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Evaporation and CO_(2)fluxes in a coastal reef:an eddy covariance approach

Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2017年第10期3卷 1-21页

作者： A.Camilo Rey-Sánchez Gil Bohrer Timothy H.Morin dekel shlomo Golnazalsadat Mirfenderesgi Hezi Gildor Amatzia Genin Department of Civil Environmental and Geodetic EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Department of Environmental Resources Engineering State University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNYUSA The Fredy&Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences the Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences of Eilat Coral BeachEilatIsrael department ofDepartment of Ecology Evolution&BehaviorSilverman Institute of Life Sciencesthe Hebrew University of JerusalemEilatIsrael ecologyevolution&behaviorsilverman institute of life sciencesthe hebrew university of jerusalemeilatisrael

Introduction:We conducted season-long observations of evaporation and carbon flux at the Gulf of Aqaba coast,northern Red Sea.We used the eddy-covariance method with a two-tower setup to measure evaporation rates over land and sea and the advection between them.Using a three-dimensional mass balance approach,we calculated total evaporation as the sum of two main components in our site:horizontal advection and turbulent vertical flux,with half-hourly change of water vapor storage and horizontal flux divergence found to be negligible.Outcomes:Average evaporation rates were 11.4[mm/day]from April through May(early summer)and 10.5[mm/day]from June through August(summer).The coastal reef was a CO_(2)sink over the period of measurements,significantly higher in June through August than in April through May.The main environmental drivers of CO_(2)flux were humidity,water temperature,sensible heat flux,and wind speed.Discussion:The rates of evaporation near the shore were considerably higher than values reported in other studies typically used to represent the mean for the whole Gulf area.We found that evaporation rates computed by common bulk models approximate the mean values of evaporation but have poor representativeness of the intra-daily temporal variation of evaporation.There was a significant correlation between CO_(2)flux and evaporation attributed to common environmental drivers of gas diffusion,turbulent fluxes,and horizontal transport.Conclusion:We conclude that observations of fluxes in coastal waters need to use at least a two-tower system to account for the effect of horizontal advection on the total flux.

关键词： Evaporation coral reef carbon flux advection eddy covariance

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The Effect of the Light Intensity and Light Distances of LED and QTH Curing Devices on the Hardness of Two Light-Cured Nano-Resin Composites

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2015年第11期6卷 1071-1083页

作者： Pnina Segal Diva Lugassy Eitan Mijiritsky Michal dekel Ariel Ben-Amar Zeev Ormianer shlomo Matalon Department of Oral Rehabilitation School of Dental Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel-Aviv Israel

Background: Effective polymerization of the composite resin is essential to obtain long term clinical success and has a great importance obtaining improved mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of the light intensity of LED and QTH curing devices in relation to the light distances, on the hardness (KHN) of two light cure nano-resin composite. Material and Methods: The top and bottom surfaces of the two nanofill composite specimens were evaluated. Two LED and two QTH light curing devices were used at nine different distances. Light intensity was measured with two radiometers placed at these same distances from the curing tip. 360 pvc dies were prepared with circular cavity 3 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick. The tested materials were placed in each cavity. The different light curing distances were standardized by adding pvc spacers dies at different height matching the different distances. Top and bottom surface microhardness were evaluated with a Micro Hardness Tester in knoop hardness numbers (Kg/mm2). Data were statistically analyzed using: Three-way ANOVA, Tukey and Pearsons test. Results: It was revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in microhardness between the composites (p < 0.001), between the nine distances (p < 0.001) and between the four light curing devices (p < 0.001). Increasing the distance of the light source from composite resin, the light intensity and the microhardness values at the top and bottom surface decrease. LED light curing devices produced a greater microhardness results at the bottom surface of the specimens. The Filtek Ultimate nanocomposite (3 m) showed highest microhardness values on the top and bottom surfaces, polymerized with all four curing devices and all nine distances compared to Empress Direct nano composite (Ivoclar vivadent). Clinical significant: Even with high power LED curing light, the distance between the tip of the light source and the restoration surface should be as close as possible. In this study, Filtek

关键词： Light-Curing Devices Nano-Filled Resin Composites Microhardness

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