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Fracture initiation and propagation in intact rock—A review

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical engineering 2014年第4期6卷 287-300页

作者： e.hoek C.D.Martin West Vancouver British Columbia V7V 0B3 Canada Department of Civil & environmental engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2W2 Canada

The initiation and propagation of failure in intact rock are a matter of fundamental importance in rock engineering. At low confining pressures, tensile fracturing initiates in samples at 40%-60% of the uniaxial compressive strength and as loading continues, and these tensile fractures increase in density, ultimately coalescing and leading to strain localization and macro-scale shear failure of the samples. The Griffith theory of brittle failure provides a simplified model and a useful basis for discussion of this process. The.hoek-Brown failure criterion provides an acceptable estimate of the peak strength for shear failure but a cutoff has been added for tensile conditions. However, neither of these criteria adequately explains the progressive coalition of tensile cracks and the final shearing of the specimens at higher confining stresses. Grain-based numerical models, in which the grain size distributions as well as the physical properties of the component grains of the rock are incorporated, have proved to be very useful in studying these more complex fracture processes.

关键词： Tensile failure Crack propagation Griffith theory hoek-Brown criterion Tension cutoff Crack coalescence Numerical models

Toward Carbon-Neutral Water Systems:Insights from Global Cities

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engineering 2022年第7期8卷 77-85页

作者： Ka Leung Lam Gang Liu Anne Marieke Motelica-Wagenaar Jan Peter van der hoek Division of Natural and Applied Sciences Duke Kunshan UniversityKunshan 215316China Research Center for eco-environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Waternet Amsterdam 1096 ACNetherlands Department of Water Management Delft University of TechnologyDelft 2628 CNNetherlands

Many cities have pledged to achieve carbon *** urban water industry can also contribute its share to a carbon-neutral *** a multi-city time-series analysis approach,this study aims to assess the progress and lessons learned from the greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions management of urban water systems in four global cities:Amsterdam,Melbourne,New York City,and *** cities are advanced in setting GHG emissions reduction targets and reporting GHG emissions in their water *** four cities have reduced the GHG emissions in their water industries,compared with those from more than a decade ago(i.e.,the latest three-year moving averages are 13%–32%lower),although the emissions have“rebounded”multiple times over the *** emissions reductions were mainly due to various engineering opportunities such as solar and mini-hydro power generation,biogas valorization,sludge digestion and incineration optimization,and aeration system *** cities have recognized the many challenges in reaching carbon-neutrality goals,which include fluctuating water demand and rainfall,more carbon-intensive flood-prevention and water-supply strategies,meeting new air and water quality standards,and revising GHG emissions accounting *** study has also shown that it is difficult for the water industry to achieve carbon neutrality on its own.A collaborative approach with other sectors is needed when aiming toward the city’s carbon-neutrality *** an approach involves expanding the usual system boundary of the water industry to externally tap into both engineering and non-engineering opportunities.

关键词： Urban water Greenhouse gas emissions Cities Climate change mitigation Carbon neutrality

Seasonal changes on two different spatial scales： response of aquatic invertebrates to water body and microhabitat

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Insect Science 2005年第4期12卷 263-280页

作者： WILCO C.e.P. VeRBeRK HeIN H. VAN KLeeF MARTIJN DIJKMAN PAUL VAN hoek PeTeR SPIeReNBURG HANS eSSeLINK Bargerveen Foundation Radboud University Nijmegen Department of environmental Studies Institute for Wetland and Water Research Radboud University Nijmegen Department of Animal ecology and ecophysiology Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen the Netherlands

Knowledge about the spatial and temporal scales of both habitat use and the functional significance of different adaptations is essential for an understanding of the population dynamics of invertebrate assemblages. This fundamental knowledge is not only interesting from an academic point of view, but is sorely lacking and needed in the field of restoration ecology. Many species are threatened due to degradation. Knowing what environmental conditions are needed dtLring the life cycle of these species is important in the design of restoration measures which aim to lift existing bottlenecks for threatened species. To assess the relative importance of water type and microhabitat in structuring the invertebrate assemblage during different seasons, invertebrates were sampled in three water bodies differing in trophic level and acidity. Different parts within a water body （microhabitats） were sampled separately and each water body was sampled in all four seasons. Results show that water body is an important factor structuring the invertebrate assemblage early in the season, whereas microhabitat became more important later in the season. Structural complexity of microhabitats was related to the type of locomotion employed by invertebrates. Seasonal differences could be related to population dynamics （reproduction, mortality）. Moreover, fluctuations in resource availability were expected to differ between the water bodies, with highest fluctuations in the eutrophic water body and with fluctuations becoming less predictable later in the season. This was confirmed by the data： species synchronization to pulses in food availability was strongest in the eutrophic water body. Moreover, synchronization was strongest in summer, while in autumn waters were invaded by dispersive species. Based on these results a synthesis is presented on the functioning of the different waters during the different seasons.

关键词： dispersal fluctuations in resource availability food substrate synchronization

Calcineurin Inhibitors in the Treatment of Adult Autoimmune Hepatitis:A Systematic Review

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Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology 2022年第6期10卷 1155-1166页

作者： Martine AMC Baven-Pronk Joffre M.Hew,Jr Maaike Biewenga Maarten e.Tushuizen Aad P.van den Berg Gerd Bouma Johannes T.Brouwer Bart van hoek 无 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Groene Hart HospitalGoudaNetherlands Department of Gastroenterolo-gy and Hepatology Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Medical Center GroningenGroningenNetherlands Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Amsterdam University Medical Center Location VUAmsterdamNetherlands Reinier de Graaf Medical Center Delft DelftNetherlands Dutch Autoimmune Hepatitis Study Group

Background and Aims:A considerable number of au-toimmune hepatitis(AIH)patients completely or partially fail on first-line *** studies on the use of calcineurin inhibitors(CNIs)in the treatment of AIH have been published without focusing on *** aim was to assess the efficacy of CNIs in the treatment of adult AIH patients,specifically focusing on indication:first-line intolerant and with first-line insufficient response(failure to achieve or maintain remission),and with second versus third-line ***:A literature search included studies on the use of CNIs in adult *** with past or present use of CNIs from the Dutch AIH group cohort were *** primary endpoint was biochemical remission while using *** endpoints were biochemical response,treatment failure,and adverse ***:Twenty studies from the literature and nine Dutch patients were included describing the use of cyclosporine in 59 and tacrolimus in 219 adult AIH *** CNI remission rate was 53%in patients with insufficient response to first-line treatment and 67%in patients intolerant to first-line *** were used as second-line treatment in 73%with a remission rate of 52%and as third-line treatment in 22%with a remission rate of 26%.Cyclosporine was discontin-ued in 13%and tacrolimus in 11%of patients because of adverse ***:CNIs as rescue treatment in adult AIH patients are reasonably effective and safe both with insufficient response or intolerance to previous *** studies are needed.

关键词： Autoimmune hepatitis Cyclosporine Tacrolimus Calcineurin inhibi-tor

For dietary advice in end-stage liver cirrhosis resting metabolic rate should be measured, not estimated

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Hepatoma Research 2020年第7期6卷 86-87页

作者： Daphne Bot Anneke Droop Maarten e.Tushuizen Bart van hoek Department of Dietetics Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden 2300 RCThe Netherlands Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Transplantation CenterLeiden University Medical CenterLeiden 2300 RCThe Netherlands.

Dear editor,We read with great interest the article“Frailty and Liver resection:where do we stand?”by Sioutas et al.[1]in Hepatoma *** this review,the authors summarized the available frailty tools and their impact on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing liver resection,in particular elderly patients(>60 years).In addition to this review,we would like to provide extra information regarding this topic based on own *** of the variables included in most frailty assessments is nutritional status,e.g.,loss of body weight or muscle *** is well known that malnutrition has a negative impact on clinical outcome of patients with end-stage liver *** nutrient intake,impaired digestion or absorption of nutrients,and disturbances in macronutrient metabolism contribute to malnutrition in these *** total energy expenditure consists of resting metabolic rate(RMR)and expenditure for physical activity.

关键词： cirrhosis metabolism impaired

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岩石支护

隧道译丛 1993年第2期 23-28页

作者： hoek,e 颜纯文

Randomized Trial of Ciclosporin with 2-h Monitoring *** with Trough Monitoring in Liver Transplantation:DeLTA Study

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Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology 2023年第4期11卷 839-849页

作者： Bastian N.Ruijter Akin Inderson Aad Pvan den Berg Herold J.Metselaar Jeroen Dubbeld Maarten e.Tushuizen Robert J.Porte Wojciech Polak Danny van der Helm Marjolein van Reeven Mar Rodriguez-Girondo Bart van hoek Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology LUMC Transplantation CenterLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus MC Transplant InstituteErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands Department of Surgery LUMC Transplantation CenterLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands Department of Surgery Section HPB Surgery and Liver TransplantationUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands Department of Surgery Division of HPB and Transplant SurgeryErasmus MC Transplant InstituteErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands Department of Biomedical Data Sciences Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands.

Background and Aims:Previous trials comparing cyclosporine and tacrolimus after liver transplantation(LT)showed conflicting *** used trough monitoring for cyclosporine(C0),leading to less accurate dosing than with 2-h monitoring(C2).Only one larger trial compared C2 with tacrolimus based on trough level(T0)after LT,with similar treated biopsy-proven acute rejection(tBPAR)and graft loss,while a smaller trial had less tBPAR with C2 compared to ***,it is still unclear which calcineurin inhibitor is preferred after *** aimed to demonstrate superior efficacy(tBPAR),tolerability,and safety of C2 or T0 after first ***:Patients after first LT were randomized to C2 or ***,patient-and graft survival,safety and tolerability were the main endpoints,with analysis by Fisher test,Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank ***:In intention-totreat analysis 84 patients on C2 and 85 on T0 were *** incidence of tBPAR C2 vs.T0 was 17.7%vs.8.4%at 3 months(p=0.104),and 21.9%vs.9.7%at 6 and 12 months(p=0.049).One-year cumulative mortality C2 vs.T0 was 15.5%vs.5.9%(p=0.049)and graft loss 23.8%vs.9.4%(p=0.015).Serum triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol was lower with T0 than with *** of diarrhea in T0 vs,C2 was 64%vs.31%(p≤0.001),with no other differences in safety and ***:In the first year after LT immunosuppression with T0 leads to less tBPAR and better patient-/re-transplant-free survival as compared to C2.

关键词： Adverse effects Ciclosporin Liver transplantation Outcome Randomized controlled trial Rejection Survival Renal function Tacrolimus

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岩石支护：坚硬岩层地下矿支护方法综述

国外锡工业 1989年第4期17卷 2-7页

作者： hoek.,e 陶汝光

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岩体支护

地质科学译丛 1993年第2期10卷 85-90页

作者： hoek.,e 谢志华