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Factors influencing the establishment of dominance hierarchies of the grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus

Current Zoology 2010年第1期56卷 18-35页

作者： david w.cleveland Kari L.LAVALLI College of General Studies Division of Natural Sciences & Mathematics Boston University

Unlike other balistids, grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus occur in social groups in subtropical reef assemblages and have been noted to cooperate in capturing large crustacean prey. The objective of this study were to determine the structure of dominance hierarchies of these social groups and the factors that influence hierarchies of wild-caught grey triggerfish in a natu- ralistic setting. From observations of four groups of triggerfish （n = 19 fish） in both dyad and group （4 - 5 fish） settings, we provide a description of triggerfish behaviors and coloration patterns and an explanation of the social context in which suites of behaviors are used by dominant, middle-ranking, and subordinate fish. Sixteen behaviors and nine coloration patterns were noted for grey triggerfish. Grey triggerfish groups form linear hierarchies in both dyads and groups as measured by Landau＇s lndex of Linearity （h = 1.0 for Groups 1, 3, and 4 and h = 0.95 for Group 2 in dyads; h = 1.0 for all groups in group settings）. Dyadic hierarchies, however, were not necessarily good predictors of the hierarchies found in larger group settings, as they only predicted two of the four group hierarchies. Sex played no role in influencing status or behavior. Size had the greatest influence on domi- nance status, with larger fish being more dominant than smaller fish. An individual＇s dominance ranking influenced both body coloration and posture. These results suggest that color patterns and body postures may also be used by observers as an indicator of an individual＇s social status in groups [Current Zoology 56 （1）： 18-35, 2010].

关键词： Grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus Balistids Dominance hierarchies Status Rank Behavior

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Cultivating potential:Harnessing plant stem cells for agricultural crop improvement

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Molecular Plant 2024年第1期17卷 50-74页

作者： Penelope Lindsay Kyle w.Swentowsky david Jackson Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring HarborNY 11724USA National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China

Meristems are stem cell-containing structures that produce all plant organs and are therefore important targets for crop *** regulators control the balance and rate of cell divisions within the *** these regulators impacts meristem architecture and,as a consequence,plant *** this review,we discuss genes involved in regulating the shoot apical meristem,inflorescence meristem,axillary meristem,root apical meristem,and vascular cambium in *** highlight several examples showing how crop breeders have manipulated developmental regulators to modify meristem growth and alter crop traits such as inflorescence size and branching *** transformation techniques are another innovation related to plant meristem research because they make crop genome engineering *** discuss recent advances on plant transformation made possible by studying genes controlling meristem ***,we conclude with discussions about how meristem research can contribute to crop improvement in the coming decades.

关键词： meristem crop improvement plant transformation plant breeding crop yield gene editing

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Origins of perturbations in dayside equatorial ground magnetograms

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第1期8卷 215-221页

作者： Syau-Yun w.Hsieh david G.Sibeck The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LaurelMarylandUSA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center GreenbeltMarylandUSA

To determine the cause(s)of perturbations seen in dayside equatorial ground magnetograms,we conducted a systematic survey of simultaneous ground-based and geosynchronous satellite-based observations during the 90-day period from December 1,2020 to February 28,*** examined Huancayo ground magnetometer observations from 14:00:00 to 20:00:00 UT each day,during which Huancayo passed through local *** those data we chose perturbation events selected on the basis of large(>20 nT)event amplitude and classified the selected events as responding primarily to solar wind pressure,or to variations in the north/south component of the interplanetary magnetic field(IMF Bz),or perhaps in part to *** results show that an equivalent number of events were identified for each model during this 90-day *** in the lagged solar wind dynamic pressure routinely correspond to nearly simultaneous sudden impulses recorded at both geosynchronous orbit and on the *** in IMF Bz produce erosion signatures at geosynchronous orbit and can correspond to ground events if lag times for reconnection to enhance convection in the magnetosphere are taken into account.

关键词： dayside magnetosphere dayside equatorial ionosphere geosynchronous magnetic field

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A Dynamic Network Game of the Fintech Industry

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Journal of the Operations Research Society of China 2024年第1期12卷 5-33页

作者： david w.K.Yeung Leon A.Petrosyan Ying-Xuan Zhang SRS Consortium for Advanced Study in Cooperative Dynamic Games Shue Yan UniversityHong KongChina Center of Game Theory St Petersburg State UniversitySaint PetersburgRussia Department of Finance Asia UniversityTaichung CityTaiwanChina Faculty of Applied Mathematics-Control Processes and Center of Game Theory St Petersburg StateUniversitySaint PetersburgRussia

Economies of scale,economies of scope,and technology spillover are decisive eco-nomic elements that are crucial to the development in the Fintech *** externalities are often realized through network *** this paper,we presenta dynamic network ofﬁnancialﬁrms which exhibits these decisive *** game equilibria are characterized.A Pareto efﬁcient solution involving col-laboration of allﬁrms is *** obtain a fair-share distribution of cooperativegains,the Shapley value is adopted as the sharing *** distributionmechanisms which guarantee the fulﬁlment of the Shapley value distribution in eachstage of the cooperation duration are derived.

关键词： Network game Network equilibria Shapley value Pareto efﬁcientcooperation

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Coating powder beds with liquids and foams based on viscous formulations using a twin screw mixer:A continuous process study

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Particuology 2024年第10期93卷 364-376页

作者： Mohamed S.Manga Dimitrios Kontziampasis Mustafa Al-Maqdad Sean Clifford Serafim Bakalis david w.York School of Chemical and Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK School of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK School of Science and Engineering University of DundeeDD14HNDundeeScotlandUK Dundee International Institute of Central South University Tongzipo RoadCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410013China Department of Chemical Engineering School of EngineeringUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNE17RUUK School of Chemical Engineering University of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUK Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamNG72RDUK

Coating with viscous formulations has been essential in numerous industries as it can be a means for providing functionalization, additional properties, as well as other benefits. However, there have been scarce studies that have investigated and proposed methodologies in literature. Continuous coating of powders with viscous liquids poses as a promising technology, which has been mentioned in some studies, but has not yet been thoroughly investigated. This paper employs the use of image processing and analysis, in combination with statistical analysis of particles to evaluate the effectiveness of foams and liquids as a means of coating powder beds. Two different sizes of twin screw mixers that are working in continuous operation are employed, and a new continuous foaming device is fabricated and used for the experiments of coating. The effect of materials and process parameters (as for example rotational speed, and flowrate) on the quality of coating are investigated. Image analysis is used to assess the coating quality. The results clearly showcase the potential of using twin screw mixers for coating purposes and not only for mixing. The hypothesis that using large bubble foams to improve the coating of viscous liquids on particles is proven correct, as they provide higher quality coatings compared to their equivalent liquids, when used in the twin screw mixer. Surprisingly, using a larger scale twin screw mixer, does not show a substantial effect on the mixing, regarding quality, however there is still a requirement for mix optimization for achieving scale-up of this process. These results provide a new pathway for coating powders with viscous formulations in industrial applications, requiring less energy and effort in this process, and can pave the way towards introducing more sustainable industrial methodologies for coating.

关键词： Powder coating Continuous processing Viscous liquid Foam Image analysis Positron emission particle traking(PEPT)

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Late Ordovician Mass Extinction: Earth, fire and ice

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National Science Review 2024年第1期11卷 51-65页

作者： david A.T.Harper Palaeoecosystems Group Department of Earth SciencesDurham University

The Late Ordovician Mass Extinction was the earliest of the ‘big’ five extinction events and the earliest to affect the trajectory of metazoan life. Two phases have been identified near the start of the Hirnantian period and in the middle. It was a massive taxonomic extinction, a weak phylogenetic extinction and a relatively benign ecological extinction. A rapid cooling, triggering a major ice age that reduced the temperature of surface waters, prompted a drop in sea level of some 100 m and introduced toxic bottom waters onto the shelves. These symptoms of more fundamental planetary processes have been associated with a range of factors with an underlying driver identified as volcanicity. Volcanic eruptions, and other products, may have extended back in time to at least the Sandbian and early Katian, suggesting the extinctions were more protracted and influential than hitherto documented.

关键词： Ordovician LOME paleoecology palaeobiogeography biotas

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One-dimensional monotone nonautonomous dynamical systems

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Science China Mathematics 2024年第2期67卷 281-314页

作者： david Cheban Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied MathematicsMoldova State UniversityChisinau 2009Moldova

This work is devoted to the study of the dynamics of one-dimensional monotone nonautonomous(cocycle) dynamical systems. A description of the structures of their invariant sets, omega limit sets,Bohr/Levitan almost periodic and almost automorphic motions, global attractors, and pinched and minimalsets is given. An application of our general results is given to scalar differential and difference equations.

关键词： one-dimensional dynamics pinched and minimal sets global attractors monotone nonautonomous cocycle almost periodic solutions scalar differential/difference equations

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Kerogen Kinetic Distributions and Simulations Provide Insights into Petroleum Transformation Fraction (TF) Profiles of Organic-Rich Shales

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第3期35卷 747-757页

作者： david A.wood DwA Energy Limited Lincoln LN59JPUnited Kingdom

Two hundred and fifty single first-order Arrhenius reactions are simulated to generate S2 pyrograms at three heating rates 25,15,and 5°C·*** activation energy(E)and pre-exponential factor(A)of the reactions simulated follow a long-established trend of those variable values displayed by shales and *** characteristics of the transformation fraction(TF)profiles(product generation window temperatures)of the simulated single reactions are compared to the TF profiles of recorded shale pyrograms generated by multiple reactions with different E-A values lying near the defined E-A *** similarities and differences are observed between the TF profile values of the two *** similarities support the spread of E-A values involved in shale pyrogram best *** differences are most likely explained by the complexity of the multiple kerogen first-order and second-order reactions contributing to the recorded shale pyrograms versus the simplicity and crispness of the single first-order reactions *** results also justify the validity of using the previously described“variable E-A pyrogram-fitting method”of multi-heating-rate shale pyrograms enabling optimizers to choose multiple reactions from an unlimited range of E-A *** contrast,further doubt is cast on the validity of the constant-A pyrogram-fitting method used by the Easy%Ro technique,in that a distribution of reactions with a single A value is unlikely to represent the complex variety of kerogen macerals observed in shale *** profiles generated by the variable E-A pyrogram-fitting method lie close to the established E-A trend and are likely to provide more realistic TF generation window temperatures than TF profiles generated by the constant-A pyrogram-fitting method.

关键词： transformation fraction profiles simulated S2 pyrograms multiple heating rates kerogen/shale kinetics S2 pyrogram fitting techniques kerogen petroleum research.

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Analysis of ancient mass extinction recoveries in marine environments: generating strategies for managing outcomes of the current mass extinction

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National Science Review 2024年第1期11卷 8-10页

作者： david J.Bottjer Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California

The defining feature of a mass extinction and its associated recovery is the global amount of extinction that occurred[1]. However, there is finer-scale detail to the story, as seen in the ongoing modern mass extinction(the sixth mass extinction), which exhibits variable effects among marine ecosystems and environments, and hence geographic areas [1].

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Current state-of-the-art review of footwear–ground friction

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Friction 2024年第10期12卷 2188-2204页

作者： david REBENDA Tomáš SÁHA Footwear Research Centre University InstituteTomas Bata University in ZlinZlin 76001Czech Republic Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Brno University of TechnologyBron 61600Czech Republic

The most important role of footwear is to ensure safe,functional walking,and foot *** the proper functionality of not only the work shoes,the anti-slip behavior of the shoe under various conditions and environments plays an important role in the prevention of slips,trips,falls,and consequent *** article is intended to review the current understanding of the frictional mechanisms between shoe outsoles and various counterfaces that impact the evaluation of outsole *** research focuses on the mechanisms driving outsole friction on different ground surfaces or the definition and description of parameters that influence outsole ***,the review discusses the effect of various surface contaminants on footwear ***,challenges and outlooks in the field of footwear outsoles are briefly mentioned.

关键词： shoe outsole composite slipperiness coefficient of friction(COF) adhesion safe walk

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