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Open Journal of Forestry 2015年第7期5卷 668-677页

作者： Chester Kalinda David Mburu Kamau Ngamau Lwali A. Chisala donald zulu John Kihoro Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya The Copperbelt University Kitwe Zambia

Agricultural activities that encourage slashing, burning and ploughing greatly affect the soil structure and soil organic matter on which soil water retention depends. In this study, we hypothesized that inclusion of rotational leguminous tree species improves soil water retention in a semi-arid conservation agriculture system. In a study done in Kibwezi, semi-arid eastern Kenya, results showed that the amount of water retained in the different soil strata from plots with different tree species and tillage practices was highly significant (P = 0.032). Plots with planting basins and Gliricidia sepium and Faidherbia albida tree species retained more water in both the upper and lower strata. Plots with G. sepium tree species under planting basins and zero tillage under F. albida had significantly higher soil organic carbon levels than plots that were managed under ridges and ploughing (P = 0.002). On the other hand, bulk density in plots with planting basins and zero tillage and ridges ranged between 1.35 g/cm3 and 1.53 g/cm3. Conventional tillage plots had bulk density values of 1.65 g/cm3 and 1.72 g/cm3 in the upper and lower strata respectively. The time-dependent nature of rotational leguminous tree species on soil organic matter and soil water retention in the semi-arid conservation agriculture system highlights the importance of considering these species for improving organic carbon and water retention for improved crop production.

关键词： G. sepium F. albida T. candida Leguminous Tree Species Soil Organic Carbon Soil Water Retention Infiltration

Ultrasound Scanning Competencies in Midwifery Education in Zambia: Findings from a Desk Review and Needs Assessment

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Health 2024年第6期16卷 535-552页

作者： Mutinke zulu Sebean Mayimbo Patricia Katowa-Mukwato Department of Midwifery Womens and Child Health School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

Introduction: Ultrasound is an essential component of antenatal care. Midwives provide most of the antenatal care but they do not perform ultrasound as it has been beyond their scope of practice. This leaves many women in Low and Middle-Income Countries without access to ultrasound scanning. The aim of this study was to identify competencies in ultrasound scanning in midwifery education. Methods: A desk review and needs assessment were conducted between July and October 2023. Articles and curricula on the internet, Google scholar and PubMed were searched for content on ultrasound scanning competencies. A Google form consisting of 20 questions was administered via email and WhatsApp to 135 participants. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. Results: The desk review showed that it is feasible to train midwives in ultrasound scanning. The training programs for midwives in obstetric ultrasound were conducted for 1 week to 3 months with most of them running for 4 weeks. Content included introduction to general principles of ultrasound, physics, basic knowledge in embryology, obstetrics, anatomy, measuring foetal biometry, estimating amniotic fluid and gestational age. Experts like sonographers trained midwives. Theory and hands on were the teaching methods used. Written and practical assessments were conducted. Needs assessment revealed that majority of participants 71 (53%) knew about basic ultrasound training for midwives. All participants (100%) said it is necessary to train midwives in basic ultrasound scan in Zambia. Some content should include, anatomy, measuring foetal biometry, assessing amniotic fluid level, and gestational age determination. Most participants 91 (67%) suggested that the appropriate duration of training is 4 - 6 weeks. Conclusion: Empowering every midwife with ultrasound scanning skills will enable early detection of any abnormality among pregnant women and prompt intervention to save lives.

关键词： Ultrasound Scanning Midwifery Education Competencies

Perceptions of Mothers with Preterm Babies towards Donor Breast Milk at Women and Newborn Hospital,Lusaka Zambia

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2024年第4期14卷 669-685页

作者： Monde Muyangana Maureen Masumo Mutinke zulu Department of Paediatrics and Neonatal Nursing Lusaka College of Nursing Lusaka Zambia School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

Breast milk offers essential nutrients crucial for the development of the preterm immune system, thus reducing the incidence of infection and mortality often associated with prematurity. In the absence of breast milk, the preferred option is donated breast milk, the best alternative for hospitalized neonates whose mothers have insufficient breast milk or are unavailable. In Zambia, donor breast milk is unavailable. Instead, the protocol recommends the administration of formula milk. However, the use of formula milk in preterm babies is associated with an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis. Zambia needs to establish a donor milk bank, hence the need to understand the perception of mothers towards donated breast milk. A qualitative descriptive case study utilized 10 focus group discussions with in-depth interviews, purposively selected using a variation strategy. Data was thematically analysed. Participants demonstrated potential acceptance to donor breast milk utilization, as more nutritional compared to formula despite lack of awareness. Concerns related to safety, quality, fear of disease transmission and discomfort feeding from a different bloodline were identified as hinderance to possible utilisation. These perceptions underscore the importance of educational initiatives aimed at dispelling myths and misconceptions surrounding donor breast milk and establishing donor breast milk programs. Therefore, the study recommends educational initiatives tailored to raise awareness to mothers about donor breast milk.

关键词： Perception Donor Breast Milk Preterm Baby

Smokeless Tobacco Use among Women in Kasama District-Zambia

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第6期12卷 129-148页

作者： Gloria Kangwa Caroline zulu Kabwe Chitundu Jamia Milanzi Lukupa College of Nursing and Midwifery Kasama Zambia Department of Public Health Nursing School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia School of Nursing and Midwifery Mulungushi University Kabwe Zambia

Background: Smokeless tobacco is defined as a product that contains tobacco, is not smoked or burned at the time of use, and commonly consumed orally or nasally. These products can be placed in the mouth, cheek or the lip and are sucked or chewed. The Zambian government, in the 2019 country report, gave an estimated figure of 4.5% of females aged 15 years and above in 2017 used smokeless tobacco and by 31st December, 2018, there was an increase of smokeless tobacco users to 6.8% women of the same age group. This study aimed to explore the extent of smokeless tobacco use among women in Kasama district-Zambia. Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional quantitative study design was used to collect data using the modified structured interview schedule, adopted from Medicine for Global Health. Simple random sampling method using rotary technique was used to select 430 respondents after meeting the inclusion criteria. Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained. Data was analysed using version 26.0 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Appropriate parametric or non-parametric statistical tests (Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test) were adopted in testing for associations between variables. Univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis were employed in identifying smokeless tobacco use among women using an investigator-led stepwise approach, guided by various fit statistics and the likelihood ratio test. All statistical analyses adopted a 5% significance level at 95% confidence interval. Results: The results showed that most of the respondents were aged between 18 and 25 years (45.6%), (53.7%) lived in urban settlements and the majority (80%) were unemployed. The majority of respondents (83.5%) had a friend/relative who used smokeless tobacco and over half (53.5%) thought smokeless tobacco was beneficial to them. The commonly mentioned benefits of smokeless tobacco included body warmth (13.6%) and vaginal tightening (7.9%). The r

关键词： Smokeless Tobacco Use Knowledge Educational Level Cultural Belief

Factors Associated with Neonatal Sepsis: A Case Study at Chilenje General Hospital in the Neonatal Unit and Paediatric Wards

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2024年第1期14卷 174-203页

作者： Godfridah Liholosi Monde Catherine Ngoma Mutinke zulu Michael Banda School of Nursing and Midwifery University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Midwifery Women’s and Child Health School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Humanities and Social Sciences UNICAF University Lusaka Zambia

Background: Neonatal sepsis is known to result in 26% of mortalities in children below the age of five worldwide, countries in Sub-Saharan African recording the highest deaths. Although the deaths of neonates have reduced world over up to 3.6 million counts, Chilenje General Hospital continues to register significant numbers of neonatal sepsis. This study aimed at investigating the factors associated with neonatal sepsis at Chilenje General Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods: An institution based cross-sectional study design was conducted at Chilenje General Hospital. Data were collected by the use of a researcher designed questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 25. Frequencies were used for descriptive analysis while bivariate analysis was used to establish association among risk factors and outcome variables. Variables with significant association at 5% level were further subjected to multivariate analysis at α ≤ 0.05. Results: The study showed that out of 156 neonates, 40.4% (63/156) developed neonatal sepsis. Maternal factors that projected the incidence of sepsis amongst neonates were distance to nearest health facility [AOR: 6.3 (95% CI: 1.8 - 21.3), p = 0.003], occupation [AOR: 5.8 (95% CI: 1.2 - 27.6), p = 0.026], number of antenatal visits [AOR: 6.3 (95% CI: 1.9 - 21.6), p = 0.003], number of vaginal examinations [AOR: 10.8 (95% CI: 2.8 - 42), p = 0.001], and pregnancy induced hypertension [AOR: 5.4 (95% CI: 1.4 - 20), p = 0.013]. Neonatal risk factor which projected the incidence of sepsis was Neonate’s age [AOR: 18.8 (95% CI: 4.9 - 72.5), p = 0.000]. Conclusions: The chance of developing neonatal sepsis was strongly correlated with both mother and child variables, according to the study. In order to lower the chance of the neonate acquiring sepsis, encouraging maternal antenatal care use would assist to detect risk factors during prenatal, perinatal and postnatal care and apply the proper therapies.

关键词： Neonatal Sepsis Factors Maternal

The Impact of Perineal Trauma on Postpartum Women at Ndola Teaching Hospital, Zambia: A Phenomenological Study

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024年第9期14卷 1374-1397页

作者： Priscilla Mwanza Diana K. Mwaba Mutinke zulu Concepta N. Kwaleyela Copperbelt Provincial Health Office Ministry of Health Ndola Zambia Copperbelt Provincial Health Office Ndola Zambia School of Nursing Sciences University of Zambia Kitwe Campus Kitwe Zambia School of Nursing and Midwifery Mulungushi University Kabwe Zambia

Perineal trauma following childbirth affects over two-thirds of women in low and medium-income countries (LMICs) birthing in health facilities. Although it is an unfavourable outcome with the potential to affect many aspects of a woman’s well-being in both the immediate and long-term, it is still a neglected phenomenon of women’s health, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries like Zambia. This study sought to understand the impact of birth perineal trauma on postnatal women at Ndola Teaching Hospital (NTH). This study employed a cross-sectional qualitative design using a descriptive phenomenological approach. Fifteen women who had birthed at NTH and sustained birth perineal trauma were purposively sampled as study participants. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews aided by an interview guide. Four themes, namely, perineal pain, substandard perineal wound management, fear of future reproductive health outcomes and diversion from reality, emerged from the study. Most women experiencing childbirth perineal trauma do not receive adequate care to manage their condition effectively. Therefore, midwives should utilise their professional knowledge and skills when providing postnatal care because morbidity affects women. Thus, it has the potential to negatively affect mother-infant bonding. The study concluded that birth perineal trauma is a distressing phenomenon of childbirth;hence, skillful repair, pain management and sexual counselling can greatly reduce its negative impacts.

关键词： Perineal Trauma Birthing Women Perineal Pain Impact

Roles of Community Pharmacists in Screening and Disseminating of Information about Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Risks: Implications for Drug Safety Assessment

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2024年第4期15卷 129-145页

作者： Martin Kampamba Progress Mulenga Steward Mudenda Billy Chabalenge Jenipher zulu Tadius Chimombe Webrod Mufwambi Mashebe Innocent Ngula Audrey Hamachila Jimmy Hangoma Christabel Nang’andu Hikaambo Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Medicines Control Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority Lusaka Zambia Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences Levy Mwanawasa Medical University Lusaka Zambia

Background: The increasing use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) both on prescription and over the counter raises a major global health concern because of the risks associated with their use if no proper guidance is given by the health care provider. This study assessed the roles of community pharmacists in screening and disseminating information about the risks associated with NSAID use in Zambia. Methodology: This was a national cross-sectional study in which a structured self-administered questionnaire was administered to 245 registered community pharmacists in Zambia. Stata/BE, version 15.1 (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA) and multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine factors associated with information dissemination about ADRs of NS-NSAIDs. Results: 231 of the 245 distributed questionnaires were returned giving a response rate of 94.3%. All (100%) participating community pharmacists claimed to have practiced dispensing NSAIDs. However, only 26 (11.0%) and 71 (30.8%) regularly screened for risk factor of selective COX-2 NSAIDS (SC2-NSAIDS) and non-selective NSAIDS (NS-NSAIDs) respectively. Information dissemination on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of SC2-NSAIDS was regularly provided by only 22 (9.5%) of pharmacists while that of NS-NSAIDs was regularly provided by 49 (21.2%). In the multivariate logistic regression model, being the owner of a pharmacy (AOR: 5.4, CI: 1.84 - 16.4) was significantly associated with information dissemination about ADRs of NS-NSAIDs while an hour increase in the working hours per day (AOR: 0.9, CI: 0.64 - 0.95) was associated with less likelihood of information dissemination. Conclusion: Pharmacists working in community pharmacies in Zambia did not regularly screen and disseminate information about the risks associated with NSAID use. Therefore, pharmacists should be able to screen and monitor patients at risk and be aware of the majority of risk factors while dispensing NSAIDs to m

关键词： Community Pharmacists Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Risk Screening

Patients’Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Disposal Methods of Expired and Unused Medicines: Implication for Creation of Drug Take-Back Program

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2024年第4期15卷 113-128页

作者： Martin Kampamba Zebedy Kalambwa Billy Chabalenge Janipher zulu Steward Mudenda Tadious Chimombe Webrod Mufwambi Audrey Hamachila Mashebe Innocent Ngula Christabel Nang’andu Hikaambo Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Medicines Control Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority Lusaka Zambia Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences Levy Mwanawasa Medical University Lusaka Zambia

Background: Handling of medicines is a day-to-day activity by patients and many health care providers. However, multiple studies have brought to light inappropriate disposal methods for expired and unused medication (EUM). Improper disposal of expired and unused medicines is hazardous both to humans and the environment. Objective: This sought to measure patients’ knowledge, attitude, and practices on disposal methods of EUM. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 384 patients at three outpatient pharmacies at the University Teaching Hospitals (UTHs). The structured questionnaire was used to collect data and STAT version 15.1 was used to analyse the data. Results: 384 respondents participated in this study and, at some point, had EUM. In this study, 356 (92.7%) of the participants reported that they had never heard of a drug take-back system. Most of the participants 285 (74.2%) and 239 (62.2%) kept and donated their unused medicine, respectively. Additionally, 244 (63.5%), 212 (55.2%), and 176 (44.8%) of the participants disposed of expired medicines in the bin or garbage, flushed them in toilets or sinks, or burned them, respectively. Occupation was significantly associated with unsafe disposal of unused medicine [P-value = 0.019]. Conclusion and Relevance: Knowledge of safe disposal methods for EUM was good amongst most participants. However, used unsafe disposal methods. The majority of the participants exhibited positive attitude concerning safe disposal methods. This study highlights the need for drug-take-back program creation in Zambia.

关键词： Attitude Disposal Methods Expired Medicines Knowledge Practices Unused Medicines

Reliability assessment in active distribution networks with detailed effects of PV systems

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2014年第1期2卷 59-68页

作者： zulu ESAU Dilan JAYAWEERA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Curtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia

With the increased integration of photovoltaic(PV)power generation into active distribution networks,the operational challenges and their complexities are *** networks need detailed characterization PV systems under multiple operating conditions to understand true *** paper presents a new mathematical model for a PV system to capture detailed effects of PV *** proposed model incorporates state transitions of components in a PV system and captures effects of insolation *** paper performs a reliability assessment incorporating PV systems at resource *** results suggest that the reliability performance of an active distribution network at stressed operating conditions might be influenced by the high penetration of PV *** performance of distribution networks that are high penetrated with PV systems can be affected by cloudy effects resulting from insolation *** proposed model can be used to quantify the level of reduction in reliability,resulting with cloudy effects.

关键词： Distribution network planning Insolation variation Mathematical model Strategic integration

Recovery of Baikiaea forest of southwestern Zambia from shifting cultivation and its implications for sustainable management

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Journal of Forestry Research 2019年第2期30卷 497-506页

作者： Filipo zulu Stephen Syampungani Peter Fushike National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) School of Natural Resources Copperbelt University

We studied the dominant species by age category of re-growth, and how subsistence forest use through shifting cultivation impacted on the floristic composition of Baikiaea forest. For re-growth stands, variable sampling method was adopted in data collection while in mature stands, a sample plot size of 50 m 9 50 m was used at each of three study sites. Distribution of species by age categories showed that shrub, herb, and grass species were abundant in young re-growth stands while woody vegetation became common with increasing age of the re-growth stand. Hierarchical clustering for common woody species showed several species associations with age categories and also with relatively undisturbed woodland. Common regeneration mechanisms of key woody species were mainly by seed(48%), coppicing(40%) and root suckers(12%). The young re-growth stands of 6–10 and 11–15 years were characterized by B. petersiana, ***, Combretum zeyheri, and Guibourtia coleosperma. Older stands(16–20 years after abandonment) were characterized by B. plurijuga, Pterocarpus antunesii, and Baphia massiensis, thus closely mimicking the relatively undisturbed forest whose dominant key woody species were B. plurijuga, P. antunesii, and G. coloesperma. There were many stems in younger stands(2–5 years) and fewer stems in older re-growth stands of 16–20 years after abandonment following shifting cultivation. Older regrowth stands(16–20 years) were similar to undisturbed stands(P \ 0.005). The similarity between re-growth stands of 16–20 years and control stands demonstrates the recovery of Baikiaea forest over time after cessation of shifting agriculture. Baikiaea forest requires some disturbance to perpetuate the dominant species and begins to show signs of recovery from shifting cultivation within16–20 years after abandonment. This is contrary to assertions that this ecosystem could take up to about 100 years for abandoned fields to begin showing signs of

关键词： Regeneration dynamics Species diversity Tree species dominance Management model Shifting cultivation