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Carbon Isotope Discrimination is not Correlated with Transpiration Efficiency in Three Cool-Season Grain Legumes(Pulses)

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2007年第10期49卷 1478-1483页

作者： Neil C.turner Jairo A.Palta Renuka Shrestha Christiane Ludwig Kadambot H.M.Siddique david w.turner Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture M080The University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawleyWA 6009Australia Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture M080The University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawleyWA 6009Australia CSIRO Plant IndustryPrivate Mail Bag No.5WembleyWA 6913Australia School of Plant Biology M084Institute of AgricultureThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawleyWA 6009Australia CSIRO Plant Industry Private Mail Bag No.5WembleyWA 6913Australia Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture M080The University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawleyWA 6009Australia School of Plant BiologyM084Institute of AgricultureThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawleyWA 6009Australia

The carbon isotope discrimination （δ^13C） of leaves has been shown to be correlated with the transpiration efficiency of leaves in a wide range of species. This has led to δ^13C being used in breeding programs to select for improved transpiration efficiency. The correlation between δ^13C and transpiration efficiency was determined under well-watered conditions during the vegetative phase in six genotypes of lentil （Lens culinaris Medikus）, six genotypes of chickpea （Cicerarietinum L.） and 10 cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin （Lupinus angustifolius L.）. Biomass （dry matter） accumulation and water use （transpiration） varied among the genotypes in all three species and transpiration efficiency was 40% to 75% higher in the most efficient compared with the least efficient genotypes. However, δ^13C and transpiration efficiency were not significantly correlated in any of the species. This suggests that the δ^13C technique cannot be used in selection for transpiration efficiency in the three grain legumes （pulses） studied.

关键词： biomass accumulation breeding chickpea lupin Cicer anetinum Lens culinans lentil Lupinus angustifofius water use.

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Competition and the evolution of imperfect mimicry

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Current Zoology 2012年第4期58卷 608-619页

作者： david w. PFENNIG david w. KIKUCHI Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599-3280 USA

Mimicry is widely used to exemplify natural selection＇s power in promoting adaptation. Nonetheless, it has become increasingly clear that mimicry is frequently imprecise. Indeed, the phenotypic match is often poor between mimics and models in many Batesian mimicry complexes and among co-mimics in many Mtillerian mimicry complexes. Here, we consider whether such imperfect mimicry represents an evolutionary compromise between predator-mediated selection favoring mimetic conver- gence on the one hand and competitively mediated selection favoring divergence on the other hand. Specifically, for mimicry to be effective, mimics and their models/co-mimics should occur together. Yet, co-occurring species that are phenotypically similar often compete for resources, successful reproduction, or both. As an adaptive response to minimize such costly interactions, in-teracting species may diverge phenotypically through an evolutionary process known as character displacement. Such divergence between mimics and their models/co-mimics may thereby result in imperfect mimicry. we review the various ways in which character displacement could promote imprecise mimicry, describe the conditions under which this process may be especially likely to produce imperfect mimicry, examine a possible case study, and discuss avenues for future research. Generally, character displacement may play an underappreciated role in fostering inexact mimicry .

关键词： Batesian mimicry Character displacement Hybridization MtUlerian mimicry Reproductive interference Selectivetrade-off

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A Batesian mimic and its model share color production mechanisms

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Current Zoology 2012年第4期58卷 658-667页

作者： david w. KIKUCHI david w. PFENNIG Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599-3280 USA

Batesian mimics are harmless prey species that resemble dangerous ones （models）, and thus receive protection from predators. How such adaptive resemblances evolve is a classical problem in evolutionary biology. Mimicry is typically thought to be difficult to evolve, especially if the model and mimic produce the convergent phenotype through different proximate mecha- nisms. However, mimicry may evolve more readily if mimic and model share similar pathways for producing the convergent phenotype. In such cases, these pathways can be co-opted in ancestral mimic populations to produce high-fidelity mimicry with- out the need for major evolutionary innovations. Here, we show that a Batesian mimic, the scarlet kingsnake Larnpropeltis elap-soides, produces its coloration using the same physiological mechanisms as does its model, the eastern coral snake Micrurus fulvius. Therefore, precise color mimicry may have been able to evolve easily in this system. Generally, we know relatively little about the proximate mechanisms underlying mimicry .

关键词： Adaptation Coloration Convergent evolution Pteridine Pigment

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Recombinase-mediated Gene Stacking as a Transformation Operating System

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2011年第7期53卷 512-519页

作者： david w.Ow South China Botanical Garden

The current method for combining transgenes into a genome is through the assortment of independent loci, a classical operating system compatible with transgenic traits created by different developers, at different times and/or through different transformation techniques. However, as the number of transgenic loci increases over time, increasingly larger populations are needed to find the rare individual with the desired assortment of transgenic loci along with the non-transgenic elite traits. Introducing a transgene directly into a field cultivar would bypass the need to introgress the engineered trait. However, this necessitates separate transformations into numerous field cultivars, along with the characterization and regulatory approval of each independent transformation event. Reducing the number of segregating transgenic loci could be achieved if multiple traits are introduced at the same time, a preferred option if each of the many traits is new or requires re-engineering. If reengineering of previously introduced traits is not needed, then appending a new trait to an existing locus would be a rational strategy. The insertion of new DNA at a known locus can be accomplished by site- specific integration, through a host-dependent homology-based process, or a heterologous site-specific recombination system. Here, we discuss gene stacking through the use of site-specific recombinases.

关键词： site-specific recombination transgenic plants DNA integration marker removal Cre-lox

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A Review of the Taxonomy and Palaeoecology of the Anurognathidae(Reptilia,Pterosauria)

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第5期94卷 1676-1692页

作者： david w.E.HONE School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of LondonLondonE14NSUK

The anurognathids are an enigmatic and distinctive clade of small,non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs with an unusual combination of anatomical traits in the head,neck,wings and *** are known from very limited remains and few have been described in detail,and as a result,much of their biology remains *** is despite their importance as potentially one of the earliest branches of pterosaur evolution or even lying close to the origins of *** review covers the taxonomy and palaeoecology of the anurognathids,which remain an interesting branch of pterosaurian evolution.

关键词： non-pterodactyloid palaeobiology flight Ornithodira

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Beyond the burn: Studies on the physiological effects of flamethrowers during world war Ⅱ

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Military Medical Research 2020年第3期7卷 303-311页

作者： david w.Van wyck 4/3 SFG(A)Bldg Z-4157 South Post Rd Fort BraggNC 28310USA

Flamethrowers are widely considered one of warfare’s most controversial weapons and are capable of inflicting gruesome physical injuries and intense psychological *** being the last of the major combatants in world warⅡ(wwⅡ)to develop them,the *** quickly became the most frequent and adept operator of portable *** gave the *** ample opportunity to observe the effects of flamethrowers on enemy ***,while most people in modern times would consider immolation by flamethrower to be an unnecessarily painful and inhumane way to inflict casualties,immolation was,at one point during wwⅡ,referred to as"mercy killing"by the *** warfare Service(CwS).This mischaracterization arose from a series of firsthand accounts describing what were believed to be quick,painless,and unmarred deaths,as well as from a poor and incomplete understanding of flamethrower *** a result,indirect mechanisms such as hypoxia and carbon monoxide poisoning were generally absent from accounts of the flamethrower’s fatal *** was not until several years after flamethrowers were introduced to the frontlines that the CwS and National Defense Research Committee(NDRC)conducted a series of tests to better understand the physiological and toxicological effects of *** article examines how the initial absence of scientific data on the physiologic effects of flamethrowers led to an inaccurate understanding of their lethality,and bizarre claims that one of history’s most horrific instruments of war was considered one of the more"humane"weapons on the battlefield.

关键词： Flamethrower Burns Carbon monoxide Asphyxiation Hypoxia Chemical warfare

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Modeling and optimization of the cyclic steady state operation of adsorptive reactors

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2018年第6期26卷 1321-1329页

作者： Mamoon Hussainy david w.Agar Technical University of Dortmund Faculty of Bio-and Chemical EngineeringLaboratory for Chemical Reaction Engineering

Adsorptive reactors(AR),in which an adsorptive functionality is incorporated into the catalytic reactors,offer enhanced performance over their conventional counterparts due to the effective manipulation of concentration and temperature *** operation of these attractive reactors is,however,inherently unsteady state,complicating the design and operation of such sorption-enhanced *** order to capture,comprehend and capitalize upon the rich dynamic texture of adsorptive reactors,it is necessary to employ cyclic steady state algorithms describing the entire reaction-adsorption/desorption *** stability of this cyclic steady state is of great importance for the design and operation of adsorptive *** this paper,the cyclic steady state of previously proposed novel adsorptive reactor designs has been calculated and then optimized to give maximum space–time *** results obtained revealed unambiguously that an improvement potential of up to multifold level could be attained under the optimized cyclic steady state *** additional improvement resulted from the reduction of the regeneration time well below the reaction-adsorption time,which means,in turn,more space–time yield.

关键词： Adsorptive reactors Multifunctional reactors Cyclic steady state Claus reaction Deacon reaction

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More than mimicry？ Evaluating scope for flicker-fusion as a defensive strategy in coral snake mimics

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Current Zoology 2014年第1期60卷 123-130页

作者： Georgia C. TITCOMB david w. KIKUCHI david w. PFENNIG Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599-3280

Coral snakes and their mimics often have brightly colored banded patterns, generally associated with warning colora- tion or mimicry. However, such color patterns have also been hypothesized to aid snakes in escaping predators through a ＂flicker-fusion＂ effect. According to this hypothesis, banded color patterns confuse potential predators when a snake transitions from resting to moving because its bands blur together to form a different color. To produce this motion blur, a moving snake＇s bands must transition faster than the critical flicker-fusion rate at which a predator＇s photoreceptors can refresh. It is unknown if coral snakes or their mimics meet this requirement. we tested this hypothesis by measuring the movement speed and color pat- terns of two coral snake mimics, Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli and L. elapsoides, and comparing the frequency of color transitions to the photoreceptor activity of the avian eye. we found that snakes often produced a motion blur, but moving snakes created a blurring effect more often in darker conditions, such as sunrise, sunset, and nighttime when these snakes are often active. Thus, at least two species of coral snake mimics are capable of achieving flicker-fusion, indicating that their color patterns may confer an additional defense aside from mimicry

关键词： Coral snake mimicry Flicker-fusion effect CFF Kingsnake Defensive strategy

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Pterosaur Research:Recent Advances and a Future Revolution

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2012年第6期86卷 1366-1376页

作者： david w.E.HONE Department of Earth Sciences University of Bristol School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London

In the years since the first description of a pterosaur specimen in 1784, pterosaur research has inevitably advanced considerably. However the last decade has arguably seen a much greater increase in our knowledge than the preceding two centuries. Since the turn of the new millennium, more than 40 new pterosaur genera and species have been described and whole new clades have been discovered, in addition to much new data being developed on pterosaur anatomy, functional morphology, palaeobiology, systematics, ecology and more. we are perhaps at the start of a golden age of pterosaur research and much as the dinosaurs underwent a revolution in the 1970s through to the early 1990s, now the Pterosauria are taking their turn. There is also a new and wider interest in pterosaur work as it attracts both more researchers and greater public interest. Pterosaurs appear to be an increasingly popular aspect of paleontology in popular culture and of interest to the media, both mainstream and digital.

关键词： paleontology Pterosauria science history of research academia

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Inducible competitors and adaptive diversification

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Current Zoology 2013年第4期59卷 537-552页

作者： Beren w. ROBINSON david w. PFENNIG Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N 1G 2W 1 Canada Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA

Identifying the causes of diversification is central to evolutionary biology. The ecological theory of adaptive diversi- fication holds that the evolution of phenotypic differences between populations and species--and the formation of new spe- cies-stems from divergent natural selection, often arising from competitive interactions. Although increasing evidence suggests that phenotypic plasticity can facilitate this process, it is not generally appreciated that competitively mediated selection often also provides ideal conditions for phenotypic plasticity to evolve in the first place. Here, we discuss how competition plays at least two key roles in adaptive diversification depending on its pattern. First, heterogenous competition initially generates heterogeneity in resource use that favors adaptive plasticity in the form of ＂inducible competitors＂. Second, once such competitively induced plas- ticity evolves, its capacity to rapidly generate phenotypic variation and expose phenotypes to alternate selective regimes allows populations to respond readily to selection favoring diversification, as may occur when competition generates steady diversifying selection that permanently drives the evolutionary divergence of populations that use different resources. Thus, competition plays two important roles in adaptive diversification---one well-known and the other only now emerging--mediated through its effect on the evolution ofphenotypic plasticity

关键词： Phenotypic plasticity Competition Adaptive radiation Character displacement Genetic assimilation Resourcepolymorphism

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