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Spectrophotometric determination of tranexamic acid using vanillin

药学学报 2009年第2期44卷 175-180页

作者： F.M.A. Rind M.G.H. Laghari A.H. Memon U.R. Mughal e almani N. Memon M.Y. Khuhawar M.L. Maheshwari Faculty of Pharmacy University of Sindh Jamshoro Pakistan Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Sindh Jamshoro Pakistan

A new spectrophotometric method has been examined for the determination of the tranexamic acid (TA) by derivatization with vanillin (VAN). The molar absorptivity of TA was calculated 25 160 L·mol-1·cm-1 at λmax 354 nm and obeyed the Beer's law within 0.5-2.5 μg·mL-1. The color reaction was highly stable and did not show any change in absorbance up to 24 h. The method was applied for the analysis of TA from capsules, injections and tooth pastes. The amounts of TA found in capsules, injections and tooth pastes of various pharmaceutical companies were observed with 249.0-250.9 mg/capsule, 249.3-250.7 mg/injection and 0.048%-0.049% in tooth pastes with relative standard deviation (RSD) 0.2%-5.0% (n = 3).

关键词：分光方法氨甲环酸显色反应药物化学

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Real-Time Modelling and Optimisation for Water and energy efficient Surface Irrigation

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2013年第7期5卷 681-688页

作者： Kanya L. Khatri Ashfaque A. Memon Yasin Shaikh Agha F. H. Pathan Sadiq A. Shah Kanwal K. Pinjani Rabia Soomro Rod Smith Zaheer almani Department of Civil engineering Mehran University of E & T Jamshoro Pakistan Department of Civil engineering Mehran University of E & T Khairpur Campus Pakistan Department of Industrial engineering Mehran University of E & T Jamshoro Pakistan Faculty of engineering and Surveying Queensland USQ Toowoomba Australia Water Resources Division National Engineering Services Lahore Pakistan

The viability and sustainability of crop production is currently threatened by increasing water scarcity. Water scarcity problems can be addressed through improved water productivity and the options usually presumed in this context are efficient water use and conversion of surface irrigation to pressurised systems. By replacing furrow irrigation with drip or centre pivot systems, the water efficiency can be improved by up to 30% to 45%. However, the installation and application of pumps and pipes, and the associated fuels needed for these alternatives increase energy consumption. A balance between the improvement in water use and the potential increase in energy consumption is required. When surface water is used, pressurised irrigation systems increase energy consumption substantially, by between 65% to 75%, and produce greenhouse gas emissions around 1.75 times higher than that of gravity based irrigation systems so their use should be carefully planned keeping in view adverse impact of carbon emissions on the environment and threat of increasing energy prices. With gravity-fed surface irrigation methods, the energy consumption is assumed to be negligible. This study has shown that a novel real-time infiltration model ReIP has enabled implementation of real-time optimisation and gravity fed surface irrigation with real-time optimisation has potential to bring significant improvements in irrigation performance along with substantial water savings of 2.92 ML/ha which is equivalent to that given by pressurised systems. The real-time optimisation and control thus offers a modern, environment friendly and water efficient system with close to zero increase in energy consumption and minimal greenhouse gas emissions.

关键词： Water Scarcity Real-Time Optimisation Furrow Irrigation Carbon emissions ReIP

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