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Diagnostic delay and associated factors among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 548-557页

作者： Khadija Said Jerry Hella Grace Mhalu Mary Chiryankubi edward Masika Thomas Maroa Francis Mhimbira Neema Kapalata Lukas Fenner Ifakara Health Institute Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre(BRTC)P O Box 74BagamoyoTanzania Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 574002 BaselSwitzerland University of Basel Petersplatz 14003 BaselSwitzerland National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme Dar es SalaamTanzania Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine University of BernBernSwitzerland

Background:Tanzania is among the 30 countries with the highest tuberculosis(TB)*** TB has a long infectious period,early diagnosis is not only important for reducing transmission,but also for improving treatment *** assessed diagnostic delay and associated factors among infectious TB ***:We interviewed new smear-positive adult pulmonary TB patients enrolled in an ongoing TB cohort study in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania,between November 2013 and June *** patients were interviewed to collect information on socio-demographics,socio-economic status,health-seeking behaviour,and residential *** categorized diagnostic delay into≤3 or>3 *** used logistic regression models to identify risk factors for diagnostic delay,presented as crude(oR)and adjusted odds Ratios(aoR).We also assessed association between geographical distance(incremental increase of 500 meters between household and the nearest pharmacy)with binary ***:We analysed 513 patients with a median age of 34 years(interquartile range 27-41);353(69%)were ***,444(87%)reported seeking care from health care providers prior to TB diagnosis,of whom 211(48%)sought care>2 *** six(1%)visited traditional healers before TB *** delay was positively associated with absence of chest pain(aoR=7.97,95%confidence intervals[CI]:3.15-20.19;Pof hemoptysis(aoR=25.37,95%CI:11.15-57.74;Pociated with use of medication prior to TB diagnosis(aoR=0.31,95%CI:0.14-0.71;P=0.01).Age,sex,HIV status,education level,household income,and visiting health care facilities(HCFs)were not associated with diagnostic *** living far from pharmacies were less likely to visit a HCF(incremental increase of distance versus visit to any facility:oR=0.51,95%CI:0.28-0.96;P=0.037).Conclusions:TB diagnostic delay was common in Dar es Salaam,and was more likely among patients without prior use of medication and presenting with

关键词： Tanzania Tuberculosis Diagnostic delay Health-seeking Geographic information system Pharmacy Transmission

Ablation of Venusian oxygen ions by unshocked solar wind

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Science Bulletin 2017年第24期62卷 1669-1672页

作者： Yong Wei Markus Fraenz edward Dubinin Weixing Wan Tielong Zhang Zhaojin Rong Lihui Chai Jun Zhong Rixiang Zhu Yoshifumi Futaana Stas Barabash Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Max-Planck-lnstitute for Solar System Research Goettingen 37077 Germany Space Research Institute Austrian Academy of Sdences Graz 8042 Austria Swedish Institute of Space Physics Kiruna SE-981 28 Sweden College of Earth Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Institutions of Earth Science Chinese Academy of Sciences BeUing 100029 China

As an Earth-like planet Venus probably had a primordial dipole field for several million years after formation of the *** this dipole field eventually vanished the ionosphere of Venus has been exposed to the solar *** solar wind is shocked near Venus,and then scavenges the ionospheric particles through the magnetosheath and the *** escape rate of oxygen ions(o^+)estimated from spacecraft observations over the past several decades has manifested its importance for the evolution of planetary habitability,considering the accumulated effect over the history of ***,all the previous observations were made in the shocked solar wind and/or inside the wake,though some simulations showed that unshocked solar wind can also ablate o^+*** we report Venus Express observations of o^+ions in the unshocked solar wind during the solar *** observations suggest that these o^+ions are accelerated by the unshocked solar wind through pickup *** estimated o^+escape rate,2.1×10^(24) ions/s,is comparable to those measured in the shocked solar wind and the *** escape rate could result in about 2 cm global water loss over 4.5 billion *** results suggest that the atmospheric loss at unmagnetized planets is significantly underestimated by previous observations,and thus we can emphasize the importance of an Earth-like dipole for planetary habitability.

关键词： Venus Ion escape Planetary habitability

稳定和放射性同位素在Cu-Ni-PGE岩浆矿床研究中的应用:实例及需要注意的问题(英文)

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地学前缘 2007年第5期14卷 124-132页

作者： edward M.Ripley Department of Geological Sciences Indiana University

硫、氧同位素和放射性同位素比值在示踪岩浆与围岩的反应及在岩浆镍-铜-铂族元素矿床成因中同化过程的重要性方面有很大作用。如1.1Ga的Duluth杂岩、Norilsk地区二叠-三叠纪侵入岩和1.4Ga的Kabanga侵入岩体中矿床的硫同位素测定结果证... 详细信息

硫、氧同位素和放射性同位素比值在示踪岩浆与围岩的反应及在岩浆镍-铜-铂族元素矿床成因中同化过程的重要性方面有很大作用。如1.1Ga的Duluth杂岩、Norilsk地区二叠-三叠纪侵入岩和1.4Ga的Kabanga侵入岩体中矿床的硫同位素测定结果证明硫来自含硫化物和硫酸盐的围岩。1.3Ga的VoisbeysBay矿床矿石的硫同位素δ34S值通常落入公认的地幔硫同位素组成范围(0±2‰)内,而对其元古宙变质沉积围岩进行的详细研究结果显示δ34S的平均值也在此范围。全面了解同位素组成的潜在混染对合理评价提供硫来源的围岩在矿石形成中的作用是非常必要的。用氧同位素和放射性同位素示踪岩浆和围岩相互作用时,必须在开放体系没有扰动同位素系统情况下进行。在氧同位素体系和放射性同位素体系(如Re/os、Pb同位素体系)中,元素在热液条件下活动性强或主相没有发生同位素交换与吸收,都会导致低温热液过程掩盖高温过程。只有在进行详细的岩相观察和单矿物分析之后,再应用围岩混染同位素模式才是有意义的。

关键词：硫同位素氧同位素放射性同位素岩浆-围岩相互作用

关于药学教育课程设置的现阶段和理想设置着重点的调研

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药学教育 2001年第3期17卷 45-48页

作者： Jean Nappi,edward H. o'Neil 美国南卡罗来纳州医科大学卫生管理和政策系美国南卡罗来纳州医科大学药学院美国加州大学旧金山分校

一、前言过去的几十年里,美国医疗服务体系发生了重大变化,从专业人员的有偿服务型过渡至市场化服务型。人口结构和疾病谱的变化及科技的迅猛发展,导致药物用量和成本大大增加。这些变化对承担着培养美国未来药学专业人才的人士提出了... 详细信息

一、前言过去的几十年里,美国医疗服务体系发生了重大变化,从专业人员的有偿服务型过渡至市场化服务型。人口结构和疾病谱的变化及科技的迅猛发展,导致药物用量和成本大大增加。这些变化对承担着培养美国未来药学专业人才的人士提出了新课题。近十年来,普伊医疗专业委员会(The Pew

关键词：药学教育医学教育课程改革医疗护理着重点门诊病人课程设置

Large optical nonlinearity enabled by coupled metallic quantum wells

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Light(Science & Applications) 2019年第1期8卷 1069-1075页

作者： Haoliang Qian Shilong Li Ching-Fu Chen Su-Wen Hsu Steven edward Bopp Qian Ma Andrea R.Tao Zhaowei Liu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of CaliforniaSan Diego9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA 92093USA Department of NanoEngineering University of CaliforniaSan Diego9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA 92093USA Materials Science and Engineering University of CaliforniaSan Diego9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA 92093USA Center for Memory and Recording Research University of CaliforniaSan Diego9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA 92093USA

New materials that exhibit strong second-order optical nonlinearities at a desired operational frequency are of paramount importance for nonlinear *** second-order susceptibility χ^((2)) has been obtained in semiconductor quantum wells(QWs).Unfortunately,the limited confining potential in semiconductor QWs causes formidable challenges in scaling such a scheme to the visible/near-infrared(NIR)frequencies for more vital nonlinear-optic ***,we introduce a metal/dielectric heterostructured platform,i.e.,TiN/Al_(2)o_(3) epitaxial multilayers,to overcome that *** platform has an extremely high χ^((2)) of approximately 1500 pm/V at NIR *** combining the aforementioned heterostructure with the large electric field enhancement afforded by a nanostructured metasurface,the power efficiency of second harmonic generation(SHG)achieved 10^(−4) at an incident pulse intensity of 10 GW/cm^(2),which is an improvement of several orders of magnitude compared to that of previous demonstrations from nonlinear surfaces at similar *** proposed quantum-engineered heterostructures enable efficient wave mixing at visible/NIR frequencies into ultracompact nonlinear optical devices.

关键词： quantum nonlinear visible

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臭氧对墨西哥豆瓢虫取食和生长的影响

昆虫学报 1990年第2期33卷 161-165页

作者：吴亚 edward H.Lee edward M.Barrows 江苏省农业科学院植物保护研究所美国农业部农业研究中心植物抗逆实验室美国乔治城大学生物系

本文报道在美国农业研究中心用臭氧在室内熏蒸和田间开顶熏蒸植物,用此饲养墨西哥豆瓢虫的实验,以及熏蒸后植物体内某些化合物含量变化的测定。结果表明,墨西哥豆瓢虫(Epilachna varivestis Mulsant)喜食臭氧(o_3)污染的植物,幼虫取食o_... 详细信息

本文报道在美国农业研究中心用臭氧在室内熏蒸和田间开顶熏蒸植物,用此饲养墨西哥豆瓢虫的实验,以及熏蒸后植物体内某些化合物含量变化的测定。结果表明,墨西哥豆瓢虫(Epilachna varivestis Mulsant)喜食臭氧(o_3)污染的植物,幼虫取食o_3污染植物后蛹显著重于取食未受污染植物所形成的蛹。根据豆瓢虫食性和植物体内糖含量的测定,可以认为,低浓度o_3污染导致植物体内糖含量的增加,是促使豆瓢虫取食量和蛹重增加的重要因素。

关键词：墨西哥豆瓢虫臭氧取食生长

Active and passive behaviors of gold in cyanide solutions

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2015年第10期25卷 3442-3453页

作者： Ahmet Deniz BAS Fariba SAFIZADEH Wei ZHANG edward GHALI Yeonuk CHoI Department of Mining Metallurgical and Materials EngineeringLaval University Barrick Gold Corporation Suite 3700161 Bay Street P.O.Box 212 TorontoOntario M5J 2S1Canada

Active and passive behaviors of pure gold（Au） and roasted gold ore（RGo） electrodes were investigated at 25 °C in de-aerated agitated cyanide *** voltammetry and potentiodynamic polarization with agitation at 100 r/min in 0.04 mol/L NaCN solution showed different peak positions and current *** tests illustrate that the peak current densities increase greatly with increasing the cyanide *** the pH value from 10 to 11 resultes in a great decrease of current density,while it increases noticeably by decreasing the agitation from 100 to 60 r/*** the presence of oxygen,Au and RGo electrodes show different characteristics of peak positions and corrosion *** potentiostatic studies show that increasing the potential from 1 to 1.4 V at pH value of 11 results in an 80% decrease of current density while decreasing the pH value from 11 to 10 at 1 V gives a 1.7 fold increase of current density,possibly due to more effective passive *** polarization,electrochemical noise measurements（ENM） during decay periods show that Au results in more passive states at high potentials,showing pitting *** ENM results show that this technique can be a promising tool for a better understanding of gold *** XPS studies prove the presence of passive oxides.

关键词： pure gold roasted gold ore cyanide passivation electrochemical noise

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创造的本源

作者： (美)爱德华·威尔逊(edward o. Wilson)

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