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Some Processing Steps and Uses of Cashew Apples: A Review

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2023年第1期14卷 38-57页

作者： Lou Boli Caroline Sahie doudjo soro Kisselmina Youssouf Kone Nogbou Emmanuel Assidjo Kouassi Benjamin Yao Ecole Doctorale Polytechnique (EDP) of Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouë t-Boigny (INP-HB) Yamoussoukro C&#244 te d’Ivoire

In addition to the cashew nut, which is the main product, the cashew tree also produces the cashew apple which is considered a by-product. The cashew apple has a high nutritional potential. Indeed, it is rich in vitamin C, carotenoids, dietary fibers, vitamins, sugars and mineral elements where are essential for human nutrition. In addition to its nutritional quality, the cashew apple has technological advantages: the edible part of the fruit is between 85% and 100% higher than that of other traditional tropical fruits, and its juicy and sweet flesh is free of seeds or pits. In addition, very large volumes are available. As a result, the development of this fruit represents a considerable economic challenge. This paper first presents the cultivation of cashew trees and the bibliography of the work done on cashew juice. The favorable conditions for cashew tree cultivation and the planting method were presented. Then, the study highlights the work done on the physicochemical characteristics of cashew apples, the effect of the growing area, the variety and the stage of maturity on its characteristics. It also shows the influence of the processing steps on the nutritional value and organoleptic quality of the cashew apple;as well as the methods of clarification, stabilization, concentration and dehydration. Some uses of cashew apple were reviewed: beverage, food, substrate, bioethanol, nutraceutical, food additive and agro materials.

关键词： Cashew Apple Processing Use

Study of the Stability during Aging of Mixed Cashew and Papaya Wine Produced with Palm Wine Sediment

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2022年第2期13卷 181-194页

作者： Jean Ives Kablan Gnoumou doudjo soro Blanchard G. A. Adou Gnagne Ernest K. Koffi Food Chemical and Environmental Process Sciences Félix Houphou&#235 t-Boigny National Polytechnic Institute Yamoussoukro Ivory Coast Laboratory of Biochemistry Agriculture and Biological Ressource Valorization Faculty of Biosciences Félix Houphou&#235 t-Boigny University Abidjan Ivory Coast

During the ageing of wine, many reactions occur generating enormous modifications. After pasteurization (65°C/5minutes) of the mixed cashew apple and papaya wine, physicochemical, microbiological and sensory analyses were performed during the two (2) months of aging. The results showed no significant variation between the young wine and the one aged for two (2) months for pH, titratable acidity, alcoholic percentage and density. However, for ESR, vitamin C, total anthocyanins and aroma a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was observed. This difference was observed during the first 45 days and then stabilized until the sixtieth day. Values ranged from 6.3°B to 5.5°B;from 84.65 ± 0.6 to 77.9 ± 0.2 mg/100mL;from 165.5 ± 0.8 to 50.25 ± 0.3 mg/100mL for RDE, vitamin C and total anthocyanins respectively. For aroma, there was more development between the young wine and the one aged for two months. Concerning the sanitary quality, there is a progressive decrease of the different germs during the aging period. Except for yeasts, which are undetectable, the load of aerobic mesophilic germs and lactic acid bacteria varies respectively from 3.5 × 105 to 1.4 × 105 CFU/mL and from 1.5 × 105 to 1 × 105 CFU/mL.

关键词： Stability Aging Wine Sediment Papaya Cashew Apple

Production of Cashew Apple Wine Enriched with Hibiscus sabdariffa Extracts

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2023年第8期14卷 720-729页

作者： Esaïe W. Koui doudjo soro Jean Ives K. Gnoumou Nogbou Emmanuel Assidjo Kouassi Benjamin Yao UMRI 58 Chimical Food and Environemental Process Sciences Felix Houphouet-Boigny National Polytechnic Institute Yamoussoukro C&#244te d’Ivoire Laboratory of Industrial Process of Synthesis and Environment (LAPISEN) Felix Houphouet-Boigny National Polytechnic Institute Yamoussoukro C&#244te d’Ivoire

This study focuses on enhancing the value of agricultural products by developing a process to produce wine from cashew apples enriched with extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa. The formulation consisted of a blend of cashew apple juice and Hibiscus calyxes in a ratio of 90:10 (w/w). The Hibiscus calyxes were added at three different stages: before, during, and after fermentation. The physico-chemical analysis of the resulting wines revealed a pH range of 3.073 ± 0.005 to 3.583 ± 0.015 and acidity levels ranging from 4.018 ± 0.028 to 5.628 ± 0.059 g/L. The alcoholic strength ranged from 13.54% ± 0.036% to 13.86% ± 0.04%, with a soluble dry extract of 7.2 ± 0.25 to 8.1 ± 0.28 °B. Regardless of the stage of Hibiscus calyx addition, the fermentation kinetics and physico-chemical parameters met the standards set for wines.

关键词： Vinification Cashew Apple Hibiscus sabdariffa Fermentation

Photovoltaic waste management in sub-Saharan Africa:current practices in Burkina Faso

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2024年第2期6卷 271-282页

作者： Kodami Badza Yrebegnan Moussa soro Marie Sawadogo Laboratoire Energies Renouvelables et EfficacitéEnergétique Institut International d'Ingenierie de I'Eau et de I'Environnement(2iE)01 BP 594 OuagadougouBurkina Faso

Sub-Saharan Africa is witnessing a proliferation of photovoltaic(PV)waste due to the increasing number of solar PV power *** waste(panels,batteries,electrical cables,mounting structures,and inverters)consists of elements such as mercury,cadmium,chromium,lead,copper,aluminum,fluorinated compounds,and plastics that are toxic to human health and the environment if a proper management system is not *** many studies worldwide have focused on PV waste management,very few have been conducted in sub-Saharan *** study aims to investigate the current PV waste management system in Burkina Faso,determine stakeholder profiles,and propose strategies to enhance the existing *** research,interviews,questionnaires,and field visits were used in the *** survey showed that young people,mainly under 30 years of age and with a primary education,dominate(70%)in terms of PV waste collection and repair activities,while the more technical recycling and export activities are carried out mainly(88%)by stakeholders older than 40 years and with a secondary education(60%).Among the older stakeholders,100%are aware of the hazardous nature of PV waste,whereas 36%are young *** an environmental perspective,the main source of contamination observed is the release of lead-rich sulfuric acids into water and soil during the collection and repair *** the recycling of batteries and electrical cables,toxic fumes are emitted into the air,and recycling residues rich in toxic substances are *** reduce risks to human health and the environment when managing PV waste,the introduction of legislation,the multiplication of collection points and appropriate infrastructures,the training and awareness-raising of stakeholders,and the extended responsibility of manufacturers are *** on the economic feasibility of setting up formal management structures are needed to complete this work.

关键词： Photovoltaic waste Sub-Saharan Africa Waste management Recycling Batteries Incineration

Impact of Beekeeping on the Wild Bee Diversity in Northern Ivory Coast(West Africa)

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Research in Ecology 2024年第1期6卷 6-13页

作者： Drissa Coulibaly Mouhamadou Koné Yalamoussa Tuo Kolo soro Kouakou Hervé Koua Department of Animal Biology Biological Sciences UnityUniversity Peleforo Gon CoulibalyBP 1328KorhogoIvory Coast Biosciences Unity Department of ZoologyAnimal Biology and EcologyUniversity Felix Houphouët-Boigny22 BP 1611 Abidjan 22Ivory Coast

In Ivory Coast,beekeeping takes an important place among the major economic *** contributes to improv-ing the population’s livelihoods thanks to its derived products which are honey,propolis,wax and royal ***-ever,the installation of honey bee hives could put pressure on wild bee species,which often live ***,these wild bees are excellent pollinators of cultivated and wild *** study aimed to assess the effect of honey bee hives on the diversity of wild *** methodology approach consisted of capturing bees in three different plots inside the forest fragment of the botanical garden located at the University Peleforo Gon *** first plot was chosen approximately from 10 m to an apiary containing ten *** two other plots were chosen to be 200 m and 400 m from the apiary,*** were captured once a month for three months using pan traps(UV—blue,yellow and white).A total of 17 bee species belonging to three families(Apidae,Megachilidae and Halictidae)were *** furthest plot from the apiary was the most diverse(H’=2.49)and that near the apiary was the least diverse(H’=0.11).Only,two wild bee species,Hypotrigona *** Thrinchostoma petersi,persisted inside the plot nearby the apiary where honey bees were most *** furthest plots from the apiary seem to have the highest diversity of wild *** findings are very relevant because they can be used for the policies of conservation of wild bees and the management of beekeeping activities.

关键词： Honey bee Apiary Hive Conservation Korhogo

Hydrogeochemical and Groundwater Quality Studies in the High Bandama Watershed at Tortiya (Northern of Côte d’Ivoire)

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2019年第2期7卷 49-61页

作者： Tanina Drissa soro Gbombélé soro Kouassi Ernest Ahoussi Yéi Marie Solange Oga Nagnin soro Unit Training and Research in Environment University Jean Lorougnon Guédé Daloa Ivory Coast Unit Training and Research in Earth Science University Félix Houphou&#235 t Boigny Abidjan Ivory Coast

Hydrochemical and groundwater quality of High Bandama watershed were investigated through thirty-five (35) samples composed of boreholes, hand pump wells and traditional wells. The analysis of physico-chemical parameters shows that groundwater is acidic with pH ranges from 3.2 to 6.9 and mean of 5.4. Electrical conductivity (EC) values were generally low and minimum and maximum were respectively 77 μS/cm and 553 μS/cm with an average of 250.3 μS/cm. Major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) were also generally low. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are being the most dominants cations with concentration values ranges from 4 - 56 mg/l and 0 - 55 mg/l respectively with mean value of 18.11 and 15.31 mg/l. HCO3? is the most dominant anion with minimum and maximum values ranging from 5 to 215 mg/l. According to WHO guidelines, groundwater quality is good for drinking. Piper diagram classified the hydrogeochemical facies into Ca-HCO3 (48.57%), Ca-Mg-HCO3 (31.43%), Ca-Mg-Cl (17.14%) and Na-Cl (2.86%) water type with one sample for Na-Cl. Compositional relation with plot of Ca + Mg versus HCO3 + SO4 and Chloro Alkaline Indice (CAI) confirms that the majority of groundwater samples (66.67%) exchange their ions Ca and Mg with Na and K from aquifer materials. Gibbs diagram showed that the rock-water interaction or weathering is the dominant process responsible of water chemistry.

关键词： Groundwater Hydrochemical Methods Waters Types High Bandama Watershed

Effects of Stone Barriers on Soil Physicochemical Characteristics under Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>L.) Cropping Fields Northern of Côte d’Ivoire

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2021年第9期11卷 435-447页

作者： Loua Barthélémy Diomande Sibirina soro Gaoussou Roger soro Albert Yao-Kouame University Peleforo Gon Coulibaly of Korhogo Agropastoral Management Institute Laboratory of Geoscience Water and Environment Korhogo C&#244te d’Ivoire University Peleforo Gon Coulibaly of Korhogo Agropastoral Management Institute Laboratory of Plant Biology Production and Protection Korhogo C&#244te d’Ivoire NGO Rural Animation of Korhogo (ARK) Korhogo C&#244te d’Ivoire University Félix Houphouët-Boigny Training and Research Unit of Earth Sciences and Mineral Resources Department of Soil Sciences Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire

In the north of Cote d’Ivoire, the rural economy is heavily dependent on cotton cultivation which is characterized by low yield. One of the main causes of low productivity is low level of soil fertility caused by erosion. The stone barriers technique is used to fight against erosion and to improve soil fertility. This work was carried out to assess the effects during 1-year-old stone barriers on selected soil physicochemical properties on two geographical locations where soil samples from 0 to 30 cm depth were selected. A total of 60 composite soil samples (30 × 2) were collected. One year after installing the stone bunds in cotton cultivation, the soil was sampled under the same conditions. The soil samples were analyzed for pH (H2O), organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (Av.P), cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchange bases (Ca, K, Mg, Na) and particle size (clay, coarse silt and sand) contents. The results show that the stone bunds significantly increased the water pH, the soil levels of calcium, magnesium, silt and coarse sand. On the other hand, they significantly lowered the levels of assimilable phosphorus, clay and fine sand in soils. CEC and soil carbon, nitrogen, potassium, sodium and fine silt content did not vary significantly. This study must be repeated in the years to come in order to determine the impact of stone barriers in the medium and long term on soil fertility in the north of Côte d’Ivoire.

关键词： Cotton Productivity Stone Barriers Physicochemical Grain Yield Côte d’Ivoire

Effect of alcohol consumption on liver stiffness measured by transient elastography

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第4期19卷 516-522页

作者： Edouard Bardou-Jacquet Ludivine Legros Draman soro Marianne Latournerie Anne Guillygomarc'h Caroline Le Lan Pierre Brissot Dominique Guyader Romain Moirand Hepatology and Addictology Department University Hospital PontchaillouF35000 RennesFrance Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U991 Institut Fédératif de Recherche 140University of Rennes 1F35000 RennesFrance

AIM:To determine the evolution of transient elastography(TE) in patients with alcoholic liver disease according to alcohol cessation or ***:We retrospectively selected in our local database all patients who had two TE between June 2005 and November 2010 with chronic alcohol excessive consumption and excluded those with associated cause of liver *** was performed at least one week apart by senior *** examinations with less than ten successful measures or with an interquartile range above 30% were *** retrospectively reviewed file of all patients to include only patient followed up by trained addictologist and for which definite information on alcohol consumption was *** biological parameters [aspartate amino transferase(AST),alanine amino transferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase(GGT)] within 4 wk of initial and final TE were *** fibrosis score according to initial and final TE were determined with available cut-off for alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis *** and final putative fibrosis score were compared according to alcohol consumption during ***:During the study period 572 patients had TE examination for alcoholic liver disease and 79 of them had at least two ***-seven patients met our criteria with a median follow-up of 32.5 *** the end of the study,13(35%) were abstinent,and 24(65%) *** patients had liver biopsy during *** decreased significantly during follow-up in 85% of abstinent patients [median(range):-4.9(-6.1,-1.9)],leading to a modification of the putative fibrosis stage in 28%-71% of patient according to different cut-off *** relapsers TE increased in 45% and decreased in 54% of *** was no statistical difference between initial and final TE in *** the overall population,using 22.6 kPa as cut-off for cirrhosis,4 patients had cirrhosis at initial TE and 3 patients had cirrhosis at final ***

关键词： Alcohol Transient elastography Cirrhosis Fibrosis Liver biopsy Liver stiffness

Assessment of Health Risks Related to Contamination of Groundwater by Trace Metal Elements (Hg, Pb, Cd, As and Fe) in the Department of Zouan-Hounien (West Côte d’Ivoire)

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2021年第8期9卷 189-210页

作者： Péhégninon Junior Ophélie Djadé Kéiba Noël Keuméan Abou Traoré Gbombélé soro Nagnin soro Université Félix Houphouet Boigny de Cococdy Abidjan C&#244 te d’Ivoire

In the department of Zouan-Hounien, gold mining is booming. This activity, marked by the excavation of rocks and the use of chemicals such as mercury, is likely to contaminate the region’s groundwater resources and expose populations to serious diseases. This study aims to assess the health risks associated with the consumption of this water by the population. To this end, 72 groundwater samples were taken in eight (08) villages of the department at the rate of forty-six (46) well water samples and twenty-six (26) borehole water samples. A total of twenty-twenty-three wells and thirteen boreholes were sampled during two campaigns. An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) was used to determine the concentrations of metallic trace elements (MTEs), such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), and iron (Fe) in the different samples. The daily exposure doses for oral ingestion (CDIing) and skin contact (Expderm) were calculated. The non-carcinogenic (HQ) and carcinogenic risks (CR) were estimated. The results show that the mean concentrations of Fe, Pb, Hg, As and Cd are respectively 2233.48 > 3.10 > 0.60 > 1.18 > 0.08 μg·L-1 in the wells and 2427.94 > 4.08 > 1.27 > 1.76 > 0.08 μg·L-1 in boreholes. Evaluating the risks to human health reveals that the mean values of hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk (CR) for all the elements in the wells and boreholes are lower than 1 and 10-4 respectively in children and adults for oral and dermal exposure. However, at the oral exposure level, 9 wells and 6 boreholes recorded HQ and CR above the defined critical limits. These values indicate that the occurrence of non-cancerous and cancerous diseases in populations consuming

关键词： Groundwater MTEs Health Risks Contamination Zouan-Hounien