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Sustainability Assessment of Smallholder Farms in the Savannah Transition Agro-Ecological Zone of Ghana

Agricultural Sciences 2021年第11期12卷 1185-1214页

作者： Johnny Kofi Awoonor edward yeboah Bright Fafali Dogbey Fowzia Adiyah Soil Genesis Survey and Classification Division CSIR-Soil Research Institute Kumasi Ghana Soil Microbiology Division CSIR-Soil Research Institute Kumasi Ghana Department of Soil Resources Management CSIR College of Science and Technology Accra Ghana Department of Soil Science Szent István University G&#246 dö llő Hungary

The ever-increasing human population has resulted in political pressure to increase crop production. Currently, smallholder farmers are expected to be environmentally considerate, adapt to extreme climatic conditions and deal with financial instability. Despite these recent developments, farmers and their farming activities in these rural environs of developing countries need to improve household food and income security on a sustainable basis. A minimum data set selected from extensive data was used to determine indicators for soil sustainability assessment. This method involved expert opinion and statistical data reduction techniques. The results indicated that SOC, MBC, BS, EC, Spo and sand were the most important variables selected as MDS using PC analysis. Forest and Grassland had a high sustainability index (SI) while Savannah woodland, Fallow and Cropland were rated not sustainable (NS). For Cumulative rating using the total dataset (CR-TDS), Forest had a high sustainability index (HS), Savannah woodland and Grassland were sustainable (S) compared to Fallow and Cropland, which were sustainable with high input (SWHI). Also, for cumulative rating using the minimum dataset (CR-MDS), Forest, Savannah woodland and Grassland had high sustainability (SH) indices compared to Fallow and Cropland, which were considered sustainable with high input (SWHI). Sustainability index (SI) and Cumulative rating (CR) using the total dataset (CR-TDS) had a strong correlation (R2 = 0.91, p 2 = 0.44, p 2 = 0.60, p < 0.05). These methods consider that these management goals dictate soil functions affecting the selection of indicators. Using PCA and variance analysis, silt, clay, EC, SOC, MBC and CEC relating to soil texture and fertility were identified as the most influential (sensitive) indicators for soil sustainability assessment. The selected soil attributes can serve as ta

关键词： Sustainability Land Use Principal Component Analysis Sustainability Index Smallholder Farms

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The Effect of Indigenous Growth Media on Allanblackia parviflora A. Chev in Ghana

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2016年第5期6卷 89-97页

作者： edward yeboah Daniel Aninagyei Ofori Theresa Peprah Ramni Harmanjeet Jamnadass Alain Tsobeng CSIR-Soil Research Institute Academy Post Office Kumasi Ghana CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana University Post Office KNUST Kumasi Ghana World Agroforestry Centre Nairobi Kenya World Agroforestry Centre Yaoundé Cameroon

Allanblackia parviflora A. Chev. also called vegetable tallow tree provides a variety of non-timber forest products of great importance to rural households including shade, timber, medicine and seed oil but attempts have not been made to improve the tree species and increase its production. Consequently, the species is being threatened due to unsustainable exploitation and poor regeneration and cultivation appears as the only viable option. In order to cultivate the species at meaningful scale, it is necessary to establish the optimum range of environmental factors that influence its propagation and growth. This study was therefore designed to investigate Allanblackia growth parameters and bio-accumulation under different growth media in a greenhouse study. The media were: 1) TS = top soil alone, 2) AB soil = Allanblackia soil alone, 3) TS + H = Top soil alone + humus, 4) AB + TS = Allanblackia soil alone + Top soil alone and 5) SAB = Sterilized Allanblackia soil alone. Each treatment was replicated three times in a complete randomized design. The experiment lasted for 18 months. Results showed that Fe was the micronutrient that accumulated greatest in the plant tissue. Among the treatments, Allanblackia soil showed the highest accumulation of Zn in the plant tissue with the top soil showing the least (7.67 mg·kg-l). Humus contributed largely to the bio-accumulation of Cu in the plant tissue. Bio-accumulation of manganese in the plant tissue ranged from 13.30 mg·kg-l to 207 mg·kg-l suggesting difference in manganese absorption by Allanblackia as influenced by the treatments. The growth parameters of Allanblackia parviflory were impacted differently by the growth media. The result was however controversial since no differences were found between growth of seedlings in sterilized Allanblackia soil and Allanblackia soil.

关键词： Allanblackia Bio-Accumulation Growth Media Mycorrhiza

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Land Suitability Assessment and Landuse Planning： A Prerequisite for Food Security and Climate Change Adaptation

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2014年第8期4卷 650-656页

作者： Kwabena Abrefa Nketia yeboah edward Asamoah Eric Forkuo Kwabena Eric Senayah James Soil Research Institute Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Kwadaso Kumasi Ghana Geomatic Engineering Department Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana

Though Ghana＇s crop yield growth rate was at 17%, 5% of every 1.2 million Ghanaians have insufficient and limited access to nutritious food. Climate change and climate variability have enormously affected the state of agricultural productivity and hence could result in food insecurity. As many ongoing projects use Boolean suitability analysis, land use planning, management recommendations sores, it still remains inadequate to support rural resource poor farmers. This then, is affecting livelihood and agricultural productivity. In this paper, a geostatistical quantitative method to support a geographic information system （GIS） based on multi-criteria decision support system （GMCDSS） for an enhanced land suitability assessment （LSA） and landuse planning （LP） was devised. Project findings indicated that, recommended farm inputs could be estimated and applied accordingly at farm plot levels Soil amendment indicators （e.g., 1.0 t/ha lime ＋ 1.0 t/ha gypsum was estimated for liming） was quantified and currently, farmers can save money in soil fertility management. It has shown that, instead of applying 5.0 t/ha poultry manure （PM） or five bags of N-P-K fertilizer （rate of 15： 15： 15 N-P2O5-K2O/ha）＋ two bags of sulphate of ammonia （SA）, a farmer may apply 2.0 t/ha PM ＋ two bags 15：15：15 N-P2O5-K2O/ha ＋ one bag of SA. GMCDSS assessment has proved to be fundamental in：（1） urban planning; （2） ensuring food security; （3） poverty reduction and interventions to the effects of climate change and climate variability.

关键词： Climate change food security GIS land suitability land use planning soil suitability.

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Biochar for Soil Management： Effect on Soil Available N and Soil Water Storage

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Journal of Life Sciences 2013年第2期7卷 202-209页

作者： yeboah edward Antwi Boasiako Ohene Ekyem Seth Obosu Tetteh Francis Marthy Bonsu Kwasi Offeia Soil Research Institute Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Academy Post Office Kwadaso Kumasi Ghana Crops Research Institute Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Kumasi Ghana

Soil management technologies for climate change adaptation and mitigation are needed to increase and sustain food production in smallholder agriculture while sequestering inert carbon in the soil. In a field studies at Crops Research Institute, Kwadaso-Kumasi Ghana, a control treatment, five inorganic fertilizer combinations （P30K60, N60P30K60, N120P30K60, NlsoP30K60 and N24oP3oK6o） and four biochar rates ＋ inorganic fertilizer （2 t/ha Biochar ＋ N60P30K60, 4 t/ha Biochar ＋ N60P30K60, 6 t/ha Biochar ＋ N6oP3oK6o and 8 t/ha Biochar ＋N6oP3oK6o） were assessed for their effect on soil moisture storage, soil available nitrogen and crop yield. The test crop was okra. Biochar amendments increased soil moisture storage by 14% relative to sole inorganic fertilizer applications. Biochar ＋ inorganic fertilizer relative to sole inorganic fertilizer increased soil available nitrate concentration by 85% at 0-15 cm soil depth but decreased soil ammonium-N by 71%. Compared to control, inorganic fertilizer （P3oK6o） resulted in more than 100% increase in okra fresh fruit yield. Addition of 60 kg N/ha to P3oK6o caused 23% decline in okra fresh fruit yield but showed 60% more okra fresh fruit yield than the control. Inorganic N rates of 120,180 kg N/ha and 240 kg N/ha combined with P3oK6o however caused a decline of 74% in okra fresh fruit yield. Biochar ＋ inorganic fertilizer increased okra fresh fruit yield by 100% compared to sole inorganic fertilizer. Biochar, an inert carbon, combined with inorganic fertilizer has tremendous potential to address food insecurity through soil moisture storage and soil N availability.

关键词： Biochar climate change adaptation soil ammonium-N soil nitrate-N soil moisture.

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Mini-Review:Green sustainable processes using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第6期21卷 720-726页

作者： RAMSEY edward University of Science and Technology Liaoning

Environmentally benign carbon dioxide offers significant potential in its supercritical fluid phase to replace current reliance on a range of hazardous, relatively expensive and environmentally damaging organic solvents that are used on an extensive global basis. The unique combination of the physical properties of supercritical fluids are being exploited and further researched to continue the development and establishment of high efficiency, compact plant to provide energy and water efficient manufacturing processes. This mini-review is focused on the use and potential applications of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide for a selected range of key and emerging industrial processes as a sustainable alternative to totally eliminate or greatly reduce the requirement of numerous conventional organic solvents. Examples of the industries include： chemical extraction and purification, synthetic chemical reactions including polymerization and inorganic catalytic processes. Biochemical reactions involving enzymes, particle size engineering, textile dyeing and advanced material manufacture provide further illustrations of vital industrial activities where supercritical fluid technology processes are being implemented or developed. Some aspects relating to the economics of sustainable supercritical fluid carbon dioxide processes are also considered.

关键词： supercritical extraction synthesis catalysis enzymes polymerization particles dyeing

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High-order schemes for predicting computational aeroacoustic propagation with adaptive mesh refinement

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2013年第1期29卷 1-11页

作者： edward Peers Xun Huang State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics College of Engineering Peking University

High-order schemes based on block-structured adaptive mesh refinement method are prepared to solve computational aeroacoustic （CAA） problems with an aim at improving computational efficiency. A number of numerical issues associated with high-order schemes on an adaptively refined mesh, such as stability and accuracy are addressed. Several CAA benchmark problems are used to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the approach.

关键词： Adaptive mesh Aeroacoustics High-order schemes

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Two Potent α3/5 Conotoxins from Piscivorous Conus achatinus

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Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 2007年第6期39卷 438-444页

作者： Geoffrey CHEW edward HAWROT Department of Molecular Pharmacology Physiology and Biotechnology Brown University Providence Rhode Island 02903 USA

Every cone snail produces a mixture of different conotoxins and secretes them to immobilize their prey and predators. α3/5 Conotoxins, isolated from fish-hunting cone snails, target muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The structure and function of α3/5 conotoxin from the piscivorous Conus achatinus have not been studied. We synthesized two pentadecamer peptides, Ac 1.1 a and Ac 1.1 b, with appropriate disulfide bonding, based on cDNA sequences of α3/5 conotoxins from C. achatinus. Ac 1.1 a and Ac 1.1 b differ by only one amino acid residue. They have similar potency on blocking recombinant mouse muscle acetylcholine receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, with IC50values of 36 nM and 26 nM, respectively. For Ac 1.1b, deletion of the first three N-terminal amino acids did not change its activity, indicating that the Nterminus is not involved in the interaction with its receptor. Furthermore, our experiments indicate that both toxins strongly prefer the α1-δ subunit interface instead of the α1-γ binding site on the mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. These peptides provide additional tools for the study of the structure and function of nicotinic receptor.

关键词： cone snail α3/5 conotoxin disulfide bond nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

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Sustainable oil-in-water analysis using a supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction system directly interfaced with infrared spectroscopy

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2010年第9期22卷 1462-1468页

作者： edward D.Ramsey School of Chemical Engineering University of Science and Technology Liaoning

A direct aqueous supercritical fluid extraction （SFE） system using carbon dioxide provides a sustainable means by which a vast range of industries may continue to depend on well established infrared （IR） techniques to determine oil-in-water. The SFE-IR method provides an environmentally friendly substitute for current national standard IR reference methods for measuring oil-in-water that rely on using increasingly restricted ozone depleting solvents whose manufacture is being phased out in accordance with international law. The SFE-IR analysis of a 500 mL water sample can be accomplished in 15 min. A rapid on-line SFE-IR calibration method has been implemented. With this calibration method, SFE-IR accuracy for determining diesel oil in 500 mL spiked water samples using single wave number measurement was 86.0%-98.8% with precision （RSD） ranging from 2.5%-7.0%. Using a general purpose calculation which involves measuring infrared absorbance values at three different wave numbers, SFE-IR method accuracy for determining diesel oil in 500 mL spiked water samples was 83.7%-92.2% with RSD 1.0%-9.3%. Data is presented that indicates current long established national standard IR reference methods involving three wave number calculations should be reviewed since, without careful consideration, the inclusion of calculated aromatic hydrocarbon species contributions to final oil-in-water concentration values may provide less accurate results.

关键词： oil-in-water supercritical fluid extraction infrared spectroscopy sustainable green technology

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Methods for improving thermal tolerance in military personnel prior to deployment

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Military Medical Research 2021年第3期8卷 405-423页

作者： edward Tom Ashworth James David Cotter Andrew edward Kilding Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand(SPRINZ) Auckland University of Technology17 Antares PlaceRosedaleAuckland 0632New Zealand School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinOtago 9016New Zealand

Acute exposure to heat, such as that experienced by people arriving into a hotter or more humid environment, can compromise physical and cognitive performance as well as health. In military contexts heat stress is exacerbated by the combination of protective clothing, carried loads, and unique activity profiles, making them susceptible to heat illnesses. As the operational environment is dynamic and unpredictable, strategies to minimize the effects of heat should be planned and conducted prior to deployment. This review explores how heat acclimation(HA) prior to deployment may attenuate the effects of heat by initiating physiological and behavioural adaptations to more efficiently and effectively protect thermal homeostasis, thereby improving performance and reducing heat illness risk. HA usually requires access to heat chamber facilities and takes weeks to conduct, which can often make it impractical and infeasible, especially if there are other training requirements and expectations. Recent research in athletic populations has produced protocols that are more feasible and accessible by reducing the time taken to induce adaptations, as well as exploring new methods such as passive HA. These protocols use shorter HA periods or minimise additional training requirements respectively, while still invoking key physiological adaptations, such as lowered core temperature, reduced heart rate and increased sweat rate at a given intensity. For deployments of special units at short notice(< 1 day) it might be optimal to use heat re-acclimation to maintain an elevated baseline of heat tolerance for long periods in anticipation of such an event. Methods practical for military groups are yet to be fully understood, therefore further investigation into the effectiveness of HA methods is required to establish the most effective and feasible approach to implement them within military groups.

关键词： Heat acclimation Thermoregulation Heat illness Physiology Human Conditioning Military

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On Building Practical Biocomputers for Real-world Applications： Receptacles for Culturing Slime Mould Memristors and Component Standardisation

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2017年第1期14卷 151-162页

作者： edward Braund Eduardo Reck Miranda Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research (ICCMR) The House Plymouth University Drake Circus UK PL4 8AA

Our application of bionic engineering is novel： we are interested in developing hybrid hardware-wetware systems for music. This paper introduces receptacles for culturing Physarum polycephalum-based memristors that are highly accessible to the creative practitioner. The myxomycete Physarum polycephalum is an amorphous unicellular organism that has been found to exhibit memristive properties. Such a discovery has potential to allow us to move towards engineering electrical systems that encompass Physarum polycephalum components. To realise this potential, it is necessary to address some of the constraints associated with harnessing living biological entities in systems for real-time application. Within the paper, we present 3D printed receptacles designed to standardise both the production of components and memristive observations. Subsequent testing showed a significant decrease in growth time, increased lifespan, and superior similarity in component-to-component responses. The results indicate that our receptacle design may provide means of implementing hybrid electrical systems for music technology.

关键词： unconventional computing Physarum polycephalum computer music biological computing memristor

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