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Spr.ng peeper. Pseudacr.s cr.cifer.modify their.call str.ctur. in r.sponse to noise

Cur.ent Zoology 2014年第4期60卷 438-448页

作者： Dalai E. L. HANNA david r. wilson Gabr.el BLOUIN-DEMEr. Daniel J. MENNILL Depar.ment of Biological Sciences McGill University Montr6al Qu6bec. H3A 1B 1 Canada Depar.ment of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada Depar.ment of Biology University of Ottawal Ottawa Oniario KIN 6N5 Canada Depar.ment of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada

Acoustic inter.er.nce can impede effective communication that is impor.ant for.sur.ival and r.pr.duction of animals. In r.sponse to acoustic inter.er.nce, some animals can impr.ve signalling efficacy by alter.ng the str.ctur. of their.signals. In this study, we played ar.ificial noise to 46 male spr.ng peeper. Pseudacr.s cr.cifer. on their.br.eding gr.unds, and tested whether.the noise affected the dur.tion, call r.te, and peak fr.quency of their.adver.isement calls. We used two exper.mental noise tr.atments that masked either.the high- or.low-fr.quency components of an aver.ge adver.isement call; this allowed us to evaluate whether.fr.gs adaptively shift the peak fr.quency of their.calls away fr.m both types of inter.er.nce. Our.playback tr.atments caused spr.ng peeper. to pr.duce shor.er.calls, and the high-fr.quency noise tr.atment caused them to lower.the fr.quency of their.calls immediately after.the noise ceased. Call r.te did not change in r.sponse to playback. Consistent with pr.vious studies, ambient temper.tur. was inver.ely r.lated to call dur.tion and positively r.lated to call r.te. We conclude that noise affects the str.ctur. of spr.ng peeper.adver.isement calls, and that spr.ng peeper. ther.for. have a mechanism for.alter.ng signal str.ctur. in r.sponse to noise. Futur. studies should test if other.types of noise, such as biotic or.anthr.pogenic noise, have similar.effects on call str.ctur., and if the obser.ed changes to call str.ctur. enhance or.impair.communication in noisy envir.nments [Cur.ent Zoology 60 （4）： 438-448, 2014].

关键词： Anur.ns Animal communication Acoustic communication Fr.quency Song str.ctur.

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r.fous-and-white wr.ns Thr.ophilus r.falbus do not exhibit a dear.enemy effects towar.s conspecific or.heter.specific competitor.

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Cur.ent Zoology 2015年第1期61卷 23-33页

作者： Matthew M. BATTISTON david r. wilson Br.ndan A. Gr.HAM Kr.stin A. KOVACH Daniel J. MENNILL Depar.ment of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada N9B 3P4

Many ter.itor.al animals exhibit r.duced aggr.ssion towar.s neighbour.. Known as ＂the dear.enemy effect＂, this phenomenon has been documented among conspecific animals acr.ss a wide r.nge of animal taxa. In theor., the dear.enemy ef- fect can also exist between individuals of differ.nt species, par.icular.y when those species compete for.shar.d r.sour.es. To date, a heter.specific dear.enemy effects has only been documented in ants. In this study, we test for.both a conspecific and heter.spe- cific dear.enemy effect in neotr.pical r.fous-and-white wr.ns Thr.ophilus r.falbus. This species competes for.r.sour.es with banded wr.ns Thr.ophilus pleur.stictus, a closely r.lated sympatr.c congener. We used acoustic playback to simulate r.f- ous-and-white wr.n and banded wr.n neighbour. and non-neighbour. at the edges of r.fous-and-white wr.n ter.itor.es. r.f- ous-and-white wr.ns r.sponded mor. str.ngly to signals fr.m their.own species, demonstr.ting that r.sident males discr.minate between conspecific and heter.specific r.vals. They did not, however. exhibit a conspecific dear.enemy effect. Fur.her. they did not exhibit a heter.specific dear.enemy effect. This could be due to neighbour. and non-neighbour. posing similar.levels of thr.at in this system, to the possibility that playback fr.m the edges of the subjects＇ lar.e ter.itor.es did not simulate a thr.atening signal, or.to other.factor.. Our.study pr.vides the fir.t test of a heter.specific dear.enemy effect in ver.ebr.tes, and pr.sents a valuable exper.mental appr.ach for.testing for.a heter.specific dear.enemy effect in other.animals [Cur.ent Zoology 61 （1）： 23-33, 2015].

关键词： Conspecific aggr.ssion Dear.enemy effect Heter.specific aggr.ssion Intr.-specific inter.ctions Inter.specific inter.ctions r.sour.e competition

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mr.A vaccines:a new er. in vaccine development

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Oncology r.sear.h 2024年第10期32卷 1543-1564页

作者： SHUBHr. CHANDr. JENNIFEr.C.wilson david GOOD MING Q.WEI School of Phar.acy&Medical Sciences Gold Coast campusGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQLD-4222Australia Menzies Health Institute Queensland(MHIQ) Gold Coast CampusGriffith UniversityBrisbaneQLD-4215Australia School of Allied Health Australian Catholic UniversityBrisbaneQLD-4014Australia

The advent of r.A ther.py,par.icular.y thr.ugh the development of mr.A cancer.vaccines,has usher.d in a new er. in the field of *** ar.icle pr.vides a concise over.iew of the key pr.nciples,r.cent advancements,and potential implications of mr.A cancer.vaccines as a gr.undbr.aking modality in cancer.*** cancer.vaccines r.pr.sent a r.volutionar. appr.ach to combatting cancer.by lever.ging the body’s innate immune *** vaccines ar. designed to deliver.specific mr.A sequences encoding cancer.associated antigens,pr.mpting the immune system to r.cognize and mount a tar.eted r.sponse against malignant *** per.onalized and adaptive natur. of mr.A vaccines holds immense potential for.addr.ssing the heter.geneity of cancer.and tailor.ng tr.atments to individual *** br.akthr.ughs in the development of mr.A vaccines,exemplified by the success of COVID-19 vaccines,have acceler.ted their.application in *** mr.A platfor.’s ver.atility allows for.the r.pid adaptation of vaccine candidates to var.ous cancer.types,pr.senting an agile and pr.mising avenue for.ther.peutic *** tr.als of mr.A cancer.vaccines have demonstr.ted encour.ging r.sults in ter.s of safety,immunogenicity,and *** candidates,such as BioNTech’s BNT111 and Moder.a’s mr.A-4157,have exhibited pr.mising outcomes in tar.eting melanoma and solid tumor.,*** successes under.cor. the potential of mr.A vaccines to elicit r.bust and dur.ble anti-cancer.immune *** the field holds gr.at pr.mise,challenges such as manufactur.ng complexities and cost consider.tions need to be addr.ssed for.widespr.ad *** development of scalable and cost-effective manufactur.ng pr.cesses,along with ongoing clinical r.sear.h,will be pivotal in r.alizing the full potential of mr.A cancer.***,mr.A cancer.vaccines r.pr.sent a cutting-edge ther.peutic appr.ach that holds the pr.mise of tr.nsfor.ing cancer.tr.atment.

关键词： Cancer.immunother.py Immune checkpoint Pr.ventive&ther.peutic vaccine Deliver. system mr.A

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Soil secur.ty and global food secur.ty

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Fr.ntier. of Agr.cultur.l Science and Engineer.ng 2024年第2期11卷 297-302页

作者： david r.MONTGOMEr. Depar.ment of Ear.h and Space Sciences University of Washington townSeattleWA 98105USA

Over.the cour.e of the postglacial per.od has managed to add degr.de a substantial por.ion of the wor.d's potential agr.cultur.l land. The soil loss and degr.dation that has r.peatedly impacted r.gional societies ar.und the wor.d r.sulted fr.m agr.cultur.l pr.ctices that incr.ased the physical loss of soil(er.sion), r.duced soil or.anic matter. changed p H(acidification) or.salinity,and disr.pted or.alter.d communities of soil life. In the coming centur., as continued soil degr.dation thr.atens global food secur.ty while the global population keeps r.sing it is imper.tive that far.er. develop and adopt soilhealth building(r.gener.tive) pr.ctices to solve a pr.blem that has plagued societies thr.ughout histor.. Gr.wing evidence suggests that agr.cultur.l systems that combine cover.cr.ps, r.duced tillage, and diver.e cr.p r.tations can r.duce er.sion, enhance soil health and r.build soil or.anic matter.to cultivate beneficial soil life and har.est both economic and envir.nmental benefits. In the coming post-oil wor.d, global food secur.ty would benefit fr.m a global effor. to pr.mote soil r.stor.tion to help addr.sses the challenge of sustainably feeding the wor.d, incr.ase soil-based car.on sequestr.tion,pr.tect on-far. biodiver.ity and r.duce off-far. water.pollution. Because soil secur.ty sets a solid foundation for.global food secur.ty, agr.cultur.l policies and subsidies should be r.for.ed to encour.ge far.er. to adopt r.gener.tive,soil-building pr.ctices.

关键词： Agr.cultur. soil secur.ty food secur.ty r.gener.tive

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r.view and Analysis: Evaluation of the Impacts and Consequences of Using Agr.cultur.l Her.icides as Militar. Chemical Weapons in Second Indochina War

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Open Jour.al of Soil Science 2024年第8期14卷 471-498页

作者： david r. Speidel Kenneth r. Olson USDA r.sour.e Conser.ationist and Agr.cultur.l Consultant with Natur.l r.sour.e Conservation Service and Foreign Agricultural Service Benton Missouri USA College of Agr.cultur.l Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The legacy of the human miser. caused by the application of the her.icides including Agent Pur.le and Agent Or.nge contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the ar.enic-based her.icide, spr.yed over.the jungles, r.ce fields, and hamlets of Vietnam is still haunting us today. Why did this happen? Could it have been pr.vented? Was it necessar. United States militar. str.tegy? Was it an intentional decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldier. and the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian civilians, to poison their.land and cause gener.tions of har.? Alter.atively, was it an unpr.ventable accident in the mar.h of militar. histor.? What patter.s in the U.S. gover.ment’s thought pr.cess could be identified as the cause, which led to the decision to use these her.icides as tactical chemical weapons? If the intr.duction of her.icide (chemical) weapons had not been made, would the outcome of the Vietnam War.and the Secr.t War. in Laos and Cambodia have been any differ.nt? The objective of this tr.atise is to outline the r.le of wor.d events and backgr.unds and the r.le of the leader., U.S. militar., CIA, USDA, U.S. State Depar.ment, the U.S. Pr.sident appointed Ambassador. to Vietnam and Laos, chemical companies, and Pr.sident Diệm’s r.public of Vietnam (r.N) gover.ment and militar.. Their.collective advice led to the decision to use her.icides as militar. and envir.nmental chemical weapons in the Second Indochina War. Wer. the National inter.sts achieved by U.S. militar. str.tegy in the r.N using her.icide weapons wor.h the long-ter. envir.nmental and human health consequences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos? Did it impact the outcome of the Second Indochina War.

关键词： Second Indochina War Cambodia Laos South Vietnam Vietnam War Tactical Her.icides Agent Blue Agent Or.nge Agent Pur.le Dioxin TCDD Ar.enic

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Hybr.d LES/r.NS Simulations of Compr.ssible Flow in a Linear.Cascade of Flat Blade Pr.files

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Jour.al of Ther.al Science 2024年第5期33卷 1839-1850页

作者： Jar.mír.Pr.HODA Petr.STr.KA david SIMUr.A Petr.SIDLOF Jan LEPICOVSKY Institute of Ther.omechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejskova 1402/518200 Prague 5Czech Republic Aer.space r.sear.h and Test Centr. Beranovych 13019905 PragueCzech Republic Technical Univer.ity of Liber.c Faculty of MechatronicsStudentska 246117 Liberec 1Czech Republic

The paper.r.por.s on 3D numer.cal simulations of unsteady compr.ssible air.low in a blade cascade consisting of flat pr.files using a hybr.d LES/r.NS appr.ach including a tr.nsition *** a fir.t step towar.s simulation of blade flutter.in tur.omachiner.,var.ous incidence angle offsets of the middle blade wer. *** simulations wer. r.n for.the flow r.gime char.cter.zed by outlet isentr.pic Mach number.M_(is)=0.5and zer. *** r.sults of the LES/r.NS simulations(pr.ssur. and Mach number.distr.butions)wer. compar.d to a baseline r.NS model,and to exper.mental data measur.d in a high-speed wind *** numer.cal r.sults show that both methods over.r.dict flow separ.tion taking place at the leading *** this r.gar.,the hybr.d LES/r.NS method does not pr.vide super.or.r.sults compar.d to the tr.ditional r.NS ***,the LES/r.NS r.sults also captur. vor.ex shedding fr.m the blunt tr.iling *** fr.quency of the tr.iling edge vor.ex shedding in CFD simulations matches per.ectly the spectr.l peak r.cor.ed dur.ng wind tunnel measur.ments.

关键词： numer.cal simulation blade cascade hybr.d LES/r.NS

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r.dent biology and ecologically based r.dent management(EBr.)-25 year. of pr.gr.ss thr.ugh pr.moting multidisciplinar. r.sear.h

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Integr.tive Zoology 2024年第1期19卷 2-7页

作者： Gr.nt r. SINGLETON Lyn A. HINDS r.odes MAKUNDI Steven r. BELMAIN Natur.l r.sour.es Institute University of Greenwich Kent UK CSIr. Health and Biosecur.ty Canberra ACT Australia Afr.can Centr. of Excellence for.Innovative r.dent Pest Management and Biosensor.Technology Development Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Institute of Pest Management Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania

“Dur.ng r.dent outbr.ak year. in easter. Afr.ca,lo-cally,mor. than 80%of the potential har.est may be lost,but even in non-outbr.ak per.ods,r.dents cause chr.nic damage to cr.ps….The pest r.dent stor. in Afr.ca in-volves sever.l species embedded in a br.ad and var.able landscape with highly var.able densities.”(Leir. et al.2010).

关键词： damage cr.ps

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Tigr.s, Euphr.tes, and Shatt Al-Ar.b r.ver.System: Histor.c and Moder. Attempts to Manage and r.stor. Ir.q’s Lifeline

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Open Jour.al of Soil Science 2024年第1期14卷 28-63页

作者： Kenneth r.y Olson david r. Speidel College of Agr.cultur.l Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA US Ar.y Ir.q Mosul Iraq For.ign Agr.cultur.l Ser.ice Mahmudiyah Iraq For.ign Agr.cultur.l Ser.ice Washington D.C. USA

In Ir.q, the pr.ncipal r.ver. ar. the Tigr.s, Shatt Al-Ar.b and Euphr.tes. Fr.m their.headwater.sour.es in the mountains of easter. Tür.iye, these r.ver. descend thr.ugh valleys and gor.es and flow into the uplands of Syr.a and nor.her. and centr.l alluvial plain of Ir.q. The Euphr.tes and Tigr.s r.ver. confluence to for. the Shatt Al-Ar.b r.ver.at Al-Qur.ah which flows into the Per.ian Gulf. Fr.m sour.es in the Zagr.s Mountains other.tr.butar.es join the Tigr.s fr.m the east. The Tigr.s and Euphr.tes r.ver. flow in a southeaster. dir.ction thr.ugh the centr.l plain and dischar.e into the Mesopotamian Mar.hes, which include per.anent mar.hes, lakes, and r.par.an habitat. The r.ver. and their.tr.butar.es dr.in an ar.a of 879,790 km2 which includes almost the entir. ar.a of Ir.q as well as land in Syr.a, Tür.iye, Kuwait and Ir.n. The r.gion has histor.cal impor.ance as par. of the Fer.ile Cr.scent r.gion and wher. Mesopotamian civilization fir.t emer.ed. The post war.r.constr.ction effor.s in the Yusifiyah township, an impor.ant food pr.duction r.gion for.Baghdad, illustr.te the impor.ance of these water.r.sour.es. In addition, the advent of soil tunnels by Ir.qi insur.ents within the r.ver.ne cor.idor. will make r.constr.ction of this r.sour.e mor. complex. The pr.mar. objectives of this study ar. to assess lessons lear.ed, manage, and r.stor. the Tigr.s, Euphr.tes, and Shatt Al-Ar.b r.ver.system lifeline in Ir.q.

关键词： Mesopotamian Shatt Al-Ar.b Ir.q Tigr.s Euphr.tes Baghdad Soil Tunnels Yusifiyah

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Single-atom Pt on car.on nanotubes for.selective electr.catalysis

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Car.on Ener.y 2024年第1期6卷 63-71页

作者： Samuel S.Har.isty Xiaoqian Lin Anthony r.J.Kucer.ak david Zitoun Depar.ment of Chemistr. Bar Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials(BINA)Bar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael Depar.ment of Chemistr. Molecular Science Research HubImperial College LondonLondonUK

Utilizing suppor.ed single atoms as catalysts pr.sents an oppor.unity to r.duce the usage of cr.tical r.w mater.als such as platinum,which ar. essential for.electr.chemical r.actions such as hydr.gen oxidation r.action(HOr..Her.in,we descr.be the synthesis of a Pt single electr.catalyst inside single-walled car.on nanotubes(SWCNTs)via a r.dox *** via electr.n micr.scopy,X-r.y photoelectr.n micr.scopy,and X-r.y absor.tion spectr.scopy show the single-atom natur. of the *** electr.chemical behavior.of the sample to hydr.gen and oxygen was investigated using the advanced floating electr.de technique,which minimizes mass tr.nspor. limitations and gives a thor.ugh insight into the activity of the *** single-atom samples showed higher.HOr.activity than state-of-the-ar. 30%Pt/C while almost no oxygen r.duction r.action activity in the pr.ton exchange membr.ne fuel cell oper.ting *** selective activity towar. HOr.ar.se as the main finger.r.nt of the catalyst confinement in the SWCNTs.

关键词： confinement electr.catalysis hydr.gen platinum single atom catalysts

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Basis for.the diver.ity and extent in loss of digestible nutr.ents cr.ated by dietar. phytin: Emphasis on fowl and swine

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动物营养学报 2024年第1期16卷 422-428页

作者： Edwin T. Mor.n Michael r. Bedfor. Poultr. Science Depar.ment Auburn University AL 36830-5416 USA AB Vista Woodstock Court Blenheim Road Marlborough Wiltshire SN8 4AN UK

Phytin is the Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -K + salt of phytic acid that is cr.ated and deposited in the aleur.ne layer.and/or.ger. of gr.ins and legumes. Its high pr.sence in feedstuffs for.fowl and swine diets r.sults in it being a univer.al and significant impediment to optimum per.or.ance. Phytin impair. gastr.intestinal r.cover. of a wide ar.ay of nutr.ents, the effect var.ing with the nutr.ent concer.ed. On exposur. to low pH dur.ng gastr.c digestion, phytin dissociates into phytic acid and solubilized Ca 2+ . Even at low gastr.c pH, phytic acid is negatively char.ed which for.s the basis of its anti-nutr.tive behavior. Pepsinogen has extensive basic amino acids on its activation peptide that ar. pr.sented as cations at low pH which ar. tar.eted by pepsin for.activation. Par.ially cr.stalized Ca 2+ near.the enzyme's active site fur.her.stabilizes its newly for.ed str.ctur.. Thus, phytic acid appear. to inter.er. with gastr.c digestion by sever.l mechanisms; inter.er.ng with pepsinogen activation by binding to the polypeptide's basic amino acids; coor.inating fr.e Ca 2+ , destabilizing pepsin; binding some dietar. pr.teins dir.ctly, fur.her.compr.mising gastr.c pr.teolysis. Upon digesta attaining neutr.lity in the duodenum, Ca 2+ and other.cations r.-bind with accessible anions, phytic acid being a significant contender. Phytate not only binds fr.e cations but can also str.p them fr.m enzymes (e.g. Ca 2+ , Zn 2+ ) which r.duces their.str.ctur.l r.sistance to autolysis and ability as co-factor. (e.g. Zn 2+ ) to incr.ase enzyme activity. Goblet cells initially employ Ca 2+ as an electr.nic shield between mucin layer. enabling gr.nule for.ation and cell stor.ge. After.mucin gr.nule r.lease, Ca 2+ is pr.gr.ssively displaced by Na + to fr.e the viscous mucins enabling its tr.nslocation. Mucin entangles with the glycocalyx of adjacent enter.cytes ther.by constr.cting the unstir.ed water.layer.(USWL). Excessive r.moval of Ca 2+ fr.m mucin by phytic acid incr.ases its fluidity facilit

关键词： Digestive enzyme Calcium Endogenous pr.tein Mucin Phytin

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