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Review and Analysis: United States Secret Wars in Cambodia: Long-Term Impacts and Consequences

Open Journal of Soil Science 2023年第7期13卷 295-328页

作者： Kenneth Ray Olson david richard speidel College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA USDA Resource Conservationist and Agricultural Consultant with Natural Resource Conservation Service and Foreign Agricultural Service Benton USA

The People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) decided to use conventional warfare to unify Vietnam. The United States military operation against the Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic began in 1959. The (PAVN) connected a series of old trails leading from North Vietnam to South Vietnam via Laos and Cambodia. In the 1960s the network of trails was expanded. Trail traffic was interdicted by repeated CIA (Air America) and US Air Force (Operation Ranch Hand) tactical herbicide spraying and bombing missions. During the late 1960s, the Khmer Rouge Army slowly grew in eastern Cambodia during a time when America was spraying and bombing the Ho Chi Minh Trail. On February 22, 1969, the PAVN launched a new offensive against American forces in South Vietnam from their sanctuaries in Cambodia. President richard Nixon and Dr. Henry Kissinger, decided to spray and bomb Cambodia, a neutral country, to eliminate the PAVN sanctuary base camps. The damage and loss of life as a result of U.S. air campaign resulted in the insurgency (Khmer Rouge) being able to recruit civilian members. This created a dual effect of strengthening the popularity of the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, enabling him to overthrow the Khmer Republic in 1975. The primary objectives of this study are to determine the political impacts and consequences of: 1) the 1959 United States secret war on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia and 2) the 1969 President Nixon’s decision to destroy the PAVN bases hidden in the Cambodian jungles. These United States secret wars in Cambodia had long-lasting effects on Cambodian political, social, and economic stability.

关键词： Ho Chi Minh Trail Khmer Rouge Cambodia Secret American War Pol Pot Killing Fields

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Multi-Organ Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies for Cystic Fibrosis

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第5期12卷 312-329页

作者： Oluwaseun Babatunde Ogonna William david richard Ifeanyichukwu Ikwugbado Oluwaseyi Oyewole Fetal Research and Therapy Program Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Winston-Salem NC USA Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston TX USA Biotechnology Graduate Program School of Sciences and Engineering The American University in Cairo New Cairo Egypt

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal autosomal inherited disorder that affects all races and ethnicities in the United States. However, it is mostly predominant in the Caucasian populace accounting for about 80% of all CF cases. CF most severe complication can be referred to as pulmonary bronchiectasis and infections of the airways, nonetheless, the devastating effects of the disease have far-reaching consequences beyond lung damage. CF is a heterogeneous disease that is caused by mutations in Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. The impairment or absence of this gene can affect multiple organs and systems and is characterized not only by chronic lung blockage, infections, and inflammation but also by exocrine gland dysfunction, intestinal obstruction, liver pathology, elevated sweat chloride concentration, and in males, infertility due to the congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. To this end, we briefly explore the pathological effects of CF and how CF mediates the destruction of several critical organs in the body and some of the gene therapeutical approaches such as gene editing and viral-based strategies available for the treatment of this multi-organ disease.

关键词： Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Organ Damage

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Post Blast Tympanic Perforations, Clinical and Paraclinical Study at Six Yaounde Hospitals

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International Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery 2024年第2期13卷 126-134页

作者： Andjock Nkouo Yves Christian Lekassa Pierrette Meva’a Biouele Roger Christian Moboung Prudence Mindja Eko david Djomou Francois Njock richard Ndjolo Alexis Ophthalmology-Ear-Nose-Throat (ENT)-Stomatology Department Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon ENT-Cervico-Facial-Surgery (CFS) Service Yaounde General Hospital Yaounde Cameroon ENT-CFS Service Omar Bongo Ondimba Military Teaching Hospital Libreville Gabon ENT-CFS Service Yaounde Central Hospital Yaounde Cameroon ENT-CFS Service Yaounde Teaching Hospital Yaounde Cameroon ENT-CFS Service Douala General Hospital Douala Cameroon

Introduction: Post-blast tympanic perforations represent an entity of traumatic perforations;various mechanisms are at the origin of the latter, and the increase in conflicts and acts of violence are increasing the studies on this subject, but few data are available in our context. Objective: This paper aims to study post-blast tympanic perforations in Yaounde, specifically the epidemiological, clinical, and paraclinical aspects. Methodology: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study with retrospective and prospective data collection in six Yaounde hospitals over 63 months from January 1, 2018, to March 31, 2023. All patients with at least one post-blast tympanic perforation were included. Socio-demographic, clinical and paraclinical data were collected on a questionnaire and analysed using SPSS 28 software. Results: We included 124 patients. The prevalence of post-blast tympanic perforations was 0.1% of the consultations in the departments. 71 The average age was 28.6 ± 9.1 years, with extremes ranging from 7 to 49 years. The median consultation time was five days. The most frequent injury circumstances were physical aggression (81.45%) and armed conflict (10.5%). The injury mechanisms were slaps (75%), punches (21.74%) and grenades (4.8%). The main symptoms on admission were hearing loss (63.7%), tinnitus (58.1%) and otalgia (57.3%). The tympanic perforations were unilateral in all cases, the anterior-inferior location was more characteristic, and the deafness was conductive in 58.3% of cases, followed by mixed deafness in 23.3% of cases. Conclusion: Post-blast tympanic perforations are rare in consultation. The population is primarily male and from the second decade of life. The main circumstance is aggression.

关键词： Tympanic Perforation Blast Yaounde

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The demands of the extra-time period of soccer:A systematic review

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2022年第3期11卷 403-414页

作者： Adam Field Robert Joseph Naughton Matthew Haines Steve Lui Liam david Corr Mark Russell richard Michael Page Liam david Harper School of Human and Health Sciences University of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD13DHUK School of Social and Health Sciences Leeds Trinity UniversityBrownberrie LaneHorsforthLeedsLS185HDUK Department of Sport&Physical Activity Edge Hill UniversitySt.Helens RoadOrmskirkLancashireL394QPUK

Background:Soccer match-play is typically contested over 90 min;however,in some cup and tournament scenarios,when matches are tied,they proceed to an additional 30 min,which is termed "extra-time^(ET).This systematic review sought to appraise the literature available on 120-min of soccer-specific exercise,with a view to identifying practical recommendations and future research ***:The review was conducted according to the PRISMA *** researchers performed a systematic search of PubMed,CINAHL,and PsycINFO in May 2019,with the following keywords entered in various combinations:"soccer","football","extra-time","extra time","extratime","120 minutes","120 min","additional 30 minutes",and "additional 30 min".Results:The search yielded an initial 73 *** the screening process,11 articles were accepted for *** were subsequently organized into the following 5 categories:movement demands of ET,performance responses to ET,physiological and neuromuscular response during ET,nutritional interventions,and recovery and *** results highlighted that during competitive match-play,players cover5%-12% less distance relative to match duration(i.e.,meters per minute) during ET compared to the preceding 90 *** in technical performance(i.e.,shot speed,number of passes and dribbles) were also observed during ***,carbohydrate provision may attenuate and improve dribbling performance during ***,objective and subjective measures of recovery may be further compromised following ET when compared to 90 ***:Additional investigations are warranted to further substantiate these findings and identify interventions to improve performance during ET.

关键词： Movement demands Neuromuscular fatigue Nutritional intervention Performance Physiology

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Significance of age and sex in botulinum neurotoxin dosing for adductor spasmodic dysphonia

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2023年第2期9卷 168-173页

作者： richard Heyes Charles H.Adler Nan Zhang david G.Lott Stephen F.Bansberg Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Mayo Clinic ArizonaPhoenixArizonaUSA Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic ArizonaPhoenixArizonaUSA Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Mayo Clinic ArizonaPhoenixArizonaUSA

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the impact of age and sex on botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT-A) dosing and outcomes in adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD).Methods: A database review of all spasmodic dysphonia patients treated with BoNT from 1989 to 2018 at the Mayo Clinic in Arizona was performed. Only patients who had received ≥4 injections of BoNT-A for AdSD were included. Patients were divided into two cohorts to analyze age, with an age of first treatment cutoff of 60 years. Patients were divided into male and female cohorts to analyze ***: The final analysis included 398 patients. The mean dose of BoNT-A per treatment was significantly higher in the younger cohort (4.4 vs. 3.9 units,p = 0.048). The mean maximal benefit was similar (72% vs. 70%,p = 0.48);however, the mean length of benefit was significantly shorter in younger patients (3.0 vs. 3.6 months,p < 0.01). The mean BoNT-A dose was significantly higher in the female cohort (4.2 vs. 3.6 units,p = 0.02). The mean maximal benefit was similar (69% vs. 75%,p = 0.58), as was the mean length of benefit (3.2 vs. 3.5 months,p = 0.11).Conclusions: This study suggests that age and sex influence BoNT-A dosing and outcomes in AdSD.

关键词： adductor age gender outcomes sex spasmodic dysphonia

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When It Strikes,Are We Ready?Lessons Identified at the 7th Planetary Defense Conference in Preparing for a Near-Earth Object Impact Scenario

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2022年第1期13卷 151-159页

作者： Shirish Ravan Tom De Groeve Lara Mani Einar Bjorgo richard Moissl Jose Miguel Roncero Katherine Rowan david Schuld Leviticus A.Lewis Romana Kofler United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs(UNOOSA) United Nations1220 ViennaAustria European Commission Joint Research Centre 21027 IspraItaly Centre for the Study of Existential Risk University of CambridgeCambridge CB21SBUK Division for Satellite Analysis United Nations Institute for Training and Research(UNITAR)1202 GenevaSwitzerland European Space Agency/European Space Research and Technology Centre(ESA/ESTEC) 2201 AZ NoordwijkThe Netherlands Security and Situational Awareness Unit European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations1049 BrusselsBelgium Department of Communication George Mason UniversityFairfaxVA 22030USA Hagerty Consulting EvanstonIL 60201USA Response Operations Division Federal Emergency Management AgencyWashingtonDC 20024USA

Near-Earth object(NEO)impact is one of the examples of high impact and low probability(HILP)event,same as the Covid-19 pandemic the world faces since the beginning of *** 7 th Planetary Defense Conference held by the International Academy of Astronautics(IAA)in April 2021 included an exercise on a hypothetical NEO impact event,allowing the planetary defense community to discuss potential *** the span of the 4-day conference this exercise connected disaster response and management professionals to participate in a series of panels,providing feedback and perspective on the unfolding crisis *** hypothetical but realistic asteroid threat scenario illustrated how such a short-warning threat might *** scenario utilized during the conference indicates a need to prepare now for what might come in the future,because even with advance notice,preparation time might be *** scenario chose Europe for the impact,which may likely cope with such a disaster,through the Union Civil Protection Mechanism(UCPM)and other solidarity and support mechanisms within the European Union(EU),as well as with potential support from international *** short article raises concern about other areas in the world on how they may access NEO impact information and cope with such *** also provides an idea on vast scale of such disaster vis-a-vis the current capacity of response systems to cope with a larger event in Europe or *** scenario showed that planetary defense is a global *** engagement of the planetary defense and disaster response communities is essential in order to keep the world safe from potential disasters caused by NEO impacts.

关键词： Asteroid threats Disaster risk reduction Planetary defense Risk management and prevention

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Investigation of the hydrogen adsorbed density inside the pores of MOF-5 from path integral grand canonical Monte Carlo at supercritical and subcritical temperature

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Science Bulletin 2016年第8期61卷 594-600页

作者： david Durette Pierre Benard Renju Zacharia richard Chahine Hydrogen Research Institute Universite du Quebec a Trois-RivibresTrois-Rivieres G9A 5H7Canada Gas Processing Center College of EngineeringQatar UniversityDohaQatar

我们在 MOF-5 上检验氢的吸附等温线的高密度限制。等温线在压力范围上用量 GCMC 模拟被计算： 0-150 ? atm ( 1 ? atm ?=? 1.01325 ??猼'T资??????￣?猼'T???????????????????????????????????????????????搠楥瑮牥慣慬楴湯？？

关键词：吸附等温线临界温度超临界高密度蒙特卡罗路径积分孔内氢

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A Century of Spinosaurs-A Review and Revision of the Spinosauridae with Comments on Their Ecology

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2017年第3期91卷 1120-1132页

作者： david William Elliott HONE Thomas richard HOLTZ School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London Department of Geology University of MarylandCollege Park Department of Paleobiology National Museum of Natural History

The spinosaurids represent an enigmatic and highly unusual form of large tetanuran theropods that were first identified in 1915. A recent flurry of discoveries and taxonomic revisions of this important and interesting clade has added greatly to our knowledge. Spinosaur body fossils are however generally rare and most species are known from only limited skeletal remains. Their unusual anatomical adaptations to the skull, limbs and axial column all differ from other large theropods and point to an unusual ecological niche and a lifestyle intimately linked to water.

关键词： Theropoda Megalosauroidea Baryonychinae Spinosaurinae palaeoecology

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Molecular phylogeny of Solms-laubachia(Brassicaceae) s.l.,based on multiple nuclear and plastid DNA sequences,and its biogeographic implications

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Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2009年第5期47卷 402-415页

作者： david A.BAUM Ihsan A.AL-SHEHBAZ richard REE Department of Botany University of Wisconsin Missouri Botanical Garden PO Box 299St LouisMO 63166-0299USA 3. Department of BotanyThe Field Museum1400 S.Lake Shore DriveChicagoIL 60605USA

The Hengduan Mountains region of south-west China is a noted biodiversity hotspot,but the geographic origins and historical assembly of its rich endemic flora,including the sky-island species of Solms-laubachia Muschl.(Brassicaceae),have been little *** molecular studies on the phylogeny of Solms-laubachia showed it to be paraphyletic,leading to considerable expansion not only of its taxonomic limits,but also its geographic range,with the inclusion of taxa from outside the Hengduan ***,these studies provided little resolution of interspecific relationships,preventing inferences about historical biogeography within the *** the present study,new sequence data from two nuclear genes(LEAFY and G3pdh) and two chloroplast intergenic spacers(petN-psbM and psbM-trnD) were combined with existing markers to increase phylogenetic *** villosum(Maxim.) Al-Shehbaz was found to be nested within Solms-laubachia *** general,phylogenetic relationships appear to be a good predictor of geography,with the Hengduan Mountain endemics embedded in a paraphyletic grade of species from the western Himalayas and central Asia,but they also imply morphological *** was detected between the nuclear and chloroplast gene trees,perhaps resulting from incomplete lineage sorting of ancestral *** crown age of Solms-laubachia *** estimated to be approximately 1.42-3.68 mya,using Bayesian relaxed molecular clock *** biogeographic analysis using a parametric dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model inferred central Asia and the western Himalayas as most probable ancestral range of Solms-laubachia s.l.,and estimated higher rates of eastward expansion than westward during the diversification of descendant *** summary,our results suggest that Solms-laubachia *** during the Pliocene in central Asia,and subsequently migrated eastward into the Hengduan Mountains,colonizing sky-island,alpine scr

关键词： biogeography Brassicaceae Hengduan Mountains phylogeny Solms-laubachia s.l.

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Use of multiscale particle simulations in the design of nuclear plant decommissioning

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Particuology 2011年第4期9卷 358-364页

作者： richard A. Williams Xiaodong Jia Peter Ikin david Knight Institute of Particle Science and Engineering School of Process Environmental and Materials Engineering University of Leeds LS2 9iT UK Structure Vision Ltd. Leeds Innovation Centre 103 Clarendon Road Leeds LS2 9DF UK

The application of a digital modelling method that can faithfully take account of three-dimensional shape and inherent physical and chemical properties of each particulate component provides an essential tool in decommissioning design. This is useful in handling of high, medium and low level radioactive waste. The processes involve making decisions on where to cut existing plant components and then how to pack these components into boxes, which are then cemented and kept for long term storage as the level of radioactive declines with time. We illustrate the utility of the method and its ability to take data at plant scale （m-scale） and then deduce behaviours at sub millimetre scale in the packed containers. A variety of modelling approaches are used as a part of this approach including cutting algorithms, geometric and dynamic （distinct element） force models, and lattice Boltzmann methods. These methods are applicable to other complex particulate systems including simulation of waste, building recycling, heap leaching and related minerals processes. The paper introduces the basic concepts of this multi-scale and multi-model approach.

关键词： Cementation Digital packing Digipac Discrete element modelling Nuclear waste NuPlant Particle shape

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