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CMIP 6 models simulation of the connection between North/South Pacific Meridional Mode and ENSO

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2024年第2期42卷 439-453页

作者： Yunlong LU Junqiao FENG dunxin hu Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China

The subtropical North and South Pacific Meridional Modes(NPMM and SPMM)are well known precursors of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).However,relationship between them is not constant.In the early 1980,the relationship experienced an interdecadal transition.Changes in this connection can be attributed mainly to the phase change of the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO).During the positive phase of PDO,a shallower thermocline in the central Pacific is responsible for the stronger trade wind charging(TWC)mechanism,which leads to a stronger equatorial subsurface temperature evolution.This dynamic process strengthens the connection between NPMM and ENSO.Associated with the negative phase of PDO,a shallower thermocline over southeastern Pacific allows an enhanced wind-evaporation-SST(WES)feedback,strengthening the connection between SPMM and ENSO.Using 35 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)models,we examined the NPMM/SPMM performance and its connection with ENSO in the historical runs.The great majority of CMIP6 models can reproduce the pattern of NPMM and SPMM well,but they reveal discrepant ENSO and NPMM/SPMM relationship.The intermodal uncertainty for the connection of NPMM-ENSO is due to different TWC mechanism.A stronger TWC mechanism will enhance NPMM forcing.For SPMM,few models can simulate a good relationship with ENSO.The intermodel spread in the relationship of SPMM and ENSO owing to SST bias in the southeastern Pacific,as WES feedback is stronger when the southeastern Pacific is warmer.

关键词： North and South Pacific Meridional Modes(NPMM and SPMM) El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)

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Intraseasonal variability of the Kuroshio observed via mooring at 18°N

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2024年第2期42卷 468-483页

作者： Xin YUAN Qingye WANG Jie MA Shijian hu dunxin hu Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Laoshan Laboratory Qingdao 266237China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China

Insufficient observations near the origin of the Kuroshio have led to incomplete understanding of the intraseasonal variability(ISV)of the Kuroshio.Direct measurements of the Kuroshio velocity were performed with an array of three profiler moorings(122.7°E,123°E,and 123.3°E)along 18°N from January 2018 to February 2020.The ISV of the Kuroshio at 18°N was investigated based on a combination of mooring observations and global high-resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model reanalysis data.The estimated time-averaged transport in the upper 350 m across the observation transect was 6.5±2.6 Sv(1.0 Sv=10^(6)m^(3)/s).Two significant ISV peaks at 50-60 and~100 d were recognized in the power spectra of the meridional velocity and transport.Further analysis indicated that the ISV at 50-60 d was caused by westward-propagating eddies at average propagation speed of~13 cm/s and wavelength of~635 km.Another ISV peak at~100 d was mainly caused by northward-propagating eddies generated in the North Equatorial Current region.Further investigation indicated that the ISV of the Kuroshio at 18°N is dominated by meridional transport,rather than by the zonal migration of the Kuroshio main axis.Our findings provide a better understanding of the ISV of the Kuroshio east of Luzon Island.

关键词： intraseasonal variability(ISV) Kuroshio mooring observation eddy

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Variability of the Pacific subtropical cells under global warming in CMIP6 models

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2024年第1期42卷 24-40页

作者： Xue HAN Junqiao FENG Yunlong LU dunxin hu Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China

The Pacific subtropical cells(STCs)are shallow meridional overturning circulations connecting the tropics and subtropics,and are assumed to be an important driver of the tropical Pacific decadal variability.The variability of STCs under global warming is investigated using multimodal outputs from the latest phase of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project(CMIP6)and ocean reanalysis products.Firstly,the volume transport diagnostic analysis is employed to evaluate how coupled models and ocean reanalysis products reproduce interior STC transport.The variation of heat transport by the interior STC under the high-emissions warming scenarios is also analyzed.The results show that the multimodal-mean linear trends of the interior STC transport along 9°S and 9°N are-0.02 Sv/a and 0.04 Sv/a under global warming,respectively,which is mainly due to the combined effect of the strengthened upper oceanic stratification and the weakening of wind field.There is a compensation relationship between the interior STC and the western boundary transport in the future climate,and the compensation relationship of 9°S is more significant than that of 9°N.In addition,compared with ocean reanalysis products,the coupled models tend to underestimate the variability of the interior STC transport convergence,and thus may lose some sea surface temperature(SST)driving force,which may be the reason for the low STC-SST correlation simulated by the model.The future scenario simulation shows that the heat transport of interior STC is weakened under global warming,with a general agreement across models.

关键词： interior subtropical cell(STC) global warming Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project(CMIP6) western boundary transport

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The near-inertial waves observed east of the Philippines

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2022年第5期40卷 1889-1908页

作者： Shengming YUAN Xiaomei YAN Linlin ZHANG Bing YANG Chongguang PANG dunxin hu Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao) Qingdao 266237China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China College of Earth Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

Based on mooring observations from Aug.1,2016 to Dec.14,2017,the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of near-inertial waves(NIWs)observed east of the Philippines were studied.Three strong NIW events were investigated in detail.The NIWs in EventⅠwere induced by typhoon Lan and had the strongest magnitudes of 0.35 m/s.The maximum near-inertial kinetic energy(NIKE)was shown at the ocean surface.The NIW in EventⅡwas stimulated by a moderate cyclonic wind with the extreme NIKE located at about 110-m depth.The existence of a cyclonic eddy during EventsⅠandⅡled to a blue shift of near-inertial frequencies.For EventⅢ,the surface near-inertial signals were also induced by local weak wind,whereas the real generation mechanisms for the subsurface NIWs remain unclear.In particular,during EventⅢ,there was a nonlinear wave-wave interaction between NIWs and semidiurnal(D)tides,which further induced strong D±f waves.Overall,the NIWs in the three events exhibited distinct vertical structures.The NIWs in EventsⅠandⅡwere dominated by lower mode s with elevated NIKE well confined to the upper 250 m and 270 m,respectively.In contrast,the NIW EventⅢwas dominated by higher modes and the NIWs penetrated downward beyond 360 m.Such deep penetration of NIWs could be attributed to the weak wind stress curl and positive sea level anomalies associated with an anticyclonic eddy.In addition,the three NIW events had e-folding timescales of less than 7 days.

关键词： near-inertial wave(NIW) generation mechanism dynamic characteristic

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The North Equatorial Current/Undercurrent volume transport and its 40-day variability from a mooring array along 130°E

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2021年第6期39卷 2127-2143页

作者： Xin YUAN Qingye WANG Junqiao FENG dunxin hu Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Ocean and Climate Dynamics Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266237China

Traditionally,the estimated volume transport of the North Equatorial Current/Undercurrent(NEC/NEUC)is based on geostrophic equations and/or model results;however,direct observational evidence has not been acquired.We focused on one-year mooring observation data collected along 130°E and calculated the NEC/NEUC volume transport and explore its variability.Results show that the mean NEC and NEUC volume transports calculated from the mean velocity structures in the upper 950 m are 39 Sv and 6 Sv,respectively.Analysis of daily mooring data indicated that the volume transport of the NEC is approximately 52(±14)Sv and the volume transport of the NEUC is approximately 18(±13)Sv.A significant 40-day variation existed for the volume transport of both the NEC and NEUC.Overall,the intraseasonal variability of the NEC is vertically coherent with that of the NEUC.Observations indicated that the NEUC has three cores centered at approximately 8.5°N(~500 m),12.5°N(~700 m),and 17.5°N(~900 m),of which the middle core(12.5°N)is the strongest.The 40-day variability of the NEC and NEUC is related to the variability of local wind stress curl anomalies among various Madden-Julian Oscillation phases.When local wind field generates a negative(positive)wind stress curl anomaly,a weaker NEC(NEUC)and stronger NEUC(NEC)would occur.

关键词： intraseasonal variability(ISV) North Equatorial Current/Undercurrent(NEC/NEUC) transport Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO)

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Multi-decadal trends in the tropical Pacific western boundary currents retrieved from historical hydrological observations

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第4期64卷 600-610页

作者： Shijian hu Xi LU Shihan LI Fan WANG Cong GUAN dunxin hu Linchao XIN Jie MA CAS Key Laboratory'of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao) Qingdao 266237China College of Marine Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China

As large-scale ocean circulation is a key regulator in the redistribution of oceanic energy, evaluating the multi-decadal trends in the western Pacific Ocean circulation under global warming is essential for not only understanding the basic physical processes but also predicting future climate change in the western Pacific. Employing the hydrological observations of World Ocean Atlas 2018(WOA18) from 1955 to 2017, this study calculated the geostrophic currents, volume transport and multidecadal trends for the North Equatorial Current(NEC), the North Equatorial Countercurrent(NECC), the Mindanao Current(MC), the Kuroshio Current(KC) in the origin and the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent(NGCUC) within tropical western Pacific Ocean over multi-decades. Furthermore, this study examined the contributions of temperature and salinity variations. The results showed significant strengthening trends in NEC, MC and NGCUC over the past six decades, which is mainly contributed by temperature variations and consistent with the tendency in the dynamic height pattern. Zonal wind stress averaged over the western Pacific Ocean in the same latitude of each current represents the decadal variation and multi-decadal trends in corresponding ocean currents, indicating that the trade wind forcing plays an important role in the decadal trend in the tropical western Pacific circulation. Uncertainties in the observed hydrological data and trends in the currents over the tropical western Pacific are also discussed. Given that the WOA18 dataset covers most of the historical hydrological sampling data for the tropical western Pacific, this paper provides important observational information on the multi-decadal trend of the large-scale ocean circulation in the western Pacific.

关键词： Pacific Western boundary current Multi-decadal trend Global variation Hydrological observation

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How does the Indian Ocean subtropical dipole trigger the tropical Indian Ocean dipole via the Mascarene high?

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2014年第1期33卷 64-76页

作者： FENG Junqiao hu dunxin YU Lejiang Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Wave Chinese Academy of Sciences Applied Hydrometeorological Research Institute Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology

The variation in the Indian Ocean is investigated using Hadley center sea surface temperature（SST） data during the period 1958–2010.All the first empirical orthogonal function（EOF） modes of the SST anomalies（SSTA） in different domains represent the basin-wide warming and are closely related to the Pacific El Ni o– Southern Oscillation（ENSO） phenomenon.Further examination suggests that the impact of ENSO on the tropical Indian Ocean is stronger than that on the southern Indian Ocean.The second EOF modes in different domains show different features.It shows a clear east-west SSTA dipole pattern in the tropical Indian Ocean（Indian Ocean dipole,IOD）,and a southwest-northeast SSTA dipole in the southern Indian Ocean（Indian Ocean subtropical dipole,IOSD）.It is further revealed that the IOSD is also the main structure of the second EOF mode on the whole basin-scale,in which the IOD pattern does not appear.A correlation analysis indicates that an IOSD event observed during the austral summer is highly correlated to the IOD event peaking about 9 months later.One of the possible physical mechanisms underlying this highly significant statistical relationship is proposed.The IOSD and the IOD can occur in sequence with the help of the Mascarene high.The SSTA in the southwestern Indian Ocean persists for several seasons after the mature phase of the IOSD event,likely due to the positive wind–evaporation–SST feedback mechanism.The Mascarene high will be weakened or intensified by this SSTA,which can affect the atmosphere in the tropical region by teleconnection.The pressure gradient between the Mascarene high and the monsoon trough in the tropical Indian Ocean increases（decreases）.Hence,an anticyclone（cyclone） circulation appears over the Arabian Sea-India continent.The easterly or westerly anomalies appear in the equatorial Indian Ocean,inducing the onset stage of the IOD.This study shows that the SSTA associated with the IOSD can lead to the onset of IOD with the aid of atmosphere circulation and also explains why some IOD ev

关键词： Indian Ocean dipole Indian Ocean subtropical dipole Mascarene high

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Intraseasonal variability of the equatorial Pacific Ocean and its relationship with ENSO based on Self-Organizing Maps analysis

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2020年第4期38卷 1108-1122页

作者： FENG Junqiao WANG Fujun WANG Qingye hu dunxin Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Function Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266237China

We investigated the intraseasonal variability of equatorial Pacific subsurface temperature and its relationship with El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) using Self-Organizing Maps(SOM) analysis.Variation in intraseasonal subsurface temperature is mainly found along the thermocline.The SOM patterns concentrate in basin-wide seesaw or sandwich structures along an east-west axis.Both the seesaw and sandwich SOM patterns oscillate with periods of 55 to 90 days,with the sequence of them showing features of equatorial intraseasonal Kelvin wave,and have marked interannual variations in their occurrence frequencies.Further examination shows that the interannual variability of the SOM patterns is closely related to ENSO;and maxima in composite interannual variability of the SOM patterns are located in the central Pacific during CP El Nino and in the eastern Pacific during EP El Nino.The se results imply that some of the ENSO forcing is manife sted through changes in the occurrence frequency of intraseasonal patterns,in which the change of the intraseasonal Kelvin wave plays an important role.

关键词： intraseasonal variability equatorial Pacific El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) Self-Organizing Maps(SOM)

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Variability of Antarctic Intermediate Water south of Australia and its relationship with frontal waves

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Science China Earth Sciences 2016年第8期59卷 1674-1682页

作者： ZHANG LinLin YAN XiaoMei SUN Che hu dunxin Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Chinese Academy of Sciences Laboratory for Ocean and Climate Dynamics Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology

A streamfunction EOF method is applied to a time series of hydrographic sections in the Southern Ocean south of Australia to study water mass variations. Results show that there are large thermohaline variations north of the Subantarctic Front (SAF) at 300–1500 dbar level, indicating upwelling and downwelling of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) along isopycnal surfaces. Based on the latest altimeter product, Absolute Dynamic Topography, a mechanism due to frontal wave propagation is proposed to explain this phenomenon, and an index for frontal waves is defined. When the frontal wave is in positive (negative) phase, the SAF flows northeastward (southeastward) with the fresh AAIW downwelling (upwelling). Such mesoscale processes greatly enhance cross-frontal exchanges of water masses. Spectral analysis shows that frontal waves in the Southern Ocean south of Australia are dominated by a period of about 130 days with a phase speed of 4 cm/s and a wavelength of 450 km.

关键词： Antarctic Intermediate Water(AAIW) Stream-coordinates Frontalwave EOF

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Variation of the North Equatorial Current, Mindanao Current, and Kuroshio Current in a High-Resolution Data Assimilation during 2008–2012

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2014年第6期31卷 1445-1459页

作者： ZHAI Fangguo WANG Qingye WANG Fujun hu dunxin Third Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciences

Outputs from a high-resolution data assimilation system,the global Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model and Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation （HYCOM＋NCODA） 1/12° analysis,were analyzed for the period September 2008 to February 2012.The objectives were to evaluate the performance of the system in simulating ocean circulation in the tropical northwestern Pacific and to examine the seasonal to interannual variations of the western boundary currents.The HYCOM assimilation compares well with altimetry observations and mooring current measurements.The mean structures and standard deviations of velocities of the North Equatorial Current （NEC）,Mindanao Current （MC） and Kuroshio Current （KC） also compare well with previous observations.Seasonal to interannual variations of the NEC transport volume are closely correlated with the MC transport volume,instead of that of the KC.The NEC and MC transport volumes mainly show well-defined annual cycles,with their maxima in spring and minima in fall,and are closely related to the circulation changes in the Mindanao Dome （MD） region.In seasons of transport maxima,the MD region experiences negative SSH anomalies and a cyclonic gyre anomaly,and in seasons of transport minima the situation is reversed.The sea surface NEC bifurcation latitude （NBL） in the HYCOM assimilation also agrees well with altimetry observations.In 2009,the NBL shows an annual cycle similar to previous studies,reaching its southernmost position in summer and its northernmost position in winter.In 2010 and 2011,the NBL variations are dominantly influenced by La Ni（n）a events.The dynamics responsible for the seasonal to interannual variations of the NEC-MC-KC current system are also discussed.

关键词： HYCOM assimilation North Equatorial Current Mindanao Current Kuroshio Current Mindanao Dome

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