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Fresnel Equations Derived Using a Non-Local Hidden-Variable Particle Theory

j.urnal of Modern Physics 2024年第6期15卷 950-984页

作者： dirk j. pons Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand

Problem: The Fresnel equations describe the proportions of reflected and transmitted light from a surface, and are conventionally derived from wave theory continuum mechanics. Particle-based derivations of the Fresnel equations appear not to exist. Approach: The obj.ctive of this work was to derive the basic optical laws from first principles from a particle basis. The particle model used was the Cordus theory, a type of non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory that predicts specific substructures to the photon and other particles. Findings: The theory explains the origin of the orthogonal electrostatic and magnetic fields, and re-derives the refraction and reflection laws including Snell’s law and critical angle, and the Fresnel equations for s and p-polarisation. These formulations are identical to those produced by electromagnetic wave theory. Contribution: The work provides a comprehensive derivation and physical explanation of the basic optical laws, which appears not to have previously been shown from a particle basis. Implications: The primary implications are for suggesting routes for the theoretical advancement of fundamental physics. The Cordus NLHV particle theory explains optical phenomena, yet it also explains other physical phenomena including some otherwise only accessible through quantum mechanics (such as the electron spin g-factor) and general relativity (including the Lorentz and relativistic Doppler). It also provides solutions for phenomena of unknown causation, such as asymmetrical baryogenesis, unification of the interactions, and reasons for nuclide stability/instability. Consequently, the implication is that NLHV theories have the potential to represent a deeper physics that may underpin and unify quantum mechanics, general relativity, and wave theory.

关键词： Wave-Particle Duality Optical Law Fresnel Equation Non-Local Hidden-Variable

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Disj.inted Equivalence of Gravitational and Inertial Mass

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j.urnal of Modern Physics 2023年第3期14卷 237-270页

作者： dirk j. pons Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand

Problem—Contemporary physics offers no underlying reason for the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass. Approach—The equivalence is examined from the new physics provided by the cordus theory, being a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory. Mathematical formalisms are derived for masses and observers in different fabric densities. Findings—A disj.inted equivalence is predicted, whereby inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent in any one situation, but a different equivalence holds when the fabric densities change. Consequently this theory predicts that the gravitational constant G varies with fabric density, and hence would be different across the universe and across time. Not only is the gravitational constant non-constant, but the formulation of gravitation changes with fabric density. Specifically, the theory predicts gravity is stronger at genesis (and the end of the universe) such that orbit velocity vB ∝ (where rB is orbit radius), compared to weaker gravitation at middle life epochs with rB ∝ . The current Earth location and epoch correspond to the latter case, i.e. Newtonian gravitation is recovered. The findings disfavour the existence of both dark energy and dark matter, and instead attribute these effects to differences in the fabric density. Originality—The work makes the contribution of deriving a mass equivalence relationship that includes fabric density, identifying a disj.inted mass equivalence, and showing that the gravitation formulation itself changes with relative fabric densities.

关键词： Identity of Mass Gravitation Inertia General Relativity Quantum Mechanics

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A Mechanism for How a Particle Detects and Moves in a Field Gradient

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j.urnal of Modern Physics 2020年第10期11卷 1560-1575页

作者： dirk j. pons Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand

Problem: The mechanisms whereby force operates are poorly understood at the fundamental level. Purpose: This paper proposes a mechanism for how a particle detects the field gradient, and how it moves therein. Approach: A non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory is used, specifically the Cordus NLHV theory. Findings: The operation of force is proposed to occur from the interaction between the energisation sequence of the particle, with the field gradient, resulting in discrete displacement motions of the particle. Specifically the particle sub-structures sweep through a volume of space during their energisation cycle. This locus is warped by the incoming field, hence preferentially displacing the particle along the gradient. Originality: The novel contribution of this work is providing a candidate mechanism for how a particle detects and moves in a field gradient.

关键词： Field Interaction Fundamental Quantum

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Towards Unification of Fundamental Interactions Using Non-Local Hidden-Variable Theory

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j.urnal of Modern Physics 2020年第10期11卷 1598-1619页

作者： dirk j. pons Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand

Problem: In principle there might be a single deeper mechanism underlying the fundamental interactions at both the extremely small scale of particles, and the large scale of gravitation. However it is unclear what form such a theory might take, as the obvious candidates have not yet been successful. Purpose: This work constructs a conceptual framework for the interactions from a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) perspective, specifically the Cordus NLHV theory. Findings: All the interactions can be attributed to the discrete force emissions from the particle, more specifically from the different attributes thereof. Thus the electrostatic appears to arise from the direct linear effect of the discrete forces;magnetic from bending of the flux tube;gravitation from handed energisation sequence;strong from the synchronisation of emissions;and weak from rearrangement of discrete force emissions hence remanufacturing of particle identity. Originality: An explanation is provided for all the interactions based on non-local hidden-variable theory. Apart from the concept of the discrete force, and its multiple attributes, no new particles or bosons are required.

关键词： Field Interaction Fundamental Quantum

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Energy Conversion Mechanics for Photon Emission per Non-Local Hidden-Variable Theory

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j.urnal of Modern Physics 2016年第10期7卷 1049-1067页

作者： dirk j. pons Arion D. pons Aiden j. pons Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand University of Cambridge Cambridge UK Rangiora New Life School Rangiora New Zealand

Problem-Energy conversion processes in optical phenomena are incompletely explained by wave theory or quantum mechanics. There is a need for ontologically rich explanations at the level of individual particles. Purpose: This paper reports on the application of a non-local hidden-variable solution called the Cordus theory to this problem. The method is directed to the systematic development of a conceptual framework of proposed causal mechanisms. Findings: It has long been known that the bonding commitments of the electron affect its energy behaviour but the mechanisms for this have been elusive. We show how the degree of bonding constraint on the electron determines how it processes excess energy. A key concept is that the span and frequency of the electron are inversely proportional. This explains why energy changes cause positional distress for the electron. Natural explanations are given for multiple emission phenomena: Absorbance;Saturation;Beer-Lambert law;Colour;Quantum energy states;Directional emission;Photoelectric effect;Emission of polarised photons from crystals;Refraction effects;Reflection;Transparency;Birefringence;Cherenkov radiation;Bremsstrahlung and Synchrotron radiation;Phase change at reflection;Force impulse at reflection and radiation pressure;Simulated emission (Laser). Originality: The paper elucidates a mechanism for how the electron responds to combinations of bonding constraint and pumped energy. The crucial insight is that the electron size and position(s) are coupled attributes of its frequency and energy, where the coupling is achieved via physical substructures. The theory is able to provide a logically coherent explanation for a wide variety of energy conversion phenomena.

关键词： Photon Light Electron Emission Cordus Conj.cture Physical Interpretation

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Entropy at the Level of Individual Particles: Analysis of Maxwell’s Agent with a Hidden-Variable Theory

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j.urnal of Modern Physics 2016年第10期7卷 1277-1295页

Problem: Maxwell’s Agent (MA) is a thought experiment about whether the second Law is violated at smaller scales. This is a complex problem because the scale dependencies are unclear for perfect gas assumptions, quantum coherence, thermalisation, and contextual measurement. Purpose: The MA is explored from a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) perspective. Approach: The Cordus theory, a specific NLHV solution, was applied at macroscopic to fundamental scales. Physical realism requires the Agent be included in the analysis. Findings: The primary function is sorting, i.e. a one-time separation of species by some attribute. The thermodynamic MA situation is merely a special case for reducing disorder (entropy). A one-time extraction of energy is possible. This requires input energy, hence the device only has thermodynamic leverage and is not a perpetual motion device. Inefficiencies arise from thermalisation causing short mean free path of Brownian motion, perfect gases having minimal interaction with the gate, ambiguity about spatial location arising from quantum superposition, contextual measurement interfering with the particle velocity, and bremsstrahlung hysteresis losses occurring when the Agent operates. Implications: Entropy is a group property at the bulk level, not a characteristic of the individual particle, and can be reversed at an energy cost at the particle level. Originality: The explanation spans multiple levels from macroscopic down to fundamental, which is unusual. Achieving an explanation from the NLHV sector is novel. The theory accommodates superposition, irreversibility, entropy, contextual measurement, coherence-discord transition, and Brownian motion.

关键词： Entropy Irreversibility Ratchet Demon Thermodynamics Contextual Measurement

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Asymmetrical Genesis by Remanufacture of Antielectrons

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j.urnal of Modern Physics 2014年第17期5卷 1980-1994页

作者： dirk j. pons Arion D. pons Aiden j. pons Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand aiden@pons.ws

Problem: The asymmetrical genesis problem concerns why the universe should have an abundance of matter over antimatter. Purpose: This paper shows how the baryogenesis and leptogenesis asymmetries may both be resolved. Approach: Design methods were used to develop a conceptual mechanics for the remanufacturing processes that transform particles in the decay processes. This was based on the structures for the photon, electron, antielectron, proton and antineutrino as previously identified as logical necessities for the beta decay process, and represented as a non-local hidden-variable design with discrete fields. Findings: The solution is given in terms of a mechanics that defines the transformation of discrete field structures in particles. The genesis problem is shown to be solvable. The mechanics describes pair production of an electron and antielectron from two initial photons, and subsequent remanufacture of the antielectron into a proton. It is predicted that two antineutrinos would be emitted, which are testable and falsifiable. The theory identifies that the role of the antineutrinos is to remove the antimatter handed field structures. The original electron and proton may bond to form a simple hydrogen atom, or combine via electron capture to form a neutron and hence heavier nuclides. The subsequent preponderance of the matter pathways in the genesis production sequence is also addressed and is explained as domain warfare between the matter and antimatter species. Originality: The concept of remanufacture of antielectrons into protons, with emission of antineutrinos, is novel. Extensions of the theory explain the nuclides. Consequently the theory explains from pair production up to nuclear structure, which is also original.

关键词： Asymmetry Antimatter Annihilation Chirality Proton Decay Non-Local Hidden-Variable NLHV

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A Physical Explanation for Particle Spin

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j.urnal of Modern Physics 2019年第7期10卷 835-860页

作者： dirk j. pons Arion D. pons Aiden j. pons Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand University of Cambridge Cambridge UK University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand

CONTEXT The spin of a particle is physically manifest in multiple phenomena. For quantum mechanics (QM), spin is an intrinsic property of a point particle, but an ontological explanation is lacking. In this paper we propose a physical explanation for spin at the sub-particle level, using a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory. APPROACH Mechanisms for spin were inferred from the Cordus NLHV theory, specifically from theorised structures at the sub-particle level. RESULTS Physical geometry of the particle can explain spin phenomena: polarisation, Pauli exclusion principle (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox), excited states, and selective spin of neutrino species. A quantitative derivation is provided for electron spin g-factor g = 2, and a qualitative explanation for the anomalous component. IMPLICATIONS NLHV theory offers a candidate route to new physics at the sub-particle level. This also implies philosophically that physical realism may apply to physics at the deeper level below QM. ORIGINALITY The electron g-factor has been derived using sub-particle structures in NLHV theory, without using quantum theory. This is significant as the g-factor is otherwise considered uniquely predicted by QM. Explanations are provided for spin phenomena in terms of physical sub-structures to the particle.

关键词： Non-Local Hidden-Variable Theory Cordus g Factor Fundamental Physics Spin

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A Physical Basis for Entanglement in a Non-Local Hidden Variable Theory

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j.urnal of Modern Physics 2017年第8期8卷 1257-1274页

Problem: Superposition and entanglement are coherent effects, which can be quantified by quantum mechanics (QM), but lack descriptive explanations. They are typically analysed with inequality methods, and the results favour QM and rej.ct physical realism and hidden-variable solutions. In particular, Colbeck & Renner (2011) showed that no extension of quantum theory can exist with better predictive power than quantum mechanics itself. Purpose: The purpose here is to critically evaluate from a conceptual and philosophical perspective the ontological underpinnings of the inequality approach. The current work is speculative in nature as it is based on a conj.ctured non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) design for particles, and does not yet have a mathematical formalism. Nonetheless this is worth attempting for the philosophical questions it poses about the nature of reality, and the pointers it gives to possible future directions in fundamental physics. Findings: The premises of the C & R proof (that particles are points, that locality exists, that quantum theory is correct) are inconsistent, hence invalidate its conclusion. We also show that superposition and entanglement may be qualitatively explained if particles were to have the internal structure proposed by the Cordus NLHV theory. Originality: The ability to explain superposition and entanglement conceptually in terms of physical realism is relevant because it rebuts the claim that it is impossible that such a hidden-variable theory could exist. This is significant because previously it has been believed that these phenomena are explainable by QM only.

关键词： Non-Local Superposition Entanglement Coherence

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Effect of Matter Distribution on Relativistic Time Dilation

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j.urnal of Modern Physics 2018年第3期9卷 500-523页

Context: Derivations for the relativity formulations for the Lorentz are conventionally based on continuum mechanics. Purpose: This paper derives the formulations from a particle perspective. Approach: A non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) approach is adopted, based on the specific particle structures of the Cordus Theory. Findings: The Lorentz and relativistic Doppler formulations are shown to be derivable from a NLHV particle perspective. Unexpectedly, the equations contain an additional term relating to the difference in the distribution of matter (fabric density) between situations. For a homogenous fabric, which is the assumption of general relativity, the conventional formulations are recovered. Originality: The novel contribution is deriving the relativistic formulation from a NLHV theory. Also novel is the identification of the fabric density as a term in the Lorentz. Implications: It is predicted that inertial frames of reference are only situationally equivalent in the special case where they also have the same fabric density. We find against the cosmological principle with its assumption of homogeneity. The resulting situational theory of relativity has further implications for interpreting gravitational interactions at the galactic scale and larger.

关键词： Gravitation Special Relativity Cordus Theory Non-Local Hidden-Variable

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