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effect of Biochar Type and Size on<i>in Vitro </i>Rumen Fermentation of Orchard Grass Hay

Agricultural Sciences 2017年第4期8卷 316-325页

作者： Zach D. McFarlane Phillip R. Myer emily R. Cope Neil D. evans T. Carson Bone Bryan e. Biss J. travis Mulliniks Department of Animal Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA Proton Power Lenoir City TN USA

Biochar, a byproduct from the biofuels industry, may be a potential feed additive in ruminant diets due to possible improvements in microbial fermentation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the nutritive value, in vitro digestibility, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, and gas production of biochar inclusion to an orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) basal diet. The study was designed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with 3 different biochar sources and 2 biochar processed sizes as the main effects factors. experimental treatments were biochar from 3 different tree types: 1) Chestnut Oak (Quercus prinus L.;CO), 2) Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera;YP), or 3) White Pine (Pinus strobus L.;WP), and processed at 2 different biochar particle sizes: a) 178 μm (Coarse). Biochar was added to the basal diet of orchard grass hay (872.35 g/kg of DM, 98.31 g/kg of CP, and 704.02 g/kg of aNDF, DM basis) at a rate of 81 g/kg DM. Biochar residual ash content was greater (P P P = 0.01) with lower aNDF content in both WP sizes compared with their respective biochar type and size. Gas production was not influenced (P = 0.23) by biochar tree type;however, gas production was increased (P = 0.05) by Fine particle size compared with Coarse biochar. The in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of orchard grass hay was increased (P = 0.01) by the inclusion of Fine biochar particle size compared with Coarse particle size. Additionally, in vitro CP true digestibility (DCP) exhibited a type × size interaction (P = 0.01). Crude protein digestibility was lower for Fine particle-sized CO and WP biochar sources compared with Coarse particle-sized CO and WP (P ≤ 0.004). However, DCP was not different between Coarse and Fine particle-sized YP biochar (P = 0.70). Volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) were not altered by biochar type (P ≥ 0.66) or particle size (P ≥ 0.19). These results indicate that both tree type and particle size of biochar may need to be c

关键词： Biochar Forage Digestibility Gas Production Rumen Fermentation

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高压输气管道的暂态水力特性分析

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油气储运 1984年第3期 42-49+7-8页

作者： travis e.Striplling ,Azim U.Khan ,Ken Dillon ,李广然

一些前所未有的高压、大口径输气管道正准备用来输送一般的干燥天然气和凝析气。对这些新的高压输气系统采用暂态水力计算机来分析和处理有关问题,文章作了一般原理介绍。

关键词：气管道大口径气体处理气源天然气混合气体管道破裂管线捕液器水力性能水力特性

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Comparison of Airtraq optical laryngoscope and Storz video laryngoscope in a cadaver model

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World Journal of emergency Medicine 2011年第3期2卷 175-178页

作者： Michael C. Wadman travis W. Dierks Chad e. Branecki Claudia L. Barthold Lance H. Hoffman Lina Lander Carol S. Lomneth Richard A. Walker Department of emergency Medicine University of Nebraska College of Medicine Omaha Nebraska Deaconess Medical Center Spokane Washington USA Department of epidemiology University of Nebraska College of Public Health Omaha Nebraska USA Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy University of Nebraska College of Medicine Omaha Nebraska USA

BACKGROUND： Airway management in the emergency department is a critical intervention that requires both standard techniques and rescue techniques to ensure a high rate of success. Recently, video laryngoscope （VL） systems have become increasingly common in many large urban eDs, but these systems may exceed the budgets of smaller rural eDs and eMS services and the Airtraq optical laryngoscope （OL） may provide an effective, low-cost alternative. We hypothesized that laryngeal view and time to endothracheal tube placement for OL and VL intubations would not be significantly different. MeTHODS：This was a prospective, crossover trial. Setting： University-based emergency medicine residency program procedure laboratory utilizing lightly embalmed cadavers. Subjects： PGY1-3 emergency medicine residents. The study subjects performed timed endotracheal intubations alternately using the OL and VL. The subjects then rated the Cormack-Lehane laryngeal view for each device. Statistical analysis： Mean time to intubation and the mean laryngeal view score were calculated with 95% confidence intervals and statistical significance was determined by Student＇s t test. ReSULTS：Fourteen subjects completed the study. The average laryngeal view achieved with the OL vs. the VL was not significantly different, with Cormack-Lehane grade of 1.14 vs. 1.07, respectively. Time to endotracheal intubation, however, was significantly different （P〈0.001） with the average time to intubation for the OL 25.49 seconds （95% CI： 17.95-33.03） and the VL 13.41 seconds （10.27-16.55）. CONCLUSION：The Airtraq OL and the Storz VL yielded similar laryngeal views in the lightly embalmed cadaver model. Time to endotracheal tube placement, however, was less for the VL.

关键词： Airtraq optical laryngoscope Laryngoscope Video laryngoscope

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单次放疗不同剂量率对骨髓和后期反应组织的生物学效应

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肿瘤 1988年第4期 215-216页

作者：方懋忠,e.L.travis,L.J.peters,H.T.Barkley 上海医科大学肿瘤医院放射治疗科美国德州大学M.D.Anderson医院放射治疗科

近年来,异体骨髓移植,大剂量诱导性化疗和全身放疗综合治疗来治疗易复发的白血病及后期淋巴瘤病人已在临床上越来越广泛地得到应用,并取得一定的疗效,为了成功地进行骨髓移植,病人自身的骨髓白血病细胞必须被清除,同时病人免疫系统对异... 详细信息

近年来,异体骨髓移植,大剂量诱导性化疗和全身放疗综合治疗来治疗易复发的白血病及后期淋巴瘤病人已在临床上越来越广泛地得到应用,并取得一定的疗效,为了成功地进行骨髓移植,病人自身的骨髓白血病细胞必须被清除,同时病人免疫系统对异体骨髓的排斥必须被抑制,所以,在接受骨髓移植之前通常要进行大剂量化疗和全身放疗。早年的骨髓移植的全身放疗,由于使用60Co远距离治疗机,机

关键词：剂量率后期反应小鼠死亡放射性肺炎放射损伤生物学效应骨髓造血系统

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Temporal variation and its drivers in the elemental traits of four boreal plant species

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Journal of Plant ecology 2021年第3期14卷 398-413页

作者： Isabella C.Richmond Shawn J.Leroux travis R.Heckford eric Vander Wal Matteo Rizzuto Juliana Balluffi-Fry Joanie L.Kennah Yolanda F.Wiersma Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland232 Elizabeth AvenueSt.John'sNL A1B 3X9Canada

Aims Intraspecific variation in plant traits has important consequences for individual fitness and herbivore *** plants,trait variability across spatial dimensions is well ***,temporal dimensions of trait variability are less well known,and may be influenced by seasonal differences in growing degree days(GDD),temperature and ***,we aim to quantify intraspecific temporal variation in traits and the underlying drivers for four commonly occurring boreal plant *** We sampled the elemental and stoichiometric traits(%C,%N,%P,C:N,C:P,N:P)of four common browse species'foliage across 2 *** a two-step approach,we first fitted generalized linear models(GzLM,n=24)to the species'elemental and stoichiometric traits,and tested if they varied across *** we observed evidence for temporal variability,we fitted a second set of GzLMs(n=8)with temperature,productivity and moisture as explanatory *** Findings We found no evidence of temporal variation for most of the elemental and stoichiometric traits of our four boreal plants,with two *** was an important predictor for percent carbon across all four species(R^(2)=0.47-0.67)and for multiple elemental and stoichiometric traits in balsam fir(5/8,R2=0.29-0.67).Thus,variation in percent carbon was related to interannual differences,more so than nitrogen and phosphorus,which are limiting nutrients in the boreal *** results also indicate that year may explain more variation in conifers'stoichiometry than for deciduous plants due to life history *** was the most frequently occurring variable in the second round of models(8/8 times,R^(2)=0.21-0.41),suggesting that temperature is an important driver of temporal variation in these traits.

关键词： biogeochemistry boreal forest elemental phenotype ecological stoichiometry environmental drivers plant traits plant variation

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Antecedents and sex/gender differences in youth suicidal behavior

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2014年第4期4卷 120-132页

作者： Anne e Rhodes Michael H Boyle Jeffrey A Bridge Mark Sinyor Paul S Links Lil Tonmyr Robin Skinner Jennifer M Bethell Corine Carlisle Sarah Goodday travis Salway Hottes Amanda Newton Kathryn Bennett Purnima Sundar Amy H Cheung Peter Szatmari Institute for Clinical evaluative Sciences Toronto M4N 3M5 Ontario Canada Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto M5T 1R8 Ontario Canada Suicide Studies Unit St. Michael’s Hospital Toronto M5B 1W8 Ontario Canada Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto M5T 3M7 Ontario Canada Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences Mc Master University Hamilton L8N 3K7 Ontario Canada The Offord Centre for Child Studies Hamilton L8S 4K1 Ontario Canada The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus OH 43205 United States The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus OH 43210 United States Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto M4N 3M5 Ontario Canada Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London N6A 5W9 Ontario Canada The Injury and Child Maltreatment Section Public Health Agency of Canada Ottawa K1A 0K9 Ontario Canada The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto M6J 1H4 Ontario Canada Department of Pediatrics University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1C9 Canada The Department of Clinical epidemiology and Biostatistics Mc Master University Hamilton L8S 4K1 Ontario Canada The Ontario Centre of excellence for Child and Youth Mental Health Ottawa K1G 0Z1 Ontario Canada The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto M5G 1X8 Ontario Canada

Suicide is the second leading cause of death in youth globally; however, there is uncertainty about how best to intervene. Suicide rates are typically higher in males than females, while the converse is true for suicide attempts. We review this "gender paradox" in youth, and in particular, the age-dependency of these sex/gender differences and the developmental mechanisms that may explain them. epidemiologic, genetic,neurodevelopmental and psychopathological research have identified suicidal behaviour risks arising from genetic vulnerabilities and sex/gender differences in early adverse environments, neurodevelopment, mental disorder and their complex interconnections. Further, evolving sex-/gender-defined social expectations and norms have been thought to influence suicide risk. In particular, how youth perceive and cope with threats and losses(including conforming to others' or one's own expectations of sex/gender identity) and adapt to pain(through substance use and helpseeking behaviours). Taken together, considering brain plasticity over the lifespan, these proposed antecedents to youth suicide highlight the importance of interventions that alter early environment(s)(e.g., childhood maltreatment) and/or one's ability to adapt to them. Further, such interventions may have more enduring protective effects, for the individual and for future generations, if implemented in youth.

关键词： Suicide Attempted suicide Sex Gender Child Adolescent Review

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Homogeneous Distribution of <i>escherichia coli</i>Measured within the Vertical Water Column of Small, Freshwater Streams

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2015年第5期7卷 410-421页

作者： David. W. Buckalew Albert. J. Tuono Amanda. K. Simmons travis. W. Lankford Donald. H. Smith Department of Biological and environmental Sciences Longwood University Farmville VA USA Virginia Department of environmental Quality Richmond VA USA

Sampling for coliform bacterial indicators such as escherichia coli (e. coli) provides a universally accepted gauge of the microbiologic quality of fresh surface waters worldwide. Protocols for the capture, preservation, and analysis of indicator bacteria collected from moving waters (e.g., rivers, streams, canals, etc.) parallel those for collecting bacteria from standing waters (e.g., ponds, lakes, and impoundments). Strict depth- and width-integrated rules established for testing moving waters are likely a result of the historical precedence of our knowledge of bacterial stratification in standing waters. Sampling protocols for indicator bacteria in freshwater streams recommend capture and retrieval of samples from the mid-water column directed into the current and within the deepest portion of the channel to prevent collection of either benthic particles or surface films. Chi-square analyses of multiple stratified samples captured on the same date and time reveal that variability in sampling position at specified depths within the main stream column or within randomly chosen locations within the main stream channel has no effect (p ≥ 0.25) upon such indicator bacteria numbers. Additionally, these data are the first to show that concentrations of the common bacterial indicator, e. coli, are homogeneously distributed throughout both lateral area and vertical water column within/near a single sampling location of a moving water body up to 245 cubic feet per second (cfs) discharge. Moreover, one data point (bacterial sample) appears to represent the overall bacterial concentration of a small freshwater stream obtained from any single sampling location within/near the main channel for a given date and time. These findings suggest some latitude in sampling strategies for assessing small freshwater streams for indicator bacteria such as e. coli for workers in both environmental and public health fields.

关键词： Indicator Bacteria Stratification Water Monitoring e. coli

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Mitoquinone attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption through Nrf2/PHB2/OPA1 pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats

Mitoquinone attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption throug...

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第十四届中国医师协会神经外科医师年会

作者： Tongyu Zhang Pei Wu Keren Zhou Lingyun Wu Zhiyi Xie Weilin Xu Xu Luo Peng Li Umut Ocak Pinar eser Ocak Zachary D.travis Jiping Tang Huaizhang Shi John H.Zhang Department of Neurosurgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Loma Linda University Department of earth and Biological Sciences Loma Linda University

Background and Purpose— Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the mechanism of early brain injury（eBI） following subarachnoid hemorrhage（SAH）. Blood-brain barrier disruption is a devastating outcome in the early stage of SAH. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of a mitochondria-related drug Mitoquinone（MitoQ） in blood-brain barrier disruption after SAH in rats. Methods— A total of 181 male Sprague–Dawley SAH rats with the endovascular perforation model were utilized. Intraperitoneal MitoQ was given 1 hour（h） post-SAH. Cerebroventricular ML385, an inhibitor of NF-e2-related factor 2（Nrf2） and Small interfering ribonucleic acid（siRNA） for Prohibitin 2（PHB2） were injected respectively 24 h and 48 h before SAH. Neurological function evaluation was performed before sacrifice. SAH grade was measured during the sacrifice of each animal. Brain water content was performed at 24 h. Coimmunoprecipitation was used to demonstrate the relationship of proteins Nrf2 and PHB2. Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fractions were gathered using mitochondria isolation kits. Pathway related proteins were investigated with Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Transmission electron microscopy was performed for mitochondrial morphology. Results— expression of Nrf2 levels peaked at the 3 h time point following SAH and then decreased to normal levels at 24 h, while PHB2 and Optic Atrophy 1（OPA1） decreased at 24 h and 72 h after SAH compared with the Sham group. MitoQ treatment attenuated neurological deficits and brain edema, thereby resulting in a decreased expression of Albumin, while an increase of Nrf2, PHB2, OPA1 and Claudin-5 proteins compared with SAH+vehicle group. With co-immunoprecipitation, Nrf2 and PHB2 were further demonstrated to show their interaction. And MitoQ administration lead to more binding of the two proteins. ML385 abolished the effects of MitoQ on neurobehavior and protein levels post-SAH. Similarly, PHB2 siRNA reversed the neuroprotection of MitoQ

关键词： Mitoquinone NF-e2-related factor 2 Prohibitin 2 Optic Atrophy 1 Blood-brain barrier disruption Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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儿科日间手术中超重（或肥胖症）与胃液特性的关系：在禁食指南和误吸风险评估方面的意义

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麻醉与镇痛 2010年第6期6卷 38-49页

作者： Scott D. Cook-Sather Paul R. Gallagher Lydia e. Kruge Jonathan M. Beus Brian P. Ciampa Kevin Conor Welch Sina Shah-Hosseini Jieun S. Choi Reshma Pachikara Kim Minger Ronald S. Litman Mark S. Schreiner 周洁(译) 李士通(校) Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Departments of Biostatistics and epidemiology Nursing The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania 不详

背景超重或肥胖的日间手术儿科患者手术前2小时禁水的安全性尚未得到证实。健康的儿童和肥胖的成人在手术前禁水2小时后残留胃液量（GFVs）并不多，因此认为误吸风险并不高。因此我们将测算日间手术患者中超重症或肥胖症的患病率，并假... 详细信息

背景超重或肥胖的日间手术儿科患者手术前2小时禁水的安全性尚未得到证实。健康的儿童和肥胖的成人在手术前禁水2小时后残留胃液量（GFVs）并不多，因此认为误吸风险并不高。因此我们将测算日间手术患者中超重症或肥胖症的患病率，并假设不管是体重指数还是禁食时间均不会对GFV或胃液pH值产生显著的影响。所有受试儿童均于手术前禁清水2小时，并假设超重或肥胖患儿的GFV不会多于偏瘦或正常体重患儿，而呕吐或误吸的风险也很低。方法本研究中连续纳入了1000例2－12岁行日间手术的患儿，记录人口统计学资料、病史、身高和体重。另外纳入1000例需全麻插管的日间手术患儿（2。12岁）进行研究。气管插管后，经口插入一根14—18F的胃管，抽空胃内容物。用药情况、禁食时间、GFV、pH值和呕吐事件均被详细记录。采用疾病预防及控制中心的生长图表（2000）评定理想体重（IBW=第50个百分位数），并对患儿进行分层：偏瘦或正常体重（BMI在第25—75个百分位数）、超重（第95个百分位数〈BMI≥第85个百分位数）、肥胖（BMI≥第95个百分位数）。结果在所有的日间手术患儿中有14％属于超重，13．3％属于肥胖。肥胖儿按公斤体重算出的GFV较低（P〈0．001）。当我们用IBW进行校正后，所有BMI组中GFV（mw校正后）的容量都相等（均值为0．96ml／kg，SD为0．71；中位数为0．86ml／kg，IQR为0．96）。手术前使用对乙酰氨基酚和咪达唑仑均导致GFV（1BW校正后）增加（P=0．025和P=0．001）。而ASA11I级（P=0．024）、男性（P=0．012）、胃食管反流性疾病（P=0．049）和使用质子泵抑制剂（P=0．018）患儿的GFV（mw校正后）较低。GFV（IBw校正后）与禁食时间和年龄无关。胃液酸度较低与年龄较小（P=0．005）、BMI较高（P=0．036）和美国非洲裔（P=0．033）患儿等因素相关。有8例患儿在全麻诱导时发生了呕吐（其中50％有肥胖症，P=0．052，75％患有阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停症，P=0．061）。呕吐与ASA分级较高有关，但却与禁食时间的长短无关。研究中没有出现误吸事件。结论27％的儿科日闻手术患儿属超重或肥胖儿童。无论进食时间长短或BMI如何，GFV（IBw校正后）均为1ml／kg，因此这些患儿均可以在手术前2小时饮清水。在此研究群体中，罕见的呕吐事件与禁食时间的缩短并无相关性。

关键词：禁食时间儿科患者风险评估肥胖症超重症胃液量误吸阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停症

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