sheeting, landscape fabric and a no barrier control) placed between contaminated (500 ppm) and uncontaminated garden media. The resulting data suggests that neoprene rubber sheeting is not an effective barrier to prevent lead uptake in vegetable crops. In fact, the neoprene barrier contained elevated amounts of lead contributing to higher levels of lead (p ≤ 0.05) within the plant tissue as compared to a no barrier treatment.

关键词： Raised Bed Chinese Cabbage Heavy Metal Soilless Media

Effects of Irrigation and Drought on Growth and Essential Oil Production in O. vulgare and R. officinalis

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2022年第5期13卷 659-667页

作者： David C. Baudoin edward bush Ted Gauthier Amy B. Hernandez Heather Kirk-Ballard LSU AgCenter School of Plant Environmental & Soil Sciences Miller Hall USA

The essential oil industry has led a rapidly growing market in American herbal medicine. The global essential oil industry was valued at an estimated 18.6 billion USD in 2020 and is expected to have a compound annual growth rate of 7.6% from 2020 to 2027. “Essential oil” is a broad term used to describe volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are often associated with a plant’s essence or aroma. These molecules are commonly extracted from a variety of different plant structures by steam distillation and cold pressing. Essential oils function as a defense against insects, bacteria, fungi, and other stressors, such as drought and cold. The most industrially important of this class of compounds are monoterpenes, steam-volatile constituents which are the most abundant terpenes throughout plants. Essential oils may include monoterpenes (two isoprene units), sesquiterpenes (three isoprene units), ketones, and phenolics. Phenolics include flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins.

关键词： Water Relations Essential Oil Extraction Terpenes Plant Environmental Stress Mass Spectroscopy