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Gemological-Mineralogical Characteristic of Spinels from Sri Lanka

宝石和宝石学杂志（中英文） 2023年第6期25卷 42-57页

作者： Pantaree Lomthong dietmar schwarz Gamini Zoyza Yanyu Chen Yicen Liu Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences Shenzhen 518038China Zmpery Gemology Lab. Shanghai 201403China Ceylon Gemmological Services Colombo 01400Sri Lanka Lab.of Gems&Technological Materials of Tongii University Shanghai 200092China

Detailed mineralogical and gemological records were conducted on 340 unheated spinels from the Horana, Eheliyagoda, Ratnapura, and Okkampatiya mining areas in Sri Lanka. The color of Sri Lankan spinel varies greatly: in addition to the mainstream pink to purple pink, green and blue can also be seen. Compared with spinel from other regions such as Myanmar, Vietnam, and Tanzania, Sri Lanka's spinel has more abundant inclusions: several mining areas generally have inclusions such as dolomite, apatite, zircon, and chondrodite. Minerals such as graphite and forsterite are also found in spinel produced in the Horana region;graphite and rutile have been found in spinel produced in the Okkamptiya region. Partially healed fissures are most common in spinel in the Okkampatiya mining area;Unlike Vietnamese spinel, dislocations and growth structures are almost absent in Sri Lankan spinel. The LA-ICP-MS analysis results showed that there were no significant differences among the mining areas. LA-ICP-MS analysis of 5 Sri Lankan cobalt blue spinels showed a variation of 11 to 120 ppm in this chromogenic element. The UV visible absorption spectrum results show that Sri Lankan spinel has a combination spectra with variable ratios of the spectral components Cr 3+ , V 3+ and Fe 2+ from pink to red, orange, purple to purple, and blue-green. The results of infrared spectroscopy and laser Raman spectroscopy analysis showed that all samples showed no indications for heat treatment.

关键词： gemological-mineralogical characteristic spinel Sri Lanka spectroscopy inclusion

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越南Luc Yen矿区尖晶石常规宝石学及内含物特征研究

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中国宝玉石 2023年第3期 2-11,19页

作者：陈彦宇周征宇杨萧亦刘奕岑 dietmar schwarz 陈亮同济大学海洋与地球科学学院上海200092 同济大学宝石及工艺材料实验室上海200092 Bellerophon Gemlab 泰国曼谷105004 百睿珠宝有限公司上海200040

本文使用折射仪、荧光光谱仪、显微镜、拉曼光谱仪等多种测试仪器,对越南Luc Yen地区的尖晶石样品进行了常规宝石学特征及内含物的成分研究,为其产地鉴别提供理论依据。研究结果显示,越南Luc Yen地区尖晶石的折射率范围主要为1.716~1.7... 详细信息

本文使用折射仪、荧光光谱仪、显微镜、拉曼光谱仪等多种测试仪器,对越南Luc Yen地区的尖晶石样品进行了常规宝石学特征及内含物的成分研究,为其产地鉴别提供理论依据。研究结果显示,越南Luc Yen地区尖晶石的折射率范围主要为1.716~1.718,在长波紫外光照射下大部分为弱~强的浅橙~红色荧光,短波紫外光下大部分为荧光惰性;样品相对密度约为3.63~3.98;显微观察可见固相包裹体、管状气液包裹体、网格状包裹体等包裹体,经拉曼光谱测试可确认的包裹体种类有八面体负晶包裹体、硬水铝石和CO2的拉长扁平负晶、金红石、磷灰石、锆石、方解石、阳起石、白云石、金云母、歪长石。

关键词：尖晶石 Luc yen矿区内含物拉曼光谱越南

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巴基斯坦橄榄石宝石学及矿物谱学特征研究

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岩石矿物学杂志 2021年第3期40卷 593-604页

作者：阮维迪周征宇 dietmar schwarz 杨萧亦陈彦宇刘奕岑同济大学海洋与地球科学学院上海200092 上海宝石及材料工艺工程技术研究中心上海200092 同济大学宝石及工艺材料实验室上海200092 Bellerophon Gemlab 泰国曼谷10500

采用常规宝石学仪器并结合电子探针、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪、(显微)红外光谱仪、紫外-可见吸收光谱以及拉曼光谱仪等测试方法,对巴基斯坦橄榄石进行了常规宝石学、化学成分和谱学特征等研究,并探讨了其产地鉴别方法和依据。... 详细信息

采用常规宝石学仪器并结合电子探针、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪、(显微)红外光谱仪、紫外-可见吸收光谱以及拉曼光谱仪等测试方法,对巴基斯坦橄榄石进行了常规宝石学、化学成分和谱学特征等研究,并探讨了其产地鉴别方法和依据。结果表明,巴基斯坦橄榄石含有针状"硼镁铁矿-硼铁矿"、点状磁铁矿等特征矿物包裹体组合;与美国、中国、埃塞俄比亚、越南、马达加斯加等地所产的橄榄石相比,巴基斯坦橄榄石的微量化学元素组成相对富Li、B、Sc,贫Zn、Cu,同时V/Sc值偏低;巴基斯坦橄榄石红外吸收光谱中普遍存在的3580 cm-1附近吸收谱带与[Si]=(4H)_(Si)^(X)替代机制有关,指示其晶体中含有一定量的结构水;紫外-可见吸收光谱中的380、450、490、635 nm附近强吸收峰分别与O^(2)-→Fe^(3+)电荷转移带,Fe^(3+)的^(6)A1→^(4)A1+^(4)E(^(4)G)电子跃迁和Fe^(2+)的^(5)T_(2g)→^(3)T_(2g)、^(5)T_(2g)→^(3)T_(1g)电子跃迁有关。综合分析认为,包裹体、微量化学成分和结构水致红外吸收谱带特征组合可视为巴基斯坦橄榄石的产地鉴别依据。

关键词：橄榄石包裹体化学元素吸收光谱巴基斯坦结构水

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未处理、热处理与扩散处理橙色和粉橙色蓝宝石的颜色成因

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宝石和宝石学杂志 2005年第1期7卷 1-9,F005页

作者： Karl Schmetzer dietmar schwarz Taubenweg 16 85238 Petershausen GermanyGübelin GemLab Mailhofstr. 102 6006 Lucerne Switzerland

总结了未处理、热处理和Be扩散处理的黄色—红色蓝宝石的颜色及其成因。综述了蓝宝石色心的主要类型。对热不稳定的黄色和橙色色心的性质与高温热处理或由Be扩散处理产生的热稳定橙色色心的特征进行了对比研究。对橙色色心形成的一些模... 详细信息

总结了未处理、热处理和Be扩散处理的黄色—红色蓝宝石的颜色及其成因。综述了蓝宝石色心的主要类型。对热不稳定的黄色和橙色色心的性质与高温热处理或由Be扩散处理产生的热稳定橙色色心的特征进行了对比研究。对橙色色心形成的一些模式进行了详细描述和讨论, 这些模式是由 H ger(2001)和 Emmett等(2003)提出、根据样品中微量元素含量建立的。两个模式都是基于微量元素 Mg—Fe—Ti和(Be+Mg)—Fe—Ti三角图解建立的。对来自斯里兰卡的未处理和热处理帕帕拉恰蓝宝石的颜色成因与来自马达加斯加 Ilakaka和坦桑尼亚Songea的Be扩散处理蓝宝石的颜色成因进行了对比。处理与未处理蓝宝石颜色的巨大差异是由样品中的Fe和V的含量差异以及色心的丰度造成的。

关键词：蓝宝石热处理扩散处理未处理颜色成因

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宝石学中确定宝石原产地的分析方法——以不同成因的红宝石为例

宝石学中确定宝石原产地的分析方法——以不同成因的红宝石为例

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2009中国珠宝首饰学术交流会

作者： dietmar schwarz 古柏林宝石实验室

宝石学中常用的分析方法有:(1)用宝石显微镜或拉曼光谱仪观察宝石内部包体特征;(2)用折射仪、二色镜和锥光镜等测定宝石的光学数据;(3)用X荧光能谱仪(EDXRF)、激光诱导击穿仪(LIBS)、激光烧蚀等离子质谱仪(LA-ICPMS)等分析宝石化学成分;... 详细信息

宝石学中常用的分析方法有:(1)用宝石显微镜或拉曼光谱仪观察宝石内部包体特征;(2)用折射仪、二色镜和锥光镜等测定宝石的光学数据;(3)用X荧光能谱仪(EDXRF)、激光诱导击穿仪(LIBS)、激光烧蚀等离子质谱仪(LA-ICPMS)等分析宝石化学成分;(4)使用分光光度计获得宝石在紫外-可见光-近红外(UV-vis-NIR)区域的指纹谱图;(5)使用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)获得宝石红外光谱图;(6)用紫外荧光灯或发光光谱仪观测宝石的发光性;(7)同位素组成的确定(通常,测定氧同位素值)。其实除了使用宝石显微镜检测宝石以外,其他方法都称不上真正的宝石专用分析方法。大多数应用于宝石学的分析手段都是在其他科学、技术/工业领域开发的,通常,需要对它们做一些改进以更适合于宝石检测。(例如,一般的工业光度计加一个偏光片就可以得到偏光吸收光谱)。宝石学分析方法要求是非破坏性的(这意味着:不能取粉末,不需制样、不能腐蚀、划伤、覆膜、人工改色;不能有放射性残余)。但特殊情况下,也使用一些接近"非破坏性"的方法(例如,使用激光去除宝石表面物质会留下一个很小的"点")。用于宝石品质鉴定和宝石原产地确定的指标有:(1)包裹体特征;(2)化学成分"指纹"识别;(3)光学图谱"指纹"识别(UV-Vis-NIR吸收光谱);(4)红外光谱和拉曼光谱;(5)光学数据;(6)宝石发光特征;(7)同位素组成。所有的这些指标都是宝石的特有性质,它们都直接或间接的与宝石形成时的矿物-地球化学环境有关。它们反应了宝石在某个特定地质背景下形成的"生长历史"。事实上,我们就是依靠宝石性质与宝石形成地质环境之间的特殊关联来确定宝石的原产地。我们一般在宝石显微镜下观察宝石的包裹体特征(孔洞充填物;原生和次生包裹体;矿物包体)(使用不同光源条件;有时需要浸油)。通常,包体特征能最直观地指示宝石的原产地;此外,还可以指示宝石是否经过处理(例如,热处理或铍扩散处理)。常用来分析宝石化学成分特征的方法(化学"指纹"识别)有:X射线荧光能谱仪(EDXRF)、激光诱导击穿仪(LIBS)、激光烧蚀等离子质谱仪(LA-ICPMS)。用不同类型的相图分析产自某个特定产地或某种特定地质环境的宝石的化学组分,我们发现宝石的化学组分具有典型的分布特征。当我们用XRF来分析红宝石成分组成时,发现下面这些元素组成比较有意恩:Ti,V,Cr,Fe和Ga,可以根据不同的"二元图"(比如Cr对Fe)和组合Cr/Ga对Fe/Ti来鉴别产自不同矿床类型的红宝石和蓝宝石。天然红宝石的吸收光谱主要是Cr的吸收,另外还有不同强度的Fe吸收(375/380nm和450nm左右)和所谓的"背景吸收",Fe/Ti转移电荷的吸收一般缺失或很弱。红外光谱可以用于某种处理类型红宝石的鉴定,就此而言最有意义的吸收峰出现在中红外3310cm附近。经过热处理的孟速红宝石会出现典型的吸收峰,大约位于3100cm600cm之间(最大峰在3310cm),主要归因于刚玉晶格内部OH键互相结合的结构。另一方面,这些和具有OH键的矿物(比如水软铝石,硬水铝石,高岭石,褐铁矿,绿泥石和所谓的3161cm系列(文献中未做明确归属))相关的吸收峰/吸收带的存在说明了红宝石原石没有经过高温热处理。拉曼光谱通常用来鉴定红宝石内部的流体包体。根据红宝石的光学测试数据和发光特征不能得到鉴别天然红宝石的相关产地信息。氧同位素值可用来区分起源于不同成因条件的红宝石(例如,超基性铁镁变质岩;超基性铁镁质岩中的脱硅性伟晶岩;…)。天然刚玉中的O/0比是刚玉形成地质环境很好的指示器。我们在各种类型矿床中发现O值都在一定的限制范围内,这归因于岩浆作用中主岩的缓冲作用。

关键词：红宝石产地鉴定分析方法

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Traditional grazing management creates heterogeneous swards and fosters grasshopper densities

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Insect Science 2022年第6期29卷 1805-1818页

作者： Cinja schwarz Thomas Fartmann Department of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Biology and ChemistryOsnabruck UniversityOsnabruckGermany

Common pastures were once the dominant type of land use in many Euro-pean regions.However,during the past 150 years,they have declined dramatically.Recent studies have shown that they are hotspots for rare plant,butterfly,and bird species in the study area,the Bavarian pre-Alps(southern Germany).However,studies on the value of these pastures for Orthoptera(hereinafter termed"grasshoppers")have been scarce.Here,we studied the effects of traditional summer grazing in common pastures on grasshopper assemblages.Our study revealed that grasshopper species richness did not differ between common pastures(n=57)and controls(n=57).By contrast,density of all and of threat-ened species varied between common pastures and controls in all plots and within the two vegetation types with the highest grasshopper abundance,grasslands on mineral soil and fens.Two threatened species,Pseudochorthippus montanus and Stethophyma grossum,were identified as indicators for common pastures;controls had no indicative species.Traditional low-intensity grazing in common pastures has resulted in open and heteroge-neous swards with some bare ground,a low cover of litter and an intermediate vegetation height favouring high densities of grasshopper species in general and threatened species in particular.This is especially true for the two most productive vegetation types,grasslands on mineral soil and fens.To promote biodiversity in general and grasshopper densities in particular,we recommend maintaining traditional cattle grazing(stocking capacities:0.5-2.0 livestock units/ha)in common pastures.Where possible,this grazing regime should also be introduced in the surrounding landscape.

关键词： biodiversity conservation common pasture habitat heterogeneity insect abundance land-usechange mire ecosystem

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CD5:from antiquated T cell marker to immunotherapy’s new hope

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2023年第6期8卷 2442-2444页

作者： Sandra schwarz Michael Linnebacher Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy Clinic of General SurgeryRostock University Medical Center18057RostockGermany

In a recent study published in Science,He et al.investigated the role of CD5 on dendritic cells(DCs)in priming effector T cells.^(1)By proving the importance of CD5 in engaging effective antitumor immune responses,the... 详细信息

关键词： immunotherapy al. CD5

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CD137L,a driver of harmful inflammation in the nervous system

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第11期18卷 2387-2388页

作者： Hiu Yi Wong Amanda C.Y.Chan Anselm Mak Herbert schwarz Division of Life Science State Key Laboratory of Molecular NeuroscienceMolecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina Division of Neurology University Medicine ClusterNational University HospitalSingapore Department of Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore Division of Rheumatology University Medicine ClusterNational University Health SystemDepartment of MedicineYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational Univesity of SingaporeSingapore Department of Physiology and Immunology ProgrammeYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme NUS Graduate SchoolNational University of SingaporeSingapore

CD137 (TNFRSF9,4-1BB) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family and a potent costimulatory molecule.High levels of CD137 are expressed on T cells upon activation.CD137 signaling in T cells,either by cognate interaction with antigen-presenting cells (APC)or by agonistic anti-CD137 antibodies,strongly enhances proliferation,interferon-y secretion,and cytolytic activity of T cells.Thus,CD137 signaling is a main driver of cellular,type 1 helper T cells (Th1)and type 1 cytolytic T cells (Tc1) polarised immune responses.

关键词： CD137 CD137L inflammation

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Suitability of Hermetia illucens larvae meal and fat in broiler diets:effects on animal performance,apparent ileal digestibility,gut histology,and microbial metabolites

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第5期13卷 1386-1401页

作者： Kristina Hartinger Katharina Froschl Marco Antonio Ebbing Barbara Bruschek-Pfleger Karl Schedle Christiane schwarz Martin Gierus Department of Agrobiotechnology Institute of Animal NutritionLivestock Productsand Nutrition PhysiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria

Background:The possibility of partially replacing soybean meal(SBM)with Hermetia illucens(HI)defatted larvae meal in broiler nutrition has frequently been suggested.For sustainability reasons,however,the larvae fat produced during defatting should also be used and could be particularly beneficial regarding gut health due to its fatty acid composition.To evaluate the suitability of HI larvae as protein and fat source,a 2×3 factorial arrangement with two types of protein,i.e.SBM(S)or SBM and 15%of its crude protein replaced by HI larvae meal(L),and three levels of fat sources,namely 0(0 L),50%(50 L)or 100%HI larvae fat(100 L)at the expense of soybean oil was applied.Results:In the starter phase,an interaction showed higher body weight(BW),average daily gain(ADG)and improved feed conversion ratio(FCR)if 50%or 100%HI larvae fat was fed with HI larvae meal.Moreover,BW,ADG and FCR improved when feeding HI larvae meal as protein source.Additionally,we observed an increased average daily feed intake in the grower,finisher,and overall phase in the L groups and an improved FCR in 0 L compared to 50 L groups during the overall period.Regarding apparent ileal digestibility,HI larvae meal feeding increased dry matter,organic matter,and fat digestibility.Feeding HI larvae meal as protein source decreased the concentrations of agmatine,spermidine,spermine and ammonia in the caecal digesta,whereas fat source affected agmatine with higher concentrations in 50 L compared to 0 L in the colonic digesta.In contrast,caecal ethanolamine concentrations increased in HI larvae meal groups compared to SBM.Caecal butyric acid concentrations decreased with HI larvae meal feeding.An interaction was found for the jejunal villus area,being higher in L+100 L compared to S+100 L.Furthermore,L groups had greater villus width.Conclusions:A partial replacement of SBM with HI larvae meal and soybean oil with HI larvae fat in broiler diets without impairing animal performance or gut health seems possible.Feeding HI larvae meal affected broiler perform

关键词： Broiler chicken Hermetia illucens Larvae fat Larvae meal Lauric acid Microbial metabolites Performance

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Surgery for metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a narrative review

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Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 2023年第1期12卷 69-83页

作者： Jelani K.Williams Jason L.schwarz Xavier M.Keutgen Division of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology Department of SurgeryUniversity of Chicago MedicineChicagoILUSA

Background and Objective:Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors(PanNETs)are derived from the islet cells of the pancreas and have been increasing in incidence.Most of these tumors are nonfunctional although some can secrete hormones and lead to hormone-specific clinical syndromes.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for localized tumors,however,surgical resection is controversial in metastatic PanNETs.This narrative review seeks to summarize the current literature surrounding surgery,specifically in the controversial area of metastatic PanNETs,review current treatment paradigms,and understand the benefits of surgery in this group of patients.Methods:Authors searched PubMed using the terms“surgery pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor”,“metastatic neuroendocrine tumor”,and“liver debulking neuroendocrine tumor”from January 1990 to June 2022.Only English language publications were considered.Key Content and Findings:There is no consensus among the leading specialty organizations regarding surgery for metastatic PanNETs.When considering surgery for metastatic PanNETs,tumor grade and morphology,location of the primary tumor,extra-hepatic or extra-abdominal disease,as well as liver tumor burden and metastatic distribution should be considered.Because the liver is the most common site of metastasis and liver failure is the most common cause of death in patients with hepatic metastases,attention is centered here on debulking and other ablative techniques.Liver transplantation is rarely used for hepatic metastases but could be beneficial in a small subset of patients.Retrospective studies have demonstrated improvement in survival and symptoms after surgery for metastatic disease,but the lack of prospective randomized control trials significantly limits analysis of surgical benefits in patients with metastatic PanNETs.Conclusions:Surgery is the standard of care for localized PanNETs,while it remains controversial in metastatic disease.Many studies have shown a survival and symptomatic benefit to surgery and liver debulking in select g

关键词： Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors(PanNETs) liver tumor burden hepatic metastasis liver debulking DOTATATE

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