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Perception, Determinants and Barriers for the Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Options among Nepalese Rice Farmers

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Agricultural Sciences 2018年第3期9卷 272-298页

作者： Niranjan Devkota Ram Kumar Phuyal durga lal shrestha Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal Center for Economic Development and Administration Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal

This paper estimates the perceptions, determinants and barriers regarding the adoption of climate change adaptation options among Nepalese rice farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to source respondents for the study, and structured questionnaire techniques were used to collect data from 773 households across seven districts (3 from Terai and 4 from the hilly region of Nepal). A binomial logistic regression model was used to detangle the determinants for the adoption of climate change adaptation options among farmers. The results revealed that approximately 80.7% of the farmers perceived change in temperature, and 90% believed that there was a decrease in rainfall in the 30-year period. In total, 77% of farming households responded that rice production and yield has decreased due to such changes, which has forced them to adopt available adaptation options. This study found that 12 adaptation options have been mainly used by rice farmers, and among them, there has been an increasing use of chemical fertilizer, climate-smart rice verities, and changes in nursery date, which are the first three adoption options. Overall, 71% of farmers adopt such adaptation options to protect themselves from perceived risk. However, farmers are facing several barriers, such as capital inadequacy, high cost of agricultural inputs, poor adaptation information provided to farmers, inadequate access to credit facilities and inadequate awareness about adaptation regarding the adoption of such options. Binomial regression results revealed that several factors influence a farmer’s choice in adaptation measures. Our findings suggest the need for greater investment to remove these barriers and institutional shortcomings and help to improve a rice farmer’s wellbeing.

关键词： Climate Change Barrier to Adopt Rural Rice Farmers Logit Model Nepal

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Source Code Prioritization Using Forward Slicing for Exposing Critical Elements in a Program

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2011年第2期26卷 314-327页

作者： Mitrabinda Ray Kanhaiya lal Kumawat durga Prasad Mohapatra Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology

Even after thorough testing, a few bugs still remain in a program with moderate complexity. These residual bugs are randomly distributed throughout the code. We have noticed that bugs in some parts of a program cause frequent and severe failures compared to those in other parts. Then, it is necessary to take a decision about what to test more and what to test less within the testing budget. It is possible to prioritize the methods and classes of an object-oriented program according to their potential to cause failures. For this, we propose a program metric called influence metric to find the influence of a program element on the source code. First, we represent the source code into an intermediate graph called extended system dependence graph. Then, forward slicing is applied on a node of the graph to get the influence of that node. The influence metric for a method m in a program shows the number of statements of the program which directly or indirectly use the result produced by method m. We compute the influence metric for a class c based on the influence metric of all its methods. As influence metric is computed statically, it does not show the expected behavior of a class at run time. It is already known that faults in highly executed parts tend to more failures. Therefore, we have considered operational profile to find the average execution time of a class in a system. Then, classes are prioritized in the source code based on influence metric and average execution time. The priority of an element indicates the potential of the element to cause failures. Once all program elements have been prioritized, the testing effort can be apportioned so that the elements causing frequent failures will be tested thoroughly. We have conducted experiments for two well-known case studies -- Library Management System and Trading Automation System -- and successfully identified critical elements in the source code of each case study. We have also conducted experiments to compar

关键词： program slice extended system dependence graph influence of a class test priority

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High-resolution modeling and evaluation of ozone air quality of Osaka using MM5-CMAQ system

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第6期21卷 782-789页

作者： shrestha Kundan lal KONDO Akira KAGA Akikazu INOUE Yoshio Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering School of EngineeringOsaka University

High-resolution modeling approach is increasingly being considered as a necessary step for improving the monitoring and predictions of regional air quality. This is especially true for highly urbanized region with complex terrain and land-use. This study uses Community Multiscale Air Quality （CMAQ） model coupled with MM5 mesoscale model for a comprehensive analysis to assess the suitability of such high-resolution modeling system in predicting ozone air quality in the complex terrains of Osaka, Japan. The 1-km and 3-kin grid domains were nested inside a 9-km domain and the domain with 1-km grid covered the Osaka region. High-resolution Grid Point Value-Mesoscale Model （GPV-MSM） data were used after suitable validation. The simulated ozone concentrations were validated and evaluated using statistical metrics using performance criteria set for ozone. Daily maxima of ozone were found better simulated by the 1-krn grid domain than the coarser 9-km and 3-km domains, with the maximum improvement in the mean absolute gross error about 3 ppbv. In addition, 1-km grid results fared better than other grids at most of the observation stations that showed noticeable differences in gross error as well as correlation. These results amply justify the use of the integrated high-resolution MM5-CMAQ modeling system in the highly urbanized region, such as the Osaka region, which has complex terrain and land-use.

关键词： air quality model evaluation ozone Community Multiscale Air Quality MM5 statistical analysis

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Fog simulation using a mesoscale model in and around the Yodo River Basin,Japan

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2008年第7期20卷 838-845页

作者： HIKARI Shimadera KUNDAN lal shrestha AKIRA Kondo AKIKAZU Kaga YOSHIO Inoue Graduate School of Engineering Osaka UniversityYamada-oka 2-1SuitaOsaka 565-0871Japan.

In this study,fog simulations were conducted using the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) in and around the Yodo River Basin,*** purpose is to investigate the MM5 performance of fog simulation for long-term *** simulations were performed for January,February,March,and July,2005 with a coarse 3-kin and a nested fine 1-km grid domains. Results of the simulations were compared with data from ten meteorological observatories,fog sampling site in ***,and visibility measurem...

关键词： fog simulation the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) model evaluation occurrence of fog liquid water content

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Genetic Diversity Assessment of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifoliaSwingle) Landraces in Nepal, Using SSR Markers

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第12期3卷 1674-1681页

作者： Ram lal shrestha durga Datta Dhakal durga Mani Gautum Krishna Prasad Paudyal Sangita shrestha Agricultural Research Station (ARS) Dhankuta Nepal Horticulture Research Division (HRD) Lalitpur Nepal Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) Chitwan Nepal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) Lalitpur Nepal

Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) is an important commercial fruits crop, cultivated in terai to high hills of Nepal. High variation of acid lime fruits are observed in existing landraces due to crossing within the other citrus species. Determination of genetic variation is important to the plant breeders for development of high yielding variety and hybrids. Therefore, an attempt has been made to study the genetic diversity of 62 acid lime landraces, collected from different altitudinal range in the eastern part of Nepal, using SSR markers. Twelve Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) primer pairs were used to assess the genetic diversity of acid lime. The average genetic similarity level among the 62 accessions was 0.77, ranging from 0.54 to 1.0 and separated five major cluster groups. Total of 33 alleles were detected by eleven primer pairs and size of alleles ranged from 50 to 225. Average polymorphic information content (PIC) value was 0.50, whereas highest 0.75 and lowest 0.18 was observed in CAT01 and GT03 loci respectively. The results of the study clearly indicated that, SSR markers are highly polymorphic and more informative for the assessment of genetic diversity of acid lime landraces.

关键词： Alleles Genetic Diversity Polymorphic SSR Markers

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Study of Fruit Diversity and Selection of Elite Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) Genotypes in Nepal

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第8期3卷 1098-1104页

作者： Ram lal shrestha durga Datta Dhakal durga Mani Gautum Krishna Prasad Paudyal Sangita shrestha Agricultural Research Station (ARS) Dhankuta Nepal Horticulture Research Division (HRD) Lalitpur Nepal Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) Rampur Chitwan Nepal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) Lalitpur Nepal

Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) fruits are cultivated in terai, mid hill and high hill districts of Nepal. It is cross-pollinated crop and has a high variation in fruit characters within the species. Fruit character is the main basis of genotype selection. Study of fruit diversity is of utmost importance to select the elite genotypes for breeding and variety development program. Therefore, total of 620 fruit samples were collected and evaluated in the main production season of the year 2010 and 2011, from 62 bearing trees. Samples were collected from three agro-ecological domains, representing terai, mid hill and high hill areas of eastern Nepal. Elite landraces were selected on the basis of scoring fruit characters. High variation in vitamin C was observed between the terai (57.4 mg) and high hill (72.5 mg) samples. Amount of juice was 36.8% in mid hill and 44.1% in terai samples. Higher percent of juice and total soluble solids (TSS) observed in terai samples but tritable acidity (TA) and vitamin C was low as compare to high hills. There was significantly negative correlation found in fruit weight, fruit diameter, juice percent and seed number, whereas significantly positive correlation was in pulp and vitamin C, with altitude range. Total landraces were separated in five major cluster group. Variation in the level of similarity was observed among the cluster groups. The variability distance of fruit characters was highest in cluster group II (–17.45%) and lowest in cluster group V (58.5%). On the basis of scoring number of fruit characters, total four elite genotypes i.e. LD-49 from mid hills, LD-23 and LT-17 from higher hills and LM-44 from terai were selected for conservation, breeding and variety development purpose.

关键词： Vitamin C TSS TA Correlation Elite Genotypes Conservation

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Variation of Physiochemical Components of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifoliaSwingle) Fruits at Different Sides of the Tree in Nepal

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第12期3卷 1688-1692页

作者： Ram lal shrestha durga Datta Dhakal durga Mani Gautum Krishna Prasad Paudyal Sangita shrestha Agricultural Research Station (ARS) Dhankuta Nepal Horticulture Research Division (HRD) Khumaltar Lalitpur Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) Chitwan Nepal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) Lalitpur Nepal

Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) is one of the important commercial fruits cultivated from terai to high hill of Nepal. It is an important source of vitamin “C” (ascorbic acid) for human nutrition. Amount of juice, TSS (Total soluble solids), TA (Titrable acid) and vitamin C are the determining factors of quality of acid lime fruits which may vary according to bearing sides of the trees. The main objective of this study is, to determine the variation of fruit quality at different sides of the tree. Total of 15 bearing trees were selected randomly (5 trees per site) from three different agro ecological domain representing terai (1200 m asl) and samples were collected from the selected trees. Randomly ten fruits (from east, west, centre, north and south sides) were collected from each tree and analyzed for amount of vitamin C, TSS, TA and juice. Highest ascorbic acid 79.6 mg and 69.9 mg was observed in south side fruits whereas lowest 62.8 mg and 55.1 mg was observed in centre fruits in the high and mid hills zone respectively, but in terai, highest ascorbic acid 58.7 mg was observed in north side and lowest 41.8 mg was observed in centre. Highest amount of juice 43.9% was observed in south side fruits and lowest 36.6% in centre fruits, but amount of TSS 8.2% and TA 7.2% was observed in south side fruits and lowest 7.3% TSS and 7.0% TA was observed in centre fruits in high hills. In terai highest TSS 8.3% and TA 7.4% was observed in north side fruits and lowest TSS 7.3% and TA 6.7% was observed in centre fruits. Variation of TSS, TA percent and ascorbic acids was observed according to the agro ecological zone.

关键词： Ascorbic Acid Agro-Ecological Zone TSS TA Juice

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Investigation of air pollution concentration in Kathmandu valley during winter season

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2005年第6期17卷 1008-1013页

作者： KONDO Akira KAGA Akikazu IMAMURA Kiyoshi INOUE Yoshio SUGISAWA Masahiko shrestha Manohar lal SAPKOTA Balkrishan Graduate School of Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering Osaka University JapanGraduate School of Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering Osaka University JapanEnvironmental Pollution Control Center Osaka Prefecture JapanGraduate School of Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering Osaka University JapanGraduate School of Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering Osaka University JapanGraduate School of Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering Osaka University JapanInstitute of Engineering Pulchok Tribhuvan University Nepal

The monthly concentrations of NO2, NOx, SO2 and O3 measured by a passive sampler from February 2003 to January 2004 showed that the air pollution during the winter season in Kathmandu valley was higher than the summer season. The O3 level was found the highest during April, May and June due to strong radiation. The hourly concentrations of NO2, NOx, O3 and suspended particulate matter（SPM） were also measured by automatic instruments on December 2003. Temperature at the height of 60 m and 400 m at Raniban Mountain in the northwest of Kathmandu valley was measured on February 2001 in the winter season and the average potential temperature gradient was estimated from observed temperature. Wind speed was also measured at the department of hydrology, airport section, from 18 February to 6 March 2001. It was found that the stable layer and the calm condition in the atmosphere strongly affected the appearance of the maximum concentrations of NO2 and SPM in the morning, and that the unstable layer and the windy condition in the atmosphere was considerably relevant to the decrease of air pollution concentrations at daytime. The emission amounts of NOx, HCs and total suspended particle（TSP） from transport sector in 2003 were estimated from the increasing rate of vehicles on the basis of the emission amounts in 1993 to be 3751 t/a, 30570 t/a and 1317 t/a, respectively. The diurnal concentrations in 2003 calculated by the two-layers box model reproduced the characteristics of air pollution in Kathmandu valley such as the maximum value of O3 and its time, the maximum value of NO in the morning, and the decrease of NO and NO2 at daytime. The comparison with the concentrations in 1993 calculated suggested that the main cause of air pollution was the emission from transport sector.

关键词： air pollution concentration Kathmandu vallay box model

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New antiglycation and enzyme inhibitors from Parmotrema cooperi

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Science China Chemistry 2011年第12期54卷 1926-1931页

作者： M.Iqbal CHOUDHARY Meher ALI Atia-tul-WAHAB Ajmal KHAN Saima RASHEED Sajan lal SHYAULA(shrestha) Atta-ur-RAHMAN H.E.J.Research Institute of Chemistry International Center for Chemical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Karachi Dr.Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research International Center for Chemical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Karachi Department of Chemistry College of ScienceKing Saud University Nepal Academy of Science and Technology

Lichens are unique individuals which have been widely used in traditional medicines. This study was focused on the bioassayguided phytochemical investigation, and bioactivity evaluation on a lichens species, Parmotrema cooperi. This first bioassaydirected chemical study on P. cooperi has led to the isolation of ethyl heamatomate （1）, atraric acid （2）, ethyl orsellinate （3）, orsellinic acid （4）, lecanoric acid （5）, gyrophoric acid （6）, and licanorin （7）. The structures of 1-7 were mainly elucidated from spectroscopic methods including 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. These compounds were evaluated for their antiglycation, urease, a-chymotrypsin, and β-glucoronidase inhibitory activities. Few of the phenolic compounds showed significant, while most of them showed good inhibition of protein glycation, and urease activities.

关键词： lichen Parmotrema cooped ethyl heamatomate atraric acid urease inhibition antiglycation

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Forest and Soil Carbon Stocks, Pools and Dynamics and Potential Climate Change Mitigation in Nepal

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2012年第6期1卷 800-811页

作者： shrestha Him lal Roshan M. Bajracharya Bishal K. Sitaula Department of Environmental Science and Engineering School of Science Kathmandu University Dhulikhel Nepal Department of lnternational Environment and Development Studies Norwegian University of Life Sciences Aas Norway

The degradation of forest and soil contribute significantly to carbon emission to the atmosphere leading to the build-up of carbon dioxide in atmosphere and contributing to global warming. Consequences of climate change are not only the rise in global temperatures, but also changes in the precipitation patterns, which could affect agricultural production, food security, human health and long-term ecosystem properties balance. The deforestation and land degradation are major sources of GHG （greenhouse gas） emissions. International negotiations and dialogues on REDD＋ mechanism are held for both national and local level mitigation policies formulation for the reduction of carbon emission from land use, land use change and forestry sector. The reduction of emissions from fossil fuel combustion and avoidance of deforestation and forest/land degradation constitute lasting and long-term solutions for mitigating climate change. There is an urgent need of relevant and efficient methods of measuring forest and soil carbon through application of the latest geospatial technologies, i.e., GIS （geographic information system）, Remote Sensing and LiDAR （Light Detection and Ranging）. These technologies can support the precise measurement of carbon stocks, as well as, offer cost effective and interoperable data generation methods. The REDD＋ mechanism is being promoted worldwide mainly to reduce the diminishing of forest in developing countries. Such an approach must consider use rights, sustainable management of forests, ensuring and safe-guarding the benefit sharing mechanism and good governance, along with the legal framework and local livelihood concerns.

关键词： Carbon pool land use change mitigation REDD+

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