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Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2014年第12期26卷 2412-2422页

作者： Yong Tang Yuanlong Huang Ling Li Hong Chen Jianmin Chen Xin Yang Song Gao deborah S.gross Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan University Fudan-Tyndall Center Fudan University Division of Math Science and Technology Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL 33314 USA Department of Chemistry Carleton College Northfield MN 55057 USA

Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer（CRD-AES） and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer（ATOFMS）was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction,scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air *** particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind *** with high extinction coefficient and scattering Angstrom exponent（SAE） were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon（ECOC） particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo（SSA） and elemental carbon（EC） signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation（r =-0.87） between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.

关键词： Aerosol optical properties Chemical composition CRDS ATOFMS

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Effect of pneumatic compression therapy on lymph movement in lymphedema-affected extremities,as assessed by near-infrared fuorescence lymphatic imaging.

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Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 2017年第2期10卷 110-123页

作者： Melissa B.Aldrich deborah gross John Rodney Morrow Caroline E.Fife John C.Rasmussen Center for Molecular Imaging The Brown Institute for Molecular Medicine UTHealth HoustonTexasUSA Mego Afek/Lympha Press USA Freehold New JerseyUSA CHI St.Luke's Health The Woodlands Hospital The Woodlands TexasUSA

Previous studies have shown cost effectiveness and quality-of-life benefit of pneumatic compression therapy(PCT)for lymphedema(LE).Insurers,such as the Centers for Medicare/Medicaid(CMS),however,desire visual proof that PCT moves *** infrared fuorescence lymphatic imaging(NIRFLI)was used to visualize lymphatic anatomy and function in four subjects with primary and cancer treatment-related LE of the lower extremities before,during,and after *** transparent and windowed PCT garments allowed visualization of lymph movement during single,1h PCT treatment *** revealed significant extravascular and lymphatic vascular movement of intradermally injected dye in all *** one subject with sufficient patent lymphatic vessels to allow quantification of lymph pumping velocities and frequencies,these values were significantly increased during and after PCT as compared to pre-treatment *** contractile activity in patent lymphatic vessels occurred in concert with the sequential cycling of *** visualization revealed increased lymphatic function,during and after PCT therapy,in all LE-affected *** studies are warranted to assess the effects of PCT pressure and sequences on lymph uptake and movement.

关键词： Lymphedema pneumatic compression therapy near-infrared fAuorescence

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Online single particle analysis of chemical composition and mixing state of crop straw burning particles： from laboratory study to field measurement

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2016年第2期10卷 244-252页

作者： Juntao HUO Xiaohui LU Xinning WANG Hong CHEN Xingnan YE Song Gao deborah S. gross Jianmin CHEN Xin YANG Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China Division of Math Science and Technology Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL 33314 USA Department of Chemistry Carleton College Northfield MN 55057 USA Fudan-Tyndall Center Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China

Fresh straw burning （SB） particles were generated in the laboratory by the combustion of rice straw and corn straw. The chemical composition and mixing state of the fresh SB particles were investigated by an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer （ATOFMS）. Based on the mass spectral patterns, the SB particles were clustered into four major types： Salt, Organic Carbon （OC）, Elemental Carbon （EC）, and internally mixed particles of EC and OC （EC-OC）. In addition, particles containing ash, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals or nicotine were also observed. Physical and chemical changes of the SB particles immediately after the emission were analyzed with highly time-resolved data. During the aging processes, the average particle size increased steadily. Freshly emitted organic compounds were gradu- ally oxidized to more oxygenated compounds in the OC- containing particles. Meanwhile, an important displace- ment reaction （2KCI＋ SO24- KzSO4 ＋ 2C1-） was observed. The marker ions for SB particles were optimized and applied to identify the SB particles in the ambient atmosphere. The fluctuation of the number fraction of ambient SB particles sorted by ATOFMS agrees well with that of water soluble K＋ measured by an online ion chromatography, demonstrating that the optimized marker ions could be good tracers for SB particles in field measurements.

关键词： crop straw burning particles mixing state,aging process ATOFMS ion markers

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WATER EFFICIENCY MEASURES AT EMORY UNIVERSITY

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Journal of Green Building 2010年第2期5卷 41-54页

作者： Dennis F.Lynch deborah K.Dietsch Ayers/Saint/gross

Higher education institutions are implementing environmentally friendly practices as never *** to a 2009 survey undertaken by the Sustainable Endowments Institute,a nonprofit organization based in Cambridge,Massachusetts,more than 300 colleges and universities have become greener over the past few years despite tighter budgets and widely fluctuating energy ***-quarters of these schools have adopted green building policies and about 44 percent have at least one LEED-certified building or are in the process of constructing *** University in suburban Druid Hills outside Atlanta,Georgia,is one of the more forward-looking of these *** 2005,university president James Wagner began the greening of the 600-acre campus by forming a committee to develop an environmental agenda for guiding the institution’s *** following year,Emory opened an Office of Sustainability Initiatives to implement this *** university’s long-term goals include reducing campus energy use by 25 percent per square foot and food,materials,and electronic wastes by 65 percent per square foot—all by ***,the installation of water-saving fixtures and irrigation in accordance with drought restrictions helped to reduce water consumption by 12 percent between 2007 and *** part of its eco-friendly policy,Emory now requires all new structures on campus to earn a LEED silver rating from the *** Building *** far,the university has achieved LEED certification of 13 buildings on campus—5 gold,5 silver,and 3 certified,including classroom,administrative,research,and healthcare *** addition,six completed or nearly completed buildings are awaiting LEED *** Saint gross Architects and Planners of Baltimore helped to boost the sustainability at Emory,beginning in 1998 with a master plan for the *** firm updated this strategy in 2005 just as the university began studying ways of becoming *** to this man

关键词： rainwater harvesting graywater stormwater management sustainability student housing residence hall design

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