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On Evidence-Based Practice in Disaster Risk Reduction

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2021年第6期12卷 919-927页

作者： david E.alexander Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction University College LondonLondon WCIE 6BTUK

Disaster science and scholarship are forever expanding and there are increasing calls to base disaster risk reduction policies on the evidence produced by such *** examples and argument,this opinion piece examines the nature of *** defines evidence-based practice and considers how it has developed and become important to disaster risk reduction.A definition of what constitutes evidence is difficult to achieve but it must be made in relation to whether the data and information collected can usefully be interpreted and employed to change things for the *** histories from past and present centuries show that evidence can sometimes be argued over *** other cases it is roundly *** yet other instances,false conclusions derived from evidence can become evidence in their own ***,there are situations in disaster risk reduction in which evidence is sorely needed but is clearly *** effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures is one such *** conclusion,evidence is valuable,above all if there is willingness to use it to support policy formulation,especially in a simple,transparent *** interpretation can never be entirely removed from the use of evidence,and evidence alone will not stimulate the policy formulators to improve their decision making.

关键词： Case histories Disaster risk reduction Evidence-based practice Policy formulation

On the Meaning of Impact in Disaster Risk Reduction

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2022年第5期13卷 822-827页

作者： david E.alexander Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction University College LondonLondon WC1E 6BTUK

This article offers a discussion of the meaning,assessment,and measurement of impact in disaster risk *** begins with a historical perspective on the impact of learned work in times when orthodoxy posed severe limits on the impact of new *** the modern age,the article explains why impact is considered important and how it might be recognized when it occurs,including a tentative classification of types of *** question of whether impact can truly be measured remains pending,as the answer is diffuse and dependent on many different *** sections consider the relationship between impact and mainstreaming and the question of whether a piece of work should be regarded as having impact if its effects are negative rather than ***,impact is considered in terms of whom it *** the large number of possible reservations about the concept,the question is raised as to whether too much emphasis is given to the impact of research and ***,some suggestions are offered regarding how to obtain a better indication of what the impact of an academic study actually is.

关键词： Assessing impact Disaster risk reduction Disruptive thinking Impact of research Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction Measuring impact

A Likert Scale-Based Model for Benchmarking Operational Capacity,Organizational Resilience,and Disaster Risk Reduction

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第3期11卷 404-409页

作者： Gianluca Pescaroli Omar Velazquez Irasema Alcántara-Ayala Carmine Galasso Patty Kostkova david alexander Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction University College London(UCL)London WC1E 6BTUK Institute of Geography National Autonomous University of Mexico(UNAM)Mexico CityMexico Department of Civil Environmental and Geomatic EngineeringUniversity College London(UCL)London WC1E 6BTUK

Likert scales are a common methodological tool for data collection used in quantitative or mixed-method approaches in multiple *** are often employed in surveys or questionnaires,for benchmarking answers in the fields of disaster risk reduction,business continuity management,and organizational ***,both scholars and practitioners may lack a simple scale of reference to assure consistency across disciplinary *** article introduces a simple-to-use rating tool that can be used for benchmarking responses in questionnaires,for example,for assessing disaster risk reduction,gaps in operational capacity,and organizational *** aim,in particular,to support applications in contexts in which the target groups,due to cultural,social,or political reasons,may be unsuitable for in-depth analyses that use,for example,scales from 1 to 7 or from 1 to *** methodology is derived from the needs emerged in our recent fieldwork on interdisciplinary projects and from dialogue with the stakeholders *** output is a replicable scale from 0 to 3 presented in a table that includes category labels with qualitative attributes and descriptive equivalents to be used in the formulation of model *** include examples of levels of resilience,capacity,and *** are connected to other tools that could be used for in-depth *** advantage of our Likert scale-based response model is that it can be applied in a wide variety of disciplines,from social science to engineering.

关键词： Assessment Disaster risk reduction Interdisciplinary Likert scale Questionnaires Scales

Predicting Compensatory Growth and Reproduction in Agricultural Weeds Using a Plant＇s Growth Rate Trajectory： A Test with Defoliation of Abutilon theophrasti

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2016年第4期6卷 255-260页

作者： david alexander Wait Department of Biology Missouri State University Springfield MO 65897 USA

A plant＇s capacity to compensate for pest damage as a function of resource availability needs to be predictable in order to apply biocontrol agents effectively. In this research, it was hypothesized that a weedy plant species＇ capacity to compensate for defoliation is related to how resource availability affects a plant＇s growth trajectory. Growth rate trajectory is defined as the percent change in relative growth rate or the slope of a plant＇s relative growth rate. 90 Abutilon theophrasti, a common weed species, in cultivated fields of corn and soybean, grew in a greenhouse for 70 d under three nitrogen （N） fertilization treatments. ＂Unfertilized＂ plants were not fertilized, ＂bulk＂ fertilized plants received 0.6 g N on day 15 and ＂exponential＂ fertilized plants received a total of 0.6 g N supplied at an exponential rate of 10% per day with a starting concentration of 0.02 g N on day 15. On day 25, 15 plants in each N treatment had 75% of total leaf area removed. Biomass and reproductive compensation were determined after 50 d and 70 d of growth. Results showed that bulk plants had the greatest absolute growth, but also the greatest decline in growth rates and the least capacity for compensation. Unfertilized plants had the lowest absolute growth, but declines in growth rates were similar to bulk plants with only a slightly greater compensatory capacity. Exponential plants had intermediate absolute growth, but the least decline in growth rates and the greatest capacity for compensation. This experiment indicates that a plant＇s growth rate trajectory, and not high or low relative growth rates or N availability per se, can be used to predict a weedy plant＇s capacity to compensate for herbivory, and has implications for biocontrol of weedy species.

关键词： Biocontrol compensatory growth herbivory nitrogen fertilization relative growth rate reproductive allocation.

Achieving high union rates after first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis:Radiographic outcomes and technical pitfalls

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2023年第6期14卷 436-442页

作者： Christian von Deimling Timo Tondelli Samuel Brunner Octavian Andronic alexander david Graf Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Bürgerspital SolothurnSolothurn 4500Switzerland

BACKGROUND Fusion of the first metatarsophalangeal(MTP1)joint is a common surgery performed to correct hallux rigidus,hallux rigidus et valgus and other painful degenerative diseases of the *** To assess outcomes of our surgical technique including non-union rates,accuracy and aims of *** Between September 2011 and November 2020 a total 72 of MTP1 fusions were performed using a low profile,pre-contoured dorsal locking plate and a plantar compression *** and revision rates were analyzed with a minimum clinical and radiological follow up of at least 3 mo(range 3-18 mo).The following parameters were evaluated on pre-and postoperative conventional radiographs:Intermetatarsal angle,Hallux-valgus angle,dorsal extension of the proximal phalanx(P1)in relation to the floor and the angle between the Metatarsal 1 and the P1(MT1-P1 angle).Descriptive statistical analysis was *** analysis was used to assess for correlations between radiographic parameters and achievement of *** An overall union rate of 98.6%(71/72)was *** out of 72 patients did not primarily fuse with one patient suffering from a non-union,whilst the other demonstrating a radiological delayed union without clinical symptoms,with eventually complete fusion after 18 *** was no correlation between the measured radiographic parameters and the achievement of *** believe the reason for the non-union was mainly attributed to the patient’s incompliance without wearing the therapeutic shoe leading to a fracture of the ***,we didn`t find any correlation between fusion and the degree of *** With our surgical technique,high union rates(98%)can be achieved using a compression screw and a dorsal variable-angle locking plate to treat degenerative diseases of the MTP1.

关键词： Arthrodesis First metatarsophalangeal joint Dorsal plate Arthrodesis

A Survey of the Field of Hazard and Disaster Studies

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2013年第7期7卷 841-853页

作者： david E. alexander Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction University College London London WCI E 6BT UK

This paper examines trends in the impacts of disasters at the world scale and proposes explanations for them. It is concluded that statistics on natural hazards are questionable, in that changes in recording methods have artificially inflated the number of disasters and the seriousness of their impacts. Next, the paper examines the symbolic interpretation of disasters at various scales of analysis in terms of human cultures. It further applies this approach to the analysis of natural hazards using information technology methods such as GIS （Geographic Information Systems）. Returning to the global scale, deficiencies and inequalities in the world disaster relief system are considered. Thereafter, the paper investigates how global economic imbalances are thrown into sharp relief by catastrophes, with examples from the record of past earthquakes, landslides and floods. Finally, it considers the prospects for a major change in the direction of world policy on disasters and concludes that this will only occur if the international financial system is forced to adjust to a ＂super-disaster＂ event, which could possibly be seismic, volcanic or nuclear in origin.

关键词： Hazard vulnerability risk culture disaster economic impacts mitigation policies.

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“真实与公允”观念在欧洲协调的障碍及启示

会计研究 1995年第6期 48-49页

作者：吴俊洁,Moyra Kedslie,david alexander 云南财贸学院会计系英国赫尔大学会计系英国赫尔大学国际会计研究中心英英

在世界经济一体化的大势所趋下,各国会计都不同程度地走上了国际协调道路,其中有许多成功的例子,如国际会计委员会的成立,国际会计准则的制定,以及国际会计准则在许多国家取得理解和共识,并成为这些国家制定会计准则的一种参照标准。但... 详细信息

在世界经济一体化的大势所趋下,各国会计都不同程度地走上了国际协调道路,其中有许多成功的例子,如国际会计委员会的成立,国际会计准则的制定,以及国际会计准则在许多国家取得理解和共识,并成为这些国家制定会计准则的一种参照标准。但客观地说,会计的国际协调过程又是非常曲折和缓慢的,协调效果常常与人们的初衷相悖。不用说,这里有着深刻的社会背景和原因,其中最主要的,是文化的差异导致人的差异。本文拟循着英国“真实与公允”观念在欧洲的传播轨迹展示这一问题。

关键词：公允欧洲定义会计标准国际会计准则

Impact of exercise on markers of B cell-related immunity:A systematic review

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第3期13卷 339-352,I0002页

作者： david Walzik Sergen Belen Karen Wilisch Marie Kupjetz Silvana Kirschke Tobias Esser Niklas Joisten alexander Schenk Sebastian Proschinger Philipp Zimmer Division of Performance and Health(Sports Medicine) Institute for Sport and Sport ScienceTU Dortmund UniversityDortmund 44227Germany

Background:B cells represent a crucial component of adaptive immunity that ensures long-term protection from infection by generating pathogen-specific *** alters B cell counts and immunoglobulin levels,but evidence-based conclusions on potential benefits for adaptive immunity are *** systematic review assessed current literatures on the impact of acute exercise and exercise training on B cells,immunoglobulins,and markers of secretory immunity in human ***:According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines,MEDLINE,Web of Science,and Embase were searched on March 8,***-randomized controlled trials and crossover trials investigating the impact of acute exercise or exercise training on B cell counts and proportions,immunoglobulin levels,salivary flow rate,or secretory immunoglobulin A secretion rate were *** and reporting of exercise training studies were assessed using the Tool for the Assessment of Study Quality and reporting in *** characteristics,outcome measures,and statistically significant changes were summarized ***:Of the 67 eligible studies,22 applied acute exercise and 45 applied exercise *** included outcomes revealed significant alterations over time in acute exercise and exercise training context,but only a few investigations showed significant differences compared to control *** and plasma immunoglobulin A levels were most consistently increased in response to exercise ***:B cell-related outcomes are altered by acute exercise and exercise training,but evidence-based conclusions cannot be drawn with high confidence due to the large heterogeneity in populations and exercise ***-designed trials with large sample sizes are needed to clarify how exercise shapes B cell-related immunity.

关键词： Antibody B-lymphocyte Exercise Humoral immunity Immune system

Testing and modelling of transient adhesion phenomena in rolling-sliding contacts

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Friction 2024年第5期12卷 1016-1027页

作者： Daniel KVARDA alexander MEIERHOFER Klaus SIX Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Brno University of TechnologyBrno61669Czech Republic Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH Graz8010Austria

Transient adhesion effects in rolling–sliding contacts influence all aspects of train–track *** is of high importance specifically when these effects result in critically low adhesion,which poses a risk to traction and braking of railway *** study presents a model that can replicate the transient changes of the coefficient of adhesion with tested water and solid particle *** experimental data for the model are measured using a commercial ball-on-disc *** experimental results showed a liquid reservoir in front of the contact area that slowly reduces in *** observation was used in the modelling approach to divide the calculation into two stages where the reservoir is present and when it *** model was able to reproduce the occurrence of low adhesion region seen in experimental results with different particle concentrations.

关键词： coefficient of adhesion tribology transient effects wheel-rail contact