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Single-cell Analysis of CAR-T Cell Activation Reveals A Mixed T_H1/T_H2 Response Independent of Differentiation

Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2019年第2期17卷 129-139页

作者： Iva Xhangolli Burak Dura GeeHee Lee dongjoo kim Yang Xiao Rong Fan Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA Yale Cancer Center Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA Yale Stem Cell Center Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520

The activation mechanism of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells may differ substantially from T cells carrying native T cell receptor,but this difference remains poorly understood. We present the first comprehensive portrait of single-cell level transcriptional and cyto-kine signatures of anti-CD19/4-1BB/CD28/CD3ζ CAR-T cells upon antigen-specific stimulation. Both CD4+helper T (TH) cells and CD8+cytotoxic CAR-T cells are equally effective in directly killing target tumor cells and their cytotoxic activity is associated with the elevation of a range of TH1 and TH2 signature cytokines,e.g.,interferon γ,tumor necrotic factor α,interleukin 5 (IL5),and IL13,as confirmed by the expression of master transcription factor genes TBX21 and GATA3. However,rather than conforming to stringent TH1 or TH2 subtypes,single-cell analysis reveals that the predominant response is a highly mixed TH1/TH2 function in the same cell. The reg-ulatory T cell activity,although observed in a small fraction of activated cells,emerges from this hybrid TH1/TH2 population. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is pro-duced from the majority of cells regardless of the polarization states,further contrasting CAR-T to classic T cells. Surprisingly,the cytokine response is minimally associated with differentiation status,although all major differentiation subsets such as na?ve,central memory,effector memory,and effector are detected. All these suggest that the activation of CAR-engineered T cells is a canon-ical process that leads to a highly mixed response combining both type 1 and type 2 cytokines together with GM-CSF,supporting the notion that polyfunctional CAR-T cells correlate with objective response of patients in clinical trials. This work provides new insights into the mechanism of CAR activation and implies the necessity for cellular function assays to characterize the quality of CAR-T infusion products and monitor therapeutic responses in patients.

关键词： Single-cell transcriptomics Single-cell proteomics CAR-T T cell activation

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An estimation of vehicle kilometer traveled and on-road emissions using the traffic volume and travel speed on road links in Incheon City

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2017年第4期29卷 90-100页

作者： Sungwoon Jung Jounghwa kim Jeongsoo kim Dahee Hong dongjoo Park Transportation Pollution Research Center National Institute of Environmental Research Center for Korea Transport Database The Korea Transport Institute Department of Transportation Engineering University of Seoul

The objective of this study is to estimate the vehicle kilometer traveled（VKT） and on-road emissions using the traffic volume in urban. We estimated two VKT; one is based on registered vehicles and the other is based on traffic volumes. VKT for registered vehicles was 2.11 times greater than that of the applied traffic volumes because each VKT estimation method is different. Therefore, we had to define the inner VKT is moved VKT inner in urban to compare two values. Also, we focused on freight modes because these are discharged much air pollutant emissions. From analysis results, we found middle and large trucks registered in other regions traveled to target city in order to carry freight, target city has included many industrial and logistics areas. Freight is transferred through the harbors,large logistics centers, or via locations before being moved to the final destination. During this process, most freight is moved by middle and large trucks, and trailers rather than small trucks for freight import and export. Therefore, these trucks from other areas are inflow more than registered vehicles. Most emissions from diesel trucks had been overestimated in comparison to VKT from applied traffic volumes in target city. From these findings, VKT is essential based on traffic volume and travel speed on road links in order to estimate accurately the emissions of diesel trucks in target city. Our findings support the estimation of the effect of on-road emissions on urban air quality in Korea.

关键词： Vehicle kilometer traveled On-road emissions Traffic volume Travel speed Diesel trucks

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