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Mechanism-driven strategies for prevention of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatology & Autoimmunity 2022年第3期2卷 109-119页

作者： V.Michael Holers Kristine A.Kuhn M.Kristen Demoruelle Jill M.Norris Gary S.Firestein eddie a.james William H.Robinson Jane H.Buckner Kevin D.Deane Division of Rheumatology University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA Department of Epidemiology Colorado School of Public HealthAuroraColoradoUSA Division of Rheumatology Allergy and ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA Benaroya Research Institute SeattleWashingtonUSA Division of Immunology and Rheumatology Stanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA Department of Medicine Division of RheumatologyVA Palo Alto Health Care SystemPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA

In seropositive rheumatoid arthritis(RA),the onset of clinically apparent inflammatory arthritis(IA)is typically preceded by a prolonged period of autoimmunity manifest by the presence of circulating autoantibodies that can include antibodies to citrullinated protein antigens(ACPA)and rheumatoid factor.This period before clinical IA can be designated preclinical RA in those individuals who have progressed to a clinical diagnosis of RA,and an“at‐risk”status in those who have not developed IA but exhibit predictive biomarkers of future clinical RA.With the goal of developing RA prevention strategies,studies have characterized immune phenotypes of preclinical RA/at-risk states.From these studies,a model has emerged wherein mucosal inflammation and dysbiosis may lead first to local autoantibody production,which should normally be transient,but instead is followed by a systemic spread of the autoimmunity as manifested by serum autoantibody elevations,ultimately driving the development of clinically identified joint inflammation.This model can be envisioned as the progression of disease development through serial“checkpoints”that in principle should constrain or resolve autoimmunity;however,instead,the checkpoints“fail”and clinical RA develops.Herein we review the immune processes that are likely to be present at each step and the potential therapeutic strategies that could be envisioned to delay,diminish,halt,or even reverse the progression to clinical RA.Notably,these prevention strategies could utilize existing therapies approved for clinical RA,therapies approved for other diseases that target relevant pathways in the preclinical/at-risk state,or approaches that target novel pathways.

关键词： autoimmune disease inflammation mucosa prevention rheumatoid arthritis

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人为因素对驾驶操作安全的影响评估

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Journal of Marine Science and Application 2021年第3期20卷 393-409页

作者： Hassan Oraith eddie Blanco‑Davis Zaili Yang Ben Matellini Department of Maritime and Mechanical Engineering LOOM Research InstituteLiverpool John Moores UniversityJames Parsons BuildingByrom StreetLiverpool L33AFUK

In recent years,marine pilotage accidents occurring on a worldwide basis as a result of human error have not been ceased to transpire,despite advances in technology and a significant set of international conventions,regulations,and recommendations to reduce them.This paper aims to investigate the effect of human factors on the safety of maritime pilotage operations.The human factors that affect the operators who are performing ships’berthing operations have also been examined in detail.In this study,in order to determine the causes of human-related errors occurred in maritime pilotage accidents,a comprehensive literature review is carried out,and a considerable number of real past case examples and an analysis of the maritime accident investigation reports regarding pilotage operations events that occurred between 1995 and 2015 have been reviewed.To validate the identified humanrelated risk factors(HCFs)and explore other contributory factors,survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with domain experts have been conducted.A structural hierarchy diagram for the identified risk factors(HCFs)has been developed and validated through experienced experts belonging to the maritime sector.A questionnaire for pair-wise comparison is carried out and analysed using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)approach to evaluate the weight and rank the importance of the identified human causal factors.The findings of this study will benefit the maritime industry,by identifying a new database on causal factors that are contributing to the occurrence of maritime pilotage disasters.The database can be used as a stand-alone reference or help implement effective risk reduction strategies to reduce the human error,that might occur during pilotage operations.

关键词： Pilotage accidents Human factor Pilotage operations Maritime safety Analytic hierarchy process(AHP)

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埃迪·雷德梅尼 “哈利·波特”魔法世界的未来之星

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新东方英语（中学版） 2017年第3期 4-8页

作者： james Mottram 赵青奇

二十多年前，一家咖啡厅里，一个名叫J.K.罗琳的单亲妈妈创造了一个魔法世界，让它进驻了每一个读过《哈利·波特》的孩子的心里。《哈利·波特》获得了巨大的成功，让罗琳一跃成为史上最富裕的作家之一，可她并没有停下想象的脚步。

关键词：波特世界魔法 J.K.罗琳雷德咖啡厅富裕

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