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Prevalence of anal fistula in the United Kingdom

World Journal of Clinical Cases 2019年第14期7卷 1795-1804页

作者： Suvi RK Hokkanen Naomi Boxall Javaria Mona Khalid dimitri bennett Haridarshan Patel Real World Evidence Solutions IQVIALondon N19JYUnited Kingdom Evidence and Value Generation Global Medical AffairsTakeda Pharmaceuticals International Inc.London WC2B 4AEUnited Kingdom Department of Epidemiology Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Inc.CambridgeMA 02139United StatesAdjunctPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104United States Evidence and Value Generation Global Medical AffairsTakeda Pharmaceuticals International Inc.DeerfieldIL 6001United States

BACKGROUND Anal fistula is a pathological connection between the anal canal and perianal skin, which most commonly develops from an infected anal crypt. While the majority of anal fistulas are idiopathic, they are also associated with Crohn’s disease (CD) and other inflammatory conditions. The prevalence of anal fistula is estimated to be 1-2 per 10000 patients, but population-based studies on anal fistula epidemiology are limited and outdated. AIM To assess the prevalence of anal fistula and relevant comorbidities, with and without CD in the United Kingdom and Europe. METHODS A retrospective population-representative observational cohort study was performed in The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a United Kingdom primary care database. Mid-year point prevalence of anal fistula was calculated on the first of July for each year between 2014 and 2017. Estimates were calculated for anal fistula overall and by CD status and standardized to the United Kingdom and European population. Prevalence of relevant comorbidities including lymphogranuloma venereum, hidradenitis suppurativa, anal presentation of sexually transmitted diseases, diabetes mellitus, and radiation in the pelvic area was reported. RESULTS The United Kingdom-standardized overall point prevalence of anal fistula was 1.80 (95%CI: 1.65-1.94) per 10000 patients in 2017, while the Europe standardized estimate was 1.83 (95%CI: 1.68-1.98) per 10000 patients. Both these standardized point prevalence estimates ranged from 1.89 to 2.36 between 2014-2016. The United Kingdom-standardized point prevalence of anal fistula without CD was 1.35 (95%CI: 1.23-1.48) per 10000 patients, while the Europe-standardized estimate was 1.39 (95%CI: 1.26-1.52) per 10000 patients. In contrast, the standardized point prevalence estimate of anal fistula with CD was lower for both United Kingdom and Europe (0.44;95%CI United Kingdom: 0.37-0.52, 95%CI Europe: 0.37-0.51) per 10000 patients in 2017. In 2017, 19% of anal fistula patients without CD and 13% of anal fistula patients with C

关键词： Anal fistula United Kingdom Europe Crohn's disease Comorbidities Prevalence

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China’s Economic Development in the New Era: Challenges and Paths

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China Finance and Economic Review 2022年第2期11卷 3-22页

作者： Cameron Hepburn Nicholas Stern Chunping Xie dimitri Zenghelis Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment University of Oxford Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment London School of Economics and Political Science bennett Institute for Public Policy University of Cambridge

China’s economy has seen rapid development ever since its reform and opening-up strategy was launched in 1978.Strong economic expansion over the past four decades has taken China from low-income to upper-middle-income status.Looking back at the transformation that China has made,however,we must recognise that the old growth story is coming to an end.The phase of development driven by investment in physical capital will be increasingly supplanted by investment in assets such as knowledge and social capital as well as investment in preservation of natural capital.Recognising the challenges that China is facing,with this paper we aim to offer an approach to growth and development that could spell out a new development strategy for the country as the 21st century progresses.China will focus on the technologies with high-quality growth prospects:modern service sectors,including health,education,transport,communications and IT,artificial intelligence,finance,logistics,sustainable urban infrastructure and new food and land-use systems.With today’s technologies,China can help the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)countries embark on a much more sustainable,more efficient and greener form of development,avoiding historical problems of pollution and congestion,with China itself moving up the value chain at the same time.

关键词： China’s economy climate change 14th Five-Year Plan global governance

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Towards carbon neutrality and China's 14th Five-Year Plan: Clean energy transition, sustainable urban development, and investment priorities

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2021年第4期8卷 102-109页

作者： Cameron Hepburn Ye Qi Nicholas Stern Bob Ward Chunping Xie dimitri Zenghelis Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment University of OxfordUK Institute of Public Policy Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina School of Public Policy and Management Tsinghua UniversityChina Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment London School of Economics and Political Science(LSE)UK bennett Institute for Public Policy University of CambridgeUK

China's 14th Five-Year Plan,for the period 2021e25,presents a real opportunity for China to link its longterm climate goals with its short-to medium-term social and economic development plans.China's recent commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 has set a clear direction for its economy,but requires ratcheting up ambition on its near-term climate policy.Against this background,this paper discusses major action areas for China's 14th Five-Year Plan after COVID-19,especially focusing on three aspects:the energy transition,a new type of sustainable urban development,and investment priorities.China's role in the world is now of a magnitude that makes its actions in the immediate future critical to how the world goes forward.This decade,2021e2030,is of fundamental importance to human history.If society locks in dirty and high-carbon capital,it raises profound risks of irreversible damage to the world's climate.It is crucial for China to peak its emissions in the 14th Five-Year Plan(by 2025),making the transition earlier and cheaper,enhancing its international competitiveness in growing new markets and setting a strong example for the world.The benefits for China and the world as a whole could be immense.

关键词： Carbon neutrality 14th Five-Year Plan Energy transition New urbanisation Investment

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