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Recent advancements in the B7/CD28 immune checkpoint families:new biology and clinical therapeutic strategies

Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2023年第7期20卷 694-713页

作者： Marc C.Pulanco Anne T.Madsen Ankit Tanwar devin T.corrigan Xingxing Zang Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkNY10461USA Department of Urology Albert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkNY10461USA Department of Oncology Albert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkNY10461USA Department of Medicine Albert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkNY10461USA

The B7/CD28 families of immune checkpoints play vital roles in negatively or positively regulating immune cells in homeostasis and various *** basic and clinical studies have revealed novel biology of the B7/CD28 families and new therapeutics for cancer *** this review,we discuss the newly discovered KIR3DL3/TMIGD2/HHLA2 pathways,PD-1/PD-L1 and B7-H3 as metabolic regulators,the glycobiology of PD-1/PD-L1,B7x(B7-H4)and B7-H3,and the recently characterized PD-L1/B7-1 *** also cover the tumor-intrinsic and-extrinsic resistance mechanisms to current anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapies in clinical ***,we review new immunotherapies targeting B7-H3,B7x,PD-1/PD-L1,and CTLA-4 in current clinical trials.

关键词： B7 family immune checkpoints metabolic regulators glycobiology therapy resistance

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The Effects of Low Intensity Endurance Activity on Various Physiological Parameters and Exercise Induced Oxidative Stress in Dogs

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014年第7期4卷 134-144页

作者： Janice L. Huntingford Corri B. Levine Debbie J. Mustacich devin corrigan Robert L. Downey Joseph J. Wakshlag Annamaet Petfood Company Sellersville PA USA Department of Clinical Sciences Cornell University Ithaca NY USA Essex Animal Hospital Essex Canada Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA

The study of canine athlete physiology has focused on endurance sled dog racing and high intensity short duration Greyhound racing, yet the number of dogs competing in low intensity endurance activities is rising due to the increased numbers of hunting and companion dog activities. There is little information on the physiological effect of longer duration low intensity endurance activities. We set out to evaluate the serum biochemistry, oxidative stress, and cortisol response before and after two consecutive days of exercise in ten healthy unconditioned male dogs. Exercise sessions consisted of 120 minutes on an exercise wheel at 11 km/hour on 2 consecutive days. Blood was collected at four time points: 24 hours pre-exercise (sample 1, Day 0, resting);2 min post-exercise on days 1 and 2, (samples 2 and 3, respectively);and 20 hours post-exercise, collected on day 3(sample 4). Hematocrit, blood gases, serum chemistry, uric acid, cortisol, and F2-isoprostanes were determined. Serum biochemistry and hematocrit suggested hemoconcentration, mild muscle damage and respiratory alkalosis during exercise, which was expected in the unconditioned canine athlete. In addition, plasma indices of oxidative damage (F2-isoprostanes) increased, as did plasma uric acid (an endogenous antioxidant). Importantly, similar to human studies, plasma F2-isoprostanes decreased 24 hours after exercise suggesting a protective effect of exercise. Serum cortisol concentrations were also markedly elevated at the end of exercise on both days suggesting that timing of sampling may play a role in interpreting cortisol results when looking at previous field studies.

关键词： Exercise Cortisol Isoprostane Dehydration Uric Acid

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