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Regulation of proprietary traditional Chinese medicines in Australia

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Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2017年第1期15卷 12-14页

作者： david T. graham ISO technical committee 249 (1SO/TC 249) 7-C Shuguang Building 189 Pu 'an Road Shanghai 200021 China

This review article describes the regulation of proprietary Chinese medicines for the Australian market, which may permit many medicines used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to have a simplified process of market acce... 详细信息

关键词： Regulation Australia Chinese medicines

History of Helicobacter pylori,duodenal ulcer,gastric ulcer and gastric cancer

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world Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第18期20卷 5191-5204页

作者： david Y graham Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTX 77030United States

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection underlies gastric ulcer disease, gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer disease. The disease expression reflects the pattern and extent of gastritis/gastric atrophy (i.e., duodenal ulcer with non-atrophic and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer with atrophic gastritis). Gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer have been known for thousands of years. Ulcers are generally non-fatal and until the 20th century were difficult to diagnose. However, the presence and pattern of gastritis in past civilizations can be deduced based on the diseases present. It has been suggested that gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer both arose or became more frequent in Europe in the 19th century. Here, we show that gastric cancer and gastric ulcer were present throughout the 17th to 19th centuries consistent with atrophic gastritis being the predominant pattern, as it proved to be when it could be examined directly in the late 19th century. The environment before the 20th century favored acquisition of H. pylori infection and atrophic gastritis (e.g., poor sanitation and standards of living, seasonal diets poor in fresh fruits and vegetables, especially in winter, vitamin deficiencies, and frequent febrile infections in childhood). The latter part of the 19th century saw improvements in standards of living, sanitation, and diets with a corresponding decrease in rate of development of atrophic gastritis allowing duodenal ulcers to become more prominent. In the early 20th century physician’s believed they could diagnose ulcers clinically and that the diagnosis required hospitalization for “surgical disease” or for “Sippy” diets. we show that while H. pylori remained common and virulent in Europe and the United States, environmental changes resulted in changes of the pattern of gastritis producing a change in the manifestations of

关键词： Helicobacter pylori Duodenal ulcer Gastric ulcer Gastric cancer Medical history Ulcer surgery Epidemiology Gastritis Atrophic gastritis Antiquity

what is artificial meat and what does it mean for the future of the meat industry?

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第2期14卷 255-263页

作者： Sarah P F Bonny graham E Gardner david w Pethick Jean-Franois Hocquette School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch UniversityMurdoch W.A. 6150 Australia INRA UMR1213 Recherches sur les HerbivoresSaint-Genès Champanelle F-63122 France Clermont Université Vet Agro Sup UMR1213 Recherches sur les HerbivoresSaint-Genès Champanelle F-63122 France

The meat industry cannot respond to increases in demand by ever increasing resource use. The industry must find solutions to issues regarding animal welfare, health and sustainability and will have to do so in the face of competition from emerging non-traditional meat and protein products in an increasingly complex regulatory environment. These novel meat and protein products, otherwise known as ‘artificial meat＇ are utilising ground breaking technologies designed to meet the issues facing the conventional meat industry. These artificial meats, in vitro or cultured meat and meat from genetically modified organisms have no real capacity to compete with conventional meat production in the present environment. However, meat replacements manufactured from plant proteins and mycoproteins are currently the biggest competitors and are gaining a small percentage of the market. Manufactured meats may push conventional meat into the premium end of the market, and supply the bulk, cheap end of the market if conventional meat products become more expensive and the palatability and versatility of manufactured meats improve. In time the technology for other artificial meats such as meat from genetic modified organisms or cultured meat may become sufficiently developed for these products to enter the market with no complexity of the competition between meat products. Conventional meat producers can assimilate agroecology ecology concepts in order to develop sustainable animal production systems. The conventional meat industry can also benefit from assimilating biotechnologies such as cloning and genetic modification technologies, using the technology to adapt to the changing environment and respond to the increasing competition from artificial meats. Although it will depend at least partly on the evolution of conventional meat production, the future of artificial meat produced from stem cells appears uncertain at this time.

关键词： artificial meat in vitro meat meat industry consumer satisfaction sustainable production

Immunotherapy in gastric cancer

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world Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第7期20卷 1657-1666页

作者： Satoko Matsueda david Y graham Cancer Vaccine Development Division Research Center for Innovative Cancer TherapyKurume UniversityKurumeFukuoka 830-0011Japan Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTX 77030United States

Gastric cancer is the second most common of cancerrelated deaths *** the majority of cases gastric cancer is advanced at diagnosis and although medical and surgical treatments have improved,survival rates remain *** immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful and promising clinical approach for treatment of cancer and has shown major success in breast cancer,prostate cancer and ***,we provide an overview of concepts of modern cancer immunotherapy including the theory,current approaches,remaining hurdles to be overcome,and the future prospect of cancer immunotherapy in the treatment of gastric *** cell therapies,cancer vaccines,gene therapies,monoclonal antibody therapies have all been used with some initial successes in gastric ***,to date the results in gastric cancer have been disappointing as current approaches often do not stimulate immunity efficiently allowing tumors continue to grow despite the presence of a measurable immune ***,we discuss the identification of targets for immunotherapy and the role of biomarkers in prospectively identifying appropriate subjects or *** also discuss the molecular mechanisms by which tumor cells escape host immunosurveillance and produce an immunosuppressive tumor *** show how advances have provided tools for overcoming the mechanisms of immunosuppression including the use of monoclonal antibodies to block negative regulators normally expressed on the surface of T cells which limit activation and proliferation of cytotoxic T *** has greatly improved and is becoming an important factor in such fields as medical care and welfare for human *** has been rapid ensuring that the future of immunotherapy for gastric cancer is bright.

关键词： Gastric cancer Immune checkpoint Immune escape Adoptive cell therapy Cancer vaccine Antibody therapy Predictive biomarker

The rare Australian epiphytic orchid Sarcochilus weinthalii associates with a single species of Ceratobasidium

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Fungal Diversity 2012年第3期54卷 31-37页

作者： Rachel Roseanne graham John david william Dearnaley Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments The University of Southern QueenslandToowoombaQueensland 4350Australia

Sarcochilus weinthalii is a rare,epiphytic orchid largely restricted to the dry rainforests of eastern *** of the conservation procedures for the orchid includes isolation and identification of the associated mycorrhizal *** this study the mycorrhizal fungal partner of the species was determined through extraction and sequencing of DNA from both colonised orchid roots and pure fungal cultures grown out from orchid roots.A single species of Ceratobasidium predominated in the orchid suggesting that the orchid displays narrow fungal *** mycorrhizal fungus can now be used in conservation procedures involving ex situ growth and the reintroduction of plants to the natural state.

关键词： Sarcochilus weinthalii Epiphytic orchids Ceratobasidium Mycorrhizal specificity

Metachronous gastric cancer after successful Helicobacter pylori eradication

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world Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第33期20卷 11552-11559页

作者： Akiko Shiotani Ken Haruma david Y graham Department of Internal Medicine Kawasaki Medical School Kurashiki 701-0192 Japan Department of Medicine Michael E DeBakey VAMC and Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX 77030 United States

The high incidence of gastric cancer in Japan initially resulted in establishment of a country-wide gastric cancer screening program to detect early and treatable cancers. In 2013 countrywide Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) eradication was approved coupled with endoscopy to assess for the presence of chronic gastritis. Current data support the notion that cure of the infection in those with non-atrophic gastritis will prevent development of gastric cancer. However, while progression to more severe damage is halted in those who have already developed, atrophic gastritis/gastric atrophy remain at risk for subsequent development of gastric cancer. That risk is directly related to the extent and severity of atrophic gastritis. Methods to stratify cancer risk include those based on endoscopic assessment of the atrophic border, histologic grading, and non-invasive methods based on serologic testing of pepsinogen levels. Continued surveillance is required because those with atrophic gastritis/gastric atrophy retain considerable gastric cancer risk even after H. pylori eradication. Those who have already experienced a resectable early gastric cancer are among those at highest risk as metachronous lesions are frequent even after H. pylorieradication. we review the role of H. pylori and effect of H. pylori eradication indicating the incidence and the predictive factors on development of metachronous cancer after endoscopic therapy of early gastric cancer. Studies to refine risk markers to stratify for risk, surveillance methods, intervals, and duration after successful H. pylori eradication, and whether adjuvant therapy would change risk are needed.

关键词： Atrophic gastritis Pepsinogen miRNA Intestinal metaplasia Cancer prevention

Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in the 21^(st) century

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world Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第33期20卷 11467-11485页

作者： Tony Trang Johanna Chan david Y graham Department of Medicine Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX 77030 United States

Restitution of normal fat absorption in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency remains an elusive goal. Although many patients achieve satisfactory clinical results with enzyme therapy, few experience normalization of fat absorption, and many, if not most, will require individualized therapy. Increasing the quantity of lipase administered rarely eliminates steatorrhea but increases the cost of therapy. Enteric coated enzyme microbead formulations tend to separate from nutrients in the stomach precluding coordinated emptying of enzymes and nutrients. Unprotected enzymes mix well and empty with nutrients but are inactivated at pH 4 or below. we describe approaches for improving the results of enzyme therapy including changing to, or adding, a different product, adding non-enteric coated enzymes,(e.g., giving unprotected enzymes at the start of the mealand acid-protected formulations later), use of antisecretory drugs and/or antacids, and changing the timing of enzyme administration. Because considerable lipid is emptied in the first postprandial hour, it is prudent to start therapy with enteric coated microbead prior to the meal so that some enzymes are available during that first hour. Patients with hyperacidity may benefit from adjuvant antisecretory therapy to reduce the duodenal acid load and possibly also sodium bicarbonate to prevent duodenal acidity. Comparative studies of clinical effectiveness of different formulations as well as the characteristics of dispersion, emptying, and dissolution of enteric-coated microspheres of different diameter and density are needed; many such studies have been completed but not yet made public. we discuss the history of pancreatic enzyme therapy and describe current use of modern preparations, approaches to overcoming unsatisfactory clinical responses, as well as studies needed to be able to provide reliably effective therapy.

关键词： Pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy Lipase Clinical trials Steator-rhea Fat malabsorption Chronic pancreatitis

Access to insulin delivery devices and glycated haemoglobin in lower-income countries

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world Journal of Diabetes 2020年第8期11卷 358-369页

作者： Emma Louise Klatman graham david Ogle Life for a Child Program GlebeNSW 2037Australia

BACKGROUNDYoung people with type 1 diabetes in low-and-middle income countries facemany challenges in accessing care, with various essential supplies needed forsurvival and long-term *** study insulin delivery devices and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) *** survey was conducted in 2019 of leading diabetes centres in 41 countriessupported by the Life for a Child Program. The survey covered numerous aspectsconcerning availability and costs at all levels of the health system, local usagepatterns and attitudes, obstacles, and other ***-seven countries returned the survey (90.2% response rate). Key findingsincluded: Syringe use was most common (83.1%), followed by insulin pens(16.7%) and pumps (0.2%). 48.6% of public health systems did not providesyringes, even with a co-payment. Use of suboptimal syringe/needlecombinations was common. Needles were generally reused in almost all countries(94.3%, n = 35). Aside from donated supplies, there was variable access to HbA1ctesting within public health facilities, and, when available, patients often had tocover the cost. Provision was further compromised by numerous problemsincluding stock-outs, and challenges with understanding the test, equipmentmaintenance, and *** gaps exist for adequate access to appropriate insulin delivery devices andHbA1c testing. Public health systems in low-and-middle income countries shouldincrease affordable provision. There are also needs for specific health professional training and diabetes education;elimination of customs duties and taxes;development of inexpensive, robust HbA1c testing methods that do not requirerefrigeration of testing supplies;differential pricing schemes;and other solutions.

关键词： Type 1 diabetes Diagnostics Glycated haemoglobin Syringes Insulin Access

Competition and the evolution of imperfect mimicry

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Current Zoology 2012年第4期58卷 608-619页

作者： david w. PFENNIG david w. KIKUCHI Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599-3280 USA

Mimicry is widely used to exemplify natural selection＇s power in promoting adaptation. Nonetheless, it has become increasingly clear that mimicry is frequently imprecise. Indeed, the phenotypic match is often poor between mimics and models in many Batesian mimicry complexes and among co-mimics in many Mtillerian mimicry complexes. Here, we consider whether such imperfect mimicry represents an evolutionary compromise between predator-mediated selection favoring mimetic conver- gence on the one hand and competitively mediated selection favoring divergence on the other hand. Specifically, for mimicry to be effective, mimics and their models/co-mimics should occur together. Yet, co-occurring species that are phenotypically similar often compete for resources, successful reproduction, or both. As an adaptive response to minimize such costly interactions, in-teracting species may diverge phenotypically through an evolutionary process known as character displacement. Such divergence between mimics and their models/co-mimics may thereby result in imperfect mimicry. we review the various ways in which character displacement could promote imprecise mimicry, describe the conditions under which this process may be especially likely to produce imperfect mimicry, examine a possible case study, and discuss avenues for future research. Generally, character displacement may play an underappreciated role in fostering inexact mimicry .

关键词： Batesian mimicry Character displacement Hybridization MtUlerian mimicry Reproductive interference Selectivetrade-off