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Particle Size Optimization of Thermochemical Salt Hydrates for High Energy Density Thermal Storage

Energy & Environmental Materials 2024年第2期7卷 330-337页

作者： Andrew Martin drew lilley Raνi Prasher Sumanjeet Kaur Energy Technologies Area Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering UC Berkeley

Thermal energy storage（TES） solutions offer opportunities to reduce energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and cost. Specifically, they can help reduce the peak load and address the intermittency of renewable energy sources by time shifting the load, which are critical toward zero energy buildings. Thermochemical materials（TCMs） as a class of TES undergo a solid–gas reversible chemical reaction with water vapor to store and release energy with high storage capacities(600 k Wh m-3) and negligible selfdischarge that makes them uniquely suited as compact, stand-alone units for daily or seasonal storage. However, TCMs suffer from instabilities at the material（salt particles） and reactor level（packed beds of salt）, resulting in poor multi-cycle efficiency and high-levelized cost of storage. In this study, a model is developed to predict the pulverization limit or Rcritof various salt hydrates during thermal cycling. This is critical as it provides design rules to make mechanically stable TCM composites as well as enables the use of more energy-efficient manufacturing process（solid-state mixing） to make the composites. The model is experimentally validated on multiple TCM salt hydrates with different water content, and effect of Rcriton hydration and dehydration kinetics is also investigated.

关键词： high energy density hydration kinetics long-term cycling thermal energy storage thermochemical materials

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Micron-gap spacers with ultrahigh thermal resistance and mechanical robustness for direct energy conversion Samuel

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2019年第1期5卷 344-355页

作者： M.Nicaise Chen Lin Mohsen Azadi Tara Bozorg-Grayeli Promise Adebayo-Ige drew E.lilley Yann Pfitzer Wujoon Cha Kyana Van Houten Nicholas A.Melosh Roger T.Howe Jared W.Schwede Igor Bargatin Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104USA Materials Science&Engineering Stanford UniversityStanford 94305 CAUSA Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA Spark Thermionics BerkeleyCA 94720USA Electrical Engineering Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA

In thermionic energy converters,the absolute efficiency can be increased up to 40%if space-charge losses are eliminated by using a sub-10-μm gap between the *** practical way to achieve such small gaps over large device areas is to use a stiff and thermally insulating spacer between the two *** report on the design,fabrication and characterization of thin-film alumina-based spacers that provided robust 3–8μm gaps between planar substrates and had effective thermal conductivities less than those of *** spacers were fabricated on silicon molds and,after release,could be manually transferred onto any *** large-scale compression testing,they sustained compressive stresses of 0.4–4 MPa without ***,the thermal conductance was 10–30 mWcm^(−2)K^(−1)and,surprisingly,independent of film thickness(100–800 nm)and spacer *** explain this independence,we developed a model that includes the pressure-dependent conductance of locally distributed asperities and sparse contact points throughout the spacer structure,indicating that only 0.1–0.5%of the spacerelectrode interface was conducting *** spacers show remarkable functionality over multiple length scales,providing insulating micrometer gaps over centimeter areas using nanoscale *** innovations can be applied to other technologies requiring high thermal resistance in small spaces,such as thermophotovoltaic converters,insulation for spacecraft and cryogenic devices.

关键词： thermal resistance film

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