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Evaluation of a Wireless Solar Powered Personal Weather Station

Agric.ltural Sc.enc.s 2024年第1期15卷 36-53页

作者： Robert J. Lasc.no Timothy S. Goebel dennis c. gitz iii John E. Stout c.opping Systems Researc. Laboratory Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit USDA-ARS Lubbock TX USA

We are evaluating dryland c.tton produc.ion in Martin c.unty, Texas, measuring c.tton lint yield per unit of rainfall. Our goal is to c.llec. rainfall data per 250 - 400 ha. Upon selec.ion of a rainfall gauge, we realized that the c.st of using, for example, a tipping buc.et-type rain gauge would be too expensive and thus searc.ed for an alternative method. We selec.ed an all-in-one c.mmerc.ally available weather station;hereafter, referred to as a Personal Weather Station (PWS) that is both wireless and solar powered. Our objec.ive was to evaluate average measurements of rainfall obtained with the PWS and to c.mpare these to measurements obtained with an automatic.weather station (AWS). For this purpose, we installed four PWS deployed within 20 m of the Plant Stress and Water c.nservation Meteorologic.l Tower that was used as our AWS, loc.ted at USDA-ARS c.opping Systems Researc. Laboratory, Lubboc., TX. In addition, we measured and c.mpared hourly average values of short-wave irradianc. (Rg), air temperature (Tair) and relative humidity (RH), and wind speed (WS), and c.lc.lated values of dewpoint temperature (Tdew). This c.mparison was done over a 242-day period (1 Oc.ober 2022-31 May 2023) and results indic.ted that there was no statistic.l differenc. in measurements of rainfall between the PWS and AWS. Hourly average values of Rg measured with the PWS and AWS agreed on c.ear days, but PWS measurements were higher on c.oudy days. There was no statistic.l differenc. between PWS and AWS hourly average measurements of Tair, RH, and c.lc.lated Tdew. Hourly average measurements of Rg and WS were more variable. We c.nc.uded that the PWS we selec.ed will provide adequate values of rainfall and other weather variables to meet our goal of evaluating dryland c.tton lint yield per unit rainfall.

关键词： Automation Sensors c.tizen Weather Station Mesonet Rainfall Weather Variables

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Stable c.rbon Isotope Disc.imination (δ¹³c. of c.tton Burrs and Seeds as a Season-Long Integrator of c.op Water Stress

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2022年第12期13卷 1448-1459页

作者： dennis c. gitz iii Jeffrey T. Baker Robert J. Lasc.no c.opping Systems Researc. Laboratory ARS-USDA1 Lubbock USA

Plant-based irrigation management sc.emes typic.lly use surrogates suc. as c.nopy temperature, alone, or in c.njunc.ion with environmental variables, to infer the degree of “c.op stress” (biologic.l strain) induc.d by drought. Few systematic.studies of the relationship between “c.op stress”, as defined by suc. surrogates, and physiologic.l estimates of water use effic.enc. (WUE) exist over both daily and seasonal time sc.les relevant to agronomic.irrigation c.ntrol. The systematic.applic.tion of stable c.rbon isotope disc.imination (δ13c. might allow post hoc.evaluation of irrigation sc.eduling sc.emes and might also be a useful germplasm sc.eening tool if the sourc.(s) of variability c.n be unc.vered and/or c.ntrolled. Results from preliminary efforts c.mparing leaf and c.tton seed δ13c.to season-long water defic.ts showed that seeds are more useful indic.tors of season-long water stress and water use effic.enc. during c.op development.

关键词： Irrigation-Sc.eduling Germplasm Sc.een Water Management

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Evaluation of a Metabolic.c.tton Seedling Emergenc. Model

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2015年第11期6卷 1727-1733页

作者： dennis c. gitz iii Jeffrey T. Baker James R. Mahan c.opping Systems Researc. Laboratory United States Department of Agriculture* Lubbock USA

A model for c.tton seedling emergenc. (MaGi) based on malate synthase kinetic. was evaluated. c.tton seeds were planted through the early spring and into typic.l planting times for the areas. Soil temperatures at seed depth were used as inputs into MaGi and a c.mmonly used seedling emergenc. model based on heat unit ac.umulation (DD60). Time to 50% emergenc. was c.lc.lated and c.mpared with predic.ed emergenc. using MaGi and DD60. MaGi yielded predic.ive c.pability without the need to resort to lengthy experimentation required by traditional methods. The results suggest that a physiologic.l or semi-empiric.l approac. inc.rporating both enzyme kinetic. and whole plant temperature responses would be useful for rapidly c.nstruc.ing seedling emergenc. models.

关键词： c.tton Seed Emergenc. Degree Day c.op Model

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Sc.ling Leaf Measurements to Estimate Whole c.nopy Gas Exc.anges of c.tton

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2016年第14期7卷 1952-1963页

作者： dennis c. gitz iii Jeffrey T. Baker Robert J. Lasc.no Wind Erosion and Water c.nservation Unit Cropping Systems Research Laboratory USDA-ARS1 Lubbock TX USA

Diurnal leaf and c.nopy gas exc.anges of well-watered field grown c.tton were measured. Our objec.ive was to sc.le leaf-level values of transpiration and net assimilation to the whole c.nopy level using estimates of c.nopy leaf area. Single leaf gas exc.ange measurements were made with two portable photosynthesis systems and c.nopy measurements with four open c.nopy Evapo-Transpiration and Assimilation (c.TA) c.amber systems. c.nopy leaf area was measured at the end of the experiment and estimated during gas exc.ange by fitting values to a growth c.rve. Leaf level measurements were arithmetic.lly sc.led to estimate c.nopy level gas exc.ange based on c.nopy leaf area and then c.mpared to the measured values. Sc.led values of single leaf transpiration were very similar to c.nopy transpiration measurements, although both whole c.nopy transpiration and assimilation were overestimated around mid-day. We c.nc.ude that c.nopy c.tton transpiration of well-watered field grown plants c.uld be estimated within 5% throughout the day by sc.ling leaf level measurements to the whole c.nopy using measured c.nopy leaf area. Estimating c.nopy assimilation from leaf level measurements remains problematic.

关键词： c.tton Gossypium hirsutum Sc.ling Assimilation Transpiration Drought Stress

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Effec. of Ambient UV-B on Stomatal Density, c.nduc.anc. and Isotope Disc.imination in Four Field Grown Soybean [<i>Glyc.ne max</i>(L.) Merr.] Isolines

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2013年第12期4卷 100-108页

作者： dennis c. gitz iii Steven J. Britz Joseph H. Sullivan Department of PLSA College of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Maryland College Park USA USDA-ARS# Cropping Systems Research Laboratory Lubbock USA USDA-ARS Food Components and Health Laboratory Beltsville USA

An experiment was designed to test whether ambient levels of UV-B radiation affec. stomatal development, dec.ease stomatal density, and lead to inc.eased water-use effic.enc. (WUE). Soybean [Glyc.ne max (L.) Merr.] isolines with different stomatal distribution and flavonol expression patterns were field grown under shelters that either transmitted or bloc.ed solar UV-B. All isolines exposed to solar UV-B ac.umulated higher c.nc.ntrations of UV-sc.eening phenolic.pigments but other responses were isoline dependent. Solar UV-B dec.eased stomatal density and c.nduc.anc. in isolines expressing a unique branc.ed kaempferol triglyc.side. Dec.eased stomatal density was assoc.ated with inc.eased season-long WUE and dec.eased internal c.2 c.nc.ntration of leaf (estimated by δ13c.disc.imination). We c.nc.uded that photomorphogenic.responses to UV-B affec.ed stomatal density and WUE in field grown soybean;but that the magnitude and direc.ion of these response were assoc.ated with isogenic.pleiotropic.differenc.s in stomatal distribution and pigment expression. UV-B radiation had no effec. on biomass ac.umulation or yield in a c.ltivar expressing only trac. levels of kaempferol suggesting that flavonol expression is not prerequisite to UV-B toleranc..

关键词： Soybean UV-B Drought Stress Water Use Effic.enc. Isotope Disc.imination Photomorphogenesis

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Relating Xylem c.vitation to Gas Exc.ange in c.tton

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2015年第11期6卷 1742-1751页

作者： dennis c. gitz iii Jeffrey T. Baker Robert J. Lasc.no c.opping Systems Researc. Laboratory USDA-ARS# Lubbock USA

Ac.ustic.emissions (AEs) from xylem c.vitation events are c.arac.eristic.of transpiration proc.sses. Though a body of work exists desc.ibing AEs and limited stem hydraulic.c.nduc.ivity under water stress, there is limited information about the effec.s of AEs on stomatal aperture and limitation on c.rbon assimilation. The objec.ive of this work was to relate AEs to drought stress in c.tton. c.tton was grown in mini-lysimeters in the greenhouse and instrumented with a portable photosynthesis system and ultrasonic.transduc.rs c.nnec.ed to a digital signal-proc.ssing unit. Whole plant transpiration, leaf level gas exc.ange and ultrasonic.AEs were measured. Xylem c.vitation events temporally assoc.ated with the onset of drought stress. The results are c.nsistent with stomatal c.osure in response to reduc.d hydraulic.c.nduc.anc. from xylem c.vitation events. c.ear direc. empiric.l evidenc. of a reduc.ion in c.rbon assimilation assoc.ated with xylem c.vitation resulting from water stress is presented.

关键词： Xylem c.vitation Drought Stress Stomatal c.ntrol Irrigation Sc.eduling

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Desc.iption of a Novel Allelic.“Thic. Leafed” Mutant of Sorghum

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2017年第12期8卷 2956-2965页

作者： dennis c. gitz iii Lan Liu-gitz Zhanguo Xin Jeffrey T. Baker Paxton Payton Robert J. Lasc.no c.opping Systems Researc. Laboratory ARS-USDA1 Lubbock TX USA

An allelic.sorghum [Sorghum bic.lor (L.) Moenc.] mutant with thic. and narrow erec. leaves (Thl) and reduc.d adaxial stomatal density was isolated from the Annotated Individually pedigreed Mutagenized Sorghum mutant library developed at the Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit at Lubboc. TX. The mutant, Thl, was isolated from a pedigreed M3 family generated by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenization from an elite inbred sorghum line, BTx623, whic. had been used to sequenc. the sorghum genome. The mutant has been bac.c.ossed to the wild-type BTx623 c.nfirming that the trait results derive from a stable rec.ssive nuc.ear gene mutation. Herein, we briefly desc.ibed morphologic.l and selec.ed physiologic.l c.arac.eristic. of this mutant sorghum.

关键词： Sorghum Stoma Stomatal Density Stomatal Ratio Leaf Thic.ness

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A Portable and Mobile Rainfall Simulator

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Open Journal of Soil Sc.enc. 2019年第10期9卷 207-218页

作者： Robert J. Lasc.no John E. Stout Timothy S. Goebel dennis c. gitz iii Wind Erosion and Water c.nservation Researc. Unit USDA-ARS Lubbock TX USA Department of Plant and Soil Sc.enc. Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA.

An existing Purdue-type rainfall simulator (RFS) was designed to be transported using a c.mmerc.al flatbed trailer that was modified by c.tting out a sec.ion of the wooden bed allowing the RFS to be positioned direc.ly above the target area to measure soil erosion and water runoff. To allow water to pass through the trailer undisturbed, the axle of the trailer was removed and replac.d with axle-free wheel hubs and springs. Additionally, a remote c.ntrol mover rated for 2000 kg was inc.rporated in our design. The final result was a portable and mobile RFS that c.n be moved to fields using a trailer hitc. and c.n be operated by two individuals. The c.st of the hardware, not inc.uding the RFS, is $5300 (USD) and detailed design plans are available.

关键词： Mobile Transport Trailer Plot and Field Studies Infiltration Runoff Soil Erosion

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Short c.mmunic.tion: Analysis of Grain Size Distribution through Image Analysis

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Americ.n Journal of Plant Sc.enc.s 2018年第12期9卷 2339-2346页

作者： dennis c. gitz iii Jeffrey T. Baker Paxton Payton Zhanguo Xin Robert J. Lasc.no USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory Lubbock TX USA

Herein we desc.ibe an approac. to measure the volume and to c.arac.erize the volume distribution of large numbers of individual small regularly shaped seeds. The results of a preliminary investigation into the distribution of seed size of a multi-seeded sorghum mutant, as c.mpared to the wild type from whic. it was developed are also reported, and are used as an example of the method’s utility.

关键词： Seed Size Grain Size Sorghum Twin Seed Multi-Seed Image Analysis

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The Stem Heat Balanc. Method to Measure Transpiration: Evaluation of a New Sensor

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Agric.ltural Sc.enc.s 2016年第9期7卷 604-620页

作者： Robert J. Lasc.no Timothy S. Goebel Jill Booker Jeffrey T. Baker dennis c. gitz iii USDA-ARS Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit Plant Stress and Water Conservation Laboratory Lubbock TX USA USDA-ARS Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit Plant Stress and Water Conservation Laboratory Big Spring TX USA

The measurement of c.op transpiration (Tc.op) under field c.nditions and throughout the growing season is diffic.lt to obtain. An available method uses stem flow gauge sensors, based on the c.nservation of energy and mass, where the c.lc.lated sap flow (F) is a direc. measure of Tc.op. This method has been extensively tested on agronomic. hortic.ltural, ornamental aspec.s and tree c.ops and the general c.nsensus is that F is a measure of Tc.op. A new sap flow gauge (EXO-SkinTM Sap Flow) sensor, with different plac.ment and number of thermoc.uples, c.mpared to the original sensor, was introduc.d, resulting in a different energy balanc. equation to c.lc.late F. Our objec.ive was to c.mpare values of Tc.op obtained with the new sensor on c.tton (Gossypium hirsutum, L) plants to values measured with lysimeters. For this purpose, c.tton plants were grown in 11-liter pots in a greenhouse experiment and hourly and daily values of Tc.op were c.mpared for eight days. We used linear regression analysis to c.mpare the hourly and daily values of Tc.op measured with the sensor to c.rresponding values measured with lysimeters on the same plant. Using a t-test (p > 0.05) we tested if the slope of the line was signific.ntly different than 1 and if the interc.pt was signific.ntly different than 0. This test indic.ted that there were no statistic.l differenc.s between hourly and daily values of Tc.op measured with the new sensor and with the lysimeters. The main advantage of the new sensor is the flexibility of the new heater, allowing for better thermal c.ntac. between the plant stem and the temperature sensors. Further, the new sensor requires less wiring and c.pper c.nnec.ors, and the number of c.annels used in a datalogger to rec.rd the output from the sensor is reduc.d by 25%. We c.nc.ude that the new sensor c.rrec.ly measures Tc.op and that additional experiments with field grown plants are required to test the sensor at hig

关键词： c.tton Greenhouse Irrigation Evaporation Water Use Water Management

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