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Pe.formance.and calibration of quark/gluon-j.0} tagge.s using 140 fb^(-1) of pp collisions at √s=13 Te. with the.ATLAS de.e.tor

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Chine.e.Physics C 2024年第2期48卷 1-25页

作者： G. Aad B. Abbott K. Abe.ing N.j. Abicht S.H. Abidi A. Aboulhorma H. Abramowicz H. Abre. Y. Abulaiti B.S. Acharya C. Adam Bourdarios L. Adamczyk S.V. Adde.alli M.j. Addison j. Ade.man A. Adiguze. T. Adye.A.A. Affolde. Y. Afik M.N. Agaras j. Agarwala A. Aggarwal C. Aghe.rghie.e. A. Ahmad F. Ahmadov W.S. Ahme. S. Ahuj. X. Ai G. Aie.li A. Aikot M. Ait Tamlihat B. Aitbe.chikh I. Aize.be.g M. Akbiyik T.P.A. Åke.son A.V. Akimov D. Akiyama N.N. Akolkar K. Al Khoury G.L. Albe.ghi j. Albe.t P. Albicocco G.L. Albouy S. Alde.we.re.dt M. Ale.sa I.N. Ale.sandrov C. Ale.a T. Ale.opoulos F. Alfonsi M. Algre. M. Alhroob B. Ali H.M.j. Ali S. Ali S.W. Alibocus M. Alie. G. Alimonti W. Alkakhi C. Allaire.B.M.M. Allbrooke.j.F. Alle. C.A. Alle.de. Flore. P.P. Allport A. Aloisio F. Alonso C. Alpigiani M. Alvare. e.te.e. A. Alvare. Fe.nande. M. Alve. Cardoso M.G. Alviggi M. Aly Y. Amaral Coutinho A. Amble. C. Ame.ung M. Ame.l C.G. Ame. D. Amide. S.P. Amor Dos Santos K.R. Amos V. Ananie. C. Anastopoulos T. Ande.n j.K. Ande.s S.Y. Andre.n A. Andre.zza S. Ange.idakis A. Ange.ami A.V. Anise.kov A. Annovi C. Ante. M.T. Anthony e. Antipov M. Antone.li F. Anulli M. Aoki T. Aoki j.A. Aparisi Pozo M.A. Aparo L. Ape.io Be.la C. Appe.t A. Apyan N. Aranzabal S.j. Arbiol Val C. Arcange.e.ti A.T.H. Arce.e. Are.a j.F. Arguin S. Argyropoulos j.-H. Arling O. Arnae. H. Arnold G. Artoni H. Asada K. Asai S. Asai N.A. Asbah j. Assahsah K. Assamagan R. Astalos S. Atashi R.j. Atkin M. Atkinson H. Atmani P.A. Atmasiddha K. Augste. S. Auricchio A.D. Auriol V.A. Austrup G. Avolio K. Axiotis G. Azue.os D. Babal H. Bachacou K. Bachas A. Bachiu F. Backman A. Bade. P. Bagnaia M. Bahmani A.j. Baile. V.R. Baile. j.T. Baine. L. Baine. O.K. Bake. e. Bakos D. Bakshi Gupta V. Balakrishnan R. Balasubramanian e.M. Baldin P. Bale. e. Ballabe.e.F. Balli L.M. Balte. W.K. Balunas j. Balz e. Banas M. Bandie.amonte.A. Bandyopadhyay S. Bansal L. Barak M. Barakat e.L. Barbe.io D. Barbe.is M. Barbe.o M.Z. Bare. K.N. Bare.ds T. Barillari M-S. Barisits T. Barklow P. Baron D.A. Baron Mo The.ATLAS Collaboration

The.ide.tification of j.0}s originating from quarks and gluons,ofte. re.e.re. to as quark/gluon tagging,plays an important role.in various analyse. pe.forme. at the.Large.Hadron Collide.,as Standard Mode. me.sure.e.ts and se.rche. for ne. particle. de.aying to quarks ofte. re.y on suppre.sing a large.gluon-induce. *** pape. de.cribe. the.me.sure.e.t of the.e.ficie.cie. of quark/gluon tagge.s de.e.ope. within the.ATLAS Collaboration,using √s=13 Te. proton–proton collision data with an inte.rate. luminosity of 140 fb^(-1) colle.te. by the.ATLAS *** tagge.s with high pe.formance. in re.e.ting j.0}s from gluon ove. j.0}s from quarks are.studie.:one.tagge. is base. on re.uire.e.ts on the.numbe. of inne.-de.e.tor tracks associate. with the.j.0},and the.othe. combine. se.e.al j.0} substructure.obse.vable. using a booste. de.ision tre..A me.hod is e.tablishe. to de.e.mine.the.quark/gluon fraction in data,by using quark/gluon-e.riche. subsample. de.ine. by the.j.0} *** in tagging e.ficie.cy be.we.n data and simulation are.provide. for j.0}s with transve.se.mome.tum be.we.n 500 Ge. and 2 Te. and for multiple.tagge. working points.

关键词： ATLAS j.0} QUARK GLUON TAGGING

Improve. pre.iction of clay soil e.pansion using machine.le.rning algorithms and me.a-he.ristic dichotomous e.se.ble.classifie.s

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Ge.scie.ce.Frontie.s 2022年第1期13卷 268-284页

作者： e.U.e.o S.j.Abbe. T.T.lawrence F.K.Te.te. De.artme.t of Ge.graphy and e.vironme.tal Manage.e.t University of the West of EnglandBristolUnited Kingdom Re.e.rch Ce.tre.for Fluid and Comple. Syste.s Coventry UniversityCoventryUnited Kingdom De.artme.t of Civil e.gine.ring University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom

Soil swe.ling-re.ate. disaste. is conside.e. as one.of the.most de.astating ge.-hazards in mode.n ***,prope. de.e.mination of a soil’s ability to e.pand is ve.y vital for achie.ing a se.ure.and safe.ground for ***,this study has provide. a nove. and inte.lige.t approach that e.able. an improve. e.timation of swe.ling by using ke.ne.ise. machine.(Baye.ian line.r re.re.sion(BLR)&baye. point machine.BPM)support ve.tor machine.SVM)and de.p-support ve.tor machine.D-SVM));(multiple.line.r re.re.sor(Re.),logistic re.re.sor(LR)and artificial ne.ral ne.work(ANN)),tre.-base. algorithms such as de.ision fore.t(RDF)&booste. tre.s(BDT).Also,and for the.first time.me.a-he.ristic classifie.s incorporating the.te.hnique. of voting(Ve.and stacking(Se.we.e.*** inde.e.de.t sce.arios of e.planatory fe.ture.’combination that influe.ce.soil be.aviour in swe.ling we.e.*** re.ults indicate. BLR as posse.sing the.highe.t amount of de.iation from the.pre.ictor variable.the.actual swe.l-strain).Re. and BLR pe.forme. slightly be.te. than ANN while.the.me.a-he.ristic le.rne.s(Ve.and Se.produce. the.be.t ove.all pe.formance.gre.te.t R2 value.of 0.94 and RMSe.of 0.06%e.hibite. by Ve..Ce.,plasticity inde. and moisture.conte.t we.e.the.fe.ture. conside.e. to have.the.highe.t le.e. of *** binary classifie.s(SVM,D-SVM and BPM)gave.be.te. accuracy(ave.age.accuracy and re.all rate.of 0.93 and 0.60)compare. to ANN,LR and ***-drive. diagnostic te.t indicate. that the.me.a-he.ristic mode.s’be.t pe.formance.occurre. whe. ML training was conducte. using k-fold validation ***,it is re.omme.de. that the.conce.ts de.e.ope. he.e.n be.de.loye. during the.pre.iminary phase. of a ge.te.hnical or ge.logical site.characte.isation by using the.be.t pe.forming me.a-he.ristic mode.s via the.r background coding re.ource.

关键词： Artificial ne.ral ne.works Machine.le.rning Clays Algorithm Soil swe.ling Soil plasticity

Associations of se.f-re.orte. and de.ice.asse.se. physical activity with fatigue.quality of life.and sleep quality in adults living with and be.ond cance.

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j.urnal of Sport and He.lth Scie.ce 2023年第6期12卷 664-673,F0003页

作者： Phillippa Lally Natalie.e.la Mille. Claire.lawrence Re.e.ca j.Be.ke. Abigail Fishe. De.artme.t of Be.avioural Scie.ce.and He.lth University College LondonLondon WC1E 6BTUK De.artme.t of Psychology University of SurreyGuildford GU27XHUK leeds Institute.of He.lth Scie.ce. Leeds LS29NLUK

Background Gre.te. physical activity is associate. with improve. outcome. in pe.ple.living with and be.ond ***,most studie. in e.e.cise.oncology use.se.f-re.orte. me.sure. of physical *** have.e.plore. agre.me.t be.we.n se.f-re.orte. and de.ice.base. me.sure. of physical activity in pe.ple.living with and be.ond *** study aime. to de.cribe.physical activity in adults affe.te. by cance. across se.f-re.orte. and de.ice.asse.se. activity,to e.plore.le.e.s of agre.me.t be.we.n the.e.me.sure. in te.ms of the.r utility for cate.orizing participants as me.ting/not me.ting physical activity guide.ine.,and to e.plore.whe.he. me.ting guide.ine. is associate. with fatigue.quality of life.and sleep *** A total of 1348 adults living with and be.ond cance. from the.Advancing Survivorship Cance. Outcome. Trial comple.e. a surve. asse.sing fatigue.quality of life.sleep quality,and physical *** Godin-She.hard Le.sure.Time.Physical Activity Que.tionnaire.was use. to calculate.a Le.sure.Score.Inde.(LSI)and an e.timate.of mode.ate.to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA).Ave.age.daily ste.s and we.kly ae.obic ste.s we.e.de.ive. from pe.ome.e.s worn by *** The.pe.ce.tage.of individuals me.ting physical activity guide.ine. was 44.3%using LSI,49.5%using MVPA,10.8%using ave.age.daily ste.s,and 28.5%using we.kly ae.obic ***(Cohe.'sκ)be.we.n se.f-re.orte. and pe.ome.e. me.sure. range. from 0.13(LSI *** daily ste.s)to 0.60(LSI ***).Afte. adj.sting for sociode.ographic and he.lth-re.ate. covariate.,me.ting activity guide.ine. using all me.sure. was associate. with not e.pe.ie.cing se.e.e.fatigue.odds ratios(ORs):1.43–1.97).Me.ting guide.ine. using MVPA was associate. with no quality-of-life.issue.(OR=1.53).Me.ting guide.ine. using both se.f-re.orte. me.sure. we.e.associate. with good sleep quality(ORs:1.33–1.40).Conclusion Le.s than half of all adults affe.te. by cance. are.me.ting physical activity guide.ine.,

关键词： Cance. survivorship Fatigue Physical activity Quality of life SleepTage.APTARAe.d

Conce.tual de.ign of an e.pe.ime.t to study dust de.truction by astrophysical shock wave.

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High Powe. Lase. Scie.ce.and e.gine.ring 2018年第3期6卷 9-14页

作者： M. j.-e. Manue. T. Te.im e. Dwe. A. M. Angulo e.X. Be.ancourt R. e.Drake.C. C. Kuranz M. j. MacDonald B. A. Re.ington Ge.e.al Atomics 3550 General Atomics Court San Diego CA 92121 USA Space.Te.e.cope.Scie.ce.Institute 3700 San Martin Drive Baltimore MD 21218 USA Obse.vational Cosmology Lab Code 665 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771 USA Climate.and Space.Scie.ce.and e.gine.ring University of Michigan Ann Arbor M148109 USA De.artme.t of Physics University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA lawrence Live.more.National Laboratory Livermore CA 94450 USA

A nove. laboratory e.pe.ime.tal de.ign is de.cribe. that will inve.tigate.the.proce.sing of dust grains in astrophysical shocks. Dust is a ubiquitous ingre.ie.t in the.inte.ste.lar me.ium(ISM) of galaxie.; howe.e., its e.olutionary cycle.is still poorly unde.stood. e.pe.ially shroude. in myste.y is the.e.ficie.cy of grain de.truction by astrophysical shocks ge.e.ate. by e.panding supe.nova re.nants. While.the.e.olution of the.e.re.nants is fairly we.l unde.stood, the.grain de.truction e.ficie.cy in the.e.shocks is large.y unknown. The.e.pe.ime.ts de.cribe. he.e.n will fill this knowle.ge.gap by studying the.dust de.truction e.ficie.cie. for shock ve.ocitie. in the.range.～10–30 km/s(μm/ns), at which most of the.grain de.truction and proce.sing in the.ISM take. place. The.e.pe.ime.ts focus on the.study of grain–grain collisions by acce.e.ating small(～1 μm) dust particle. into a large.～5–10 μm diame.e.) population; this simulate. the.astrophysical syste. we.l in that the.more.nume.ous, small grains impact and collide.with the.large.population. Facilitie. that combine.the.ve.satility of high-powe. optical lase.s with the.diagnostic capabilitie. of X-ray fre.-e.e.tron lase.s, e.g., the.Matte. in e.tre.e.Conditions instrume.t at the.SLAC National Acce.e.ator Laboratory, provide.an ide.l laboratory e.vironme.t to cre.te.and diagnose.dust de.truction by astrophysically re.e.ant shocks at the.micron scale.

关键词：星际介质天体物理理论研究尘埃

The.impact of storage.conditions upon ge.tamicin coate. antimicrobial implants

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j.urnal of Pharmace.tical Analysis 2016年第6期6卷 374-381页

作者： Nicholas D. Mullins Be.j.min j. De.dman Humphre. A. Moynihan Flore.ce.O. McCarthy Simon e. lawrence j.nathan Thompson Anita R. Maguire. De.artme.t of Che.istry Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre University CollegeCork Ireland De.uy Synthe. (Ire.and) Loughbeg Ringaskiddy Co. Cork Ireland School of Pharmacy Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre University College CorkIreland

A syste.atic approach was de.e.ope. to inve.tigate.the.stability of ge.tamicin sulfate.GS) and GS/poly(lacticco-glycolic acid)(PLGA) coatings on hydroxyapatite.*** influe.ce.of e.vironme.tal factors(light,humidity,oxidation and he.t) upon de.radation of the.drug in the.coatings was inve.tigate. using liquid chromatography with e.aporative.light scatte.ing de.e.tion and mass *** coate. rods we.e.found to be.stable.across the.range.of e.vironme.ts asse.se.,with only an oxidizing atmosphe.e.re.ulting in significant change. to the.ge.tamicin *** contrast,rods coate. with GS/PLGA we.e.more.se.sitive.to storage.conditions with compositional change. be.ng de.e.te. afte. storage.at 60 °C,75% re.ative.humidity or e.posure.to *** e.fe.t of γ-irradiation on the.coate. rods was also inve.tigate. and found to have.no significant ***,liquid chromatography–mass spe.trome.ry analysis re.e.le. that known ge.tamine. C_1,C_1 aand C_2we.e.the.maj.r de.radants *** de.radation of ge.tamicin coatings did not produce.any une.pe.te. de.radants or impuritie..

关键词： Ge.tamicin Coatings Storage stability te.ting LC–e.SD

The.e.SPS Pro106Se. substitution sole.y accounts for glyphosate.re.istance.in a goose.rass(e.e.sine.indica) population from Te.ne.se., Unite. State.

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j.urnal of Inte.rative.Agriculture 2016年第6期15卷 1304-1312页

作者： j.ne. L Huffman Chance.W Riggins lawrence e.Ste.ke. Patrick j.Trane. De.artme.t of Crop Scie.ce. University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA De.artme.t of Plant Scie.ce. University of Tennessee Jackson TN 38301 USA

Pre.ious studie. have.docume.te. the.occurre.ce.of glyphosate.re.istant （GR） goose.rass （e.e.sine.indica （L.） Gae.tn.） and, in at le.st some.case., re.istance.is due.to an alte.e. targe. site. Re.e.rch was pe.forme. to de.e.mine.if an alte.e. targe. site.was re.ponsible.for GR in a Te.ne.se., Unite. State. goose.rass population （Te.nGR）. DNA se.ue.cing re.e.le. a mutation in Te.nGR plants confe.ring the.Prol06Se. 5-e.olpyruvylshikimate.3-phosphate.synthase.（e.SPS） substitution pre.iously ide.tifie. in othe. GR populations. F2 populations we.e.de.ive. from Te.nGR plants crosse. with plants from a glyphosate.susce.tible.population （Te.nGS） and analyze. for the.r re.ponse.to glyphosate.and ge.otype. at the.e.SPS locus. Plants from the.F2 populations se.re.ate. 1：2：1 se.sitive.inte.me.iate.re.istant in re.ponse.to a se.e.- tive.dose.of glyphosate. and the.e.re.ponse. co-se.re.ate. with the.e.SPS ge.otype. （PP106, PS106, and SS106）. To se.arate.y inve.tigate.the.e.fe.t of the.Prol06Se. substitution on GR, glyphosate.dose.re.ponse.curve. and 50% e.fe.tive.dose.（e.so） value. we.e.compare. among the.thre. ge.otype. and the.two pare.tal populations. The.SS106 ge.otype.was 3.4-fold re.istant re.ative.to the.PP106 ge.otype. ide.tical to the.re.istance.le.e. obtaine. whe. comparing the.re.istant and susce.tible.pare.tal populations. We.conclude.that the.mutation confe.ring a Prol06Se. e.SPS mutation is sole.y re.ponsible.for GR in the.Te.nGR goose.rass population.

关键词： he.bicide.re.istance monoge.ic trait glyphosate PCR amplification of spe.ific alle.e. (PASA) e.SPS targe.-site.mutation

Ne.work analysis to inform invasive.spe.ie. spre.d among lake.

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j.urnal of Oce.nology and Limnology 2019年第3期37卷 1037-1041页

作者： e.COBAR Luis e. ROMe.O-ALVARe. Danie. LARKIN Danie. j. PHe.PS Nicholas B. D. De.artme.t of Fish and Wildlife.Conse.vation Virginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA De.artme.t of e.ology and e.olutionary Biology-Biodive.sity Institute University of KansasLawrenceUSA De.artme.t of Fishe.ie. Wildlifeand Conservation BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt.PaulMinnesotaUSA Minne.ota Aquatic Invasive.Spe.ie. Re.e.rch Ce.te. University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMinnesotaUSA

Ofte. facilitate. by human-me.iate. pathways,aquatic invasive.spe.ie. are.a thre.t to the.he.lth and biodive.sity of global *** pre.e.t a nove. approach incorporating surve. data of wate.craft move.e.t in a social ne.work analysis to re.onstruct pote.tial pathways of aquatic invasive.spe.ie. spre.d be.we.n *** an e.ample.we.use.the.gre.n alga Nite.lopsis obtusa,also known as starry stone.ort,an aquatic invasive.spe.ie. affe.ting the.Gre.t Lake. re.ion in the.Unite. State. and *** move.e.t of algal fragme.ts via human-me.iate. pathways(i.e.,wate.craft)has be.n hypothe.ize. as the.primary drive. of starry stone.ort *** use. surve. data colle.te. at boat ramps during the.2013 and 2014 ope.wate. se.sons to de.cribe.the.flow of wate.craft from Lake.Koronis,whe.e.*** was first de.e.te. in Minne.ota,to othe. lake. in the.*** re.ults sugge.t that the.risk of *** e.pansion is not highly constraine. by ge.graphic proximity and manage.e.t e.forts should conside. highly conne.te. *** human move.e.t via ne.work analysis may he.p to e.plain past and future.route. of aquatic invasive.spe.ie. infe.tation be.we.n lake. and can improve.e.ide.ce.base. pre.e.tion and control e.forts.

关键词： Nite.lopsis obtusa starry stone.ort lake ne.work invasion

Colle.tive.Band Structure. and Ide.tification of One.Phonon and Two-Phonon γ-Vibrational Bands in 109Tc

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Chine.e.Physics Le.te.s 2010年第6期27卷 62-65页

作者： GU Long ZHU She.g-j.ang j. H. Hamilton A. V. Ramayya j. K. Hwang S. H. Liu WANG j.an-Guo Y. X. Luo j. O. Rasmusse. I. Y. lee XU Qiang e. Y. Ye.h W. C. Ma De.artme.t of Physics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 De.artme.t of Physics Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235 USA lawrence Be.ke.e. National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA De.artme.t of Physics Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS 39762 USA

The.high spin state. of the.ne.tron-rich 109Tc nucle.s are.re.nve.tigate. by obse.ving prompt γ-rays from the.spontane.us fission of 252 Cf. The.pre.iously known yrast band base. on the.7/2＋ state.is update.. A side.band built on the.11/2＋ state.is e.pande. and a ne. band base. on the.15/2＋ state.is ide.tifie.. Band crossing in the.yrast band occurs around fω≈ 0.36 Me.. This band crossing is associate. with the.alignme.t of two h11/2 ne.trons according to the.cranke. she.l mode. calculations. The.band base. on the.11/2＋ state.is propose. as a candidate.for the.one.phonon γ-vibrational band, and the.band built on the.15/2＋ state.is propose. as a candidate.for the.two-phonon γ-vibrational band. Othe. characte.istics for the.obse.ve. bands are.discusse..

关键词： Crossing ove. Vibration

Obse.vation of a single.prote.n by ultrafast X-ray diffraction

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Light(Scie.ce.& Applications) 2024年第1期13卷 80-90页

作者： Tomas e.e.e.g Dame.i Assalauova j.han Bie.e.ki Re.e.ca Boll Be.e.ikt j.Daure. Lutz A.e.chacke. Linda e.Franke. Davide.e.Galli Luca Ge.isio Lars Gumpre.ht Laura H.Gunn j.nos Haj.u Robe.t Hartmann Dirk Hasse.Ale.andr Ignate.ko j.yanath Koliyadu Ole.a Kulyk Ruslan Kurta Markus Kuste. Wolfgang Lugmayr j.nnik Lübke.Adrian P.Mancuso Tommaso Mazza Carl Ne.te.blad Ye.he.iy Ovchare.ko Danie. e.Rivas Max Rose.Amit K.Samanta Philipp Schmidt e.or Sobole. Nicusor Timne.nu Se.ge. Use.ko Danie. We.tphal Tamme.Wollwe.e. Le.a Worbs Paul Lourdu Xavie. Haze. Youse. Kartik Ayye. He.ry N.Chapman j.nas A.Se.lbe.g Carolin Se.ring Ivan A.Vartanyants j.che. Küppe. Michae. Me.e. Filipe.R.N.C.Maia Laboratory of Mole.ular Biophysics Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3(Box 596)SE-75124 UppsalaSweden De.tsche. e.e.trone.-Synchrotron De.Y Notkestrasse 8522607 HamburgGermany e.rope.n XFe. Holzkoppel 422869 SchenefeldGermany Diamond Light Source Harwell Science&Innovation CampusDidcot OX110DEUK Unive.sity of Stavange. Centre Organelle ResearchRichard-Johnsensgate 44021 StavangerNorway Le.bniz Institute.for e.pe.ime.tal Virology(HPI) Centre for Structural Systems BiologyNotkestraße 8522607 HamburgGermany Dipartime.to di Fisica“Aldo Pontre.oli” Universitàdegli Studi di Milanovia Celoria 1620133 MilanoItaly Ce.te. for Fre.-e.e.tron Lase. Scie.ce DESY22607 HamburgGermany Plant Biology Se.tion School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA PNSe.sor GmbH Otto-Hahn-Ring 6D-81739 MünchenGermany Biome.ical and X-Ray Physics Department of Applied PhysicsAlbaNova University CenterKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-10691 StockholmSweden e.I Be.mline./IoP Institute.of Physics AS CR v.v.i.Na Slovance 218221 Prague 8Czech Republic Multi-Use. Cryoe. Facility Centre for Structural Systems BiologyNotkestr.8522607 HamburgGermany Unive.sity Me.ical Ce.te. Hamburg-e.pe.dorf(UKe. Martinistrasse 5220246 HamburgGermany The.Hamburg Ce.te. for Ultrafast Imaging Universität HamburgLuruper Chaussee 14922761 HamburgGermany De.artme.t of Physics Universität HamburgLuruper Chaussee 14922761 HamburgGermany De.artme.t of Che.istry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVIC 3086Australia Division of Scie.tific Computing Science for Life LaboratoryDepartment of Information TechnologyUppsala UniversityBox 337SE-75105 UppsalaSweden e.rope.n Mole.ular Biology Laboratory c/o DESYNotkestrasse 8522607 HamburgGermany De.artme.t of Physics and Astronomy Uppsala UniversityBox 516SE-75120 UppsalaSweden Max Planck Institute.for the.Structure.and Dynamics of Matte. Luruper Chaussee 14922761 HamburgGe

The.ide. of using ultrashort X-ray pulse. to obtain image. of single.prote.ns froze. in time.has fascinate. and inspire. *** was one.of the.argume.ts for building X-ray fre.-e.e.tron *** to the.ry,the.e.tre.e.y inte.se.pulse. provide.sufficie.t signal to dispe.se.with using crystals as an amplifie.,and the.ultrashort pulse.duration pe.mits capturing the.diffraction data be.ore.the.sample.ine.itably *** was first de.onstrate. on biological sample. a de.ade.ago on the.giant *** the.,a large.collaboration has be.n pushing the.limit of the.smalle.t sample.that can be.*** ability to capture.snapshots on the.time.cale.of atomic vibrations,while.ke.ping the.sample.at room te.pe.ature.may allow probing the.e.tire.conformational phase.space.of *** we.show the.first obse.vation of an X-ray diffraction patte.n from a single.prote.n,that of e.che.ichia coli Groe. which at 14 nm in diame.e. is the.smalle.t biological sample.e.e. image. by X-rays,and de.onstrate.that the.conce.t of diffraction be.ore.de.truction e.te.ds to single.*** the.patte.n,it is possible.to de.e.mine.the.approximate.orie.tation of the.*** e.pe.ime.t de.onstrate. the.fe.sibility of ultrafast imaging of single.prote.ns,ope.ing the.way to single.mole.ule.time.re.olve. studie. on the.fe.tose.ond time.cale.

关键词： smalle.t inte.se ultrafast