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Typhoon Impacts on China's Precipitation during 1957-1996

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2002年第5期19卷 943-952页

作者：任福民 Byron Gleason david easterling National Climate Center Beijing100081 National Climatic Data Center Asheville 28801 USA

Tropical Cyclone (TC) activity is an important feature of China's climate that can have important impacts on precipitation and can cause extensive property damage. In particular, precipitation from TCs contributes a significant portion of overall precipitation. This study deals with typhoons that influence China and focuses on their impact on China's precipitation. Four aspects are examined in this research. Firstly, the study of influencing typhoon frequency reveals that the main season that typhoons affect China is from May to November, especially between July and September. The frequency of influencing typhoons was steady during the past 40 years. Secondly, inspection of the climatology of station typhoon precipitation shows that Hainan and the southeastern coastalmost regions are most frequently affected by typhoons, and most of the regions south of the Yangtze river are affected by typhoons each year. Meanwhile, during 1957-1996, most of the typhoon-influenced regions show decreasing trends in typhoon precipitation but only the trends in southern Northeast China are significant. Thirdly, examination of the typhoon cases shows that there exists it significant linear relationship between the precipitation volume and impacted area. Finally, study of variations of typhoon impacts on China's precipitation suggests that there exists a decreasing trend in the contribution of typhoon precipitation to overall precipitation, while total annual volume of typhoon precipitation decreases significantly during the period.

关键词： tropical cyclone influencing typhoon typhoon frequency typhoon precipitation

Boldness and predator evasion in naturally hybridizing swordtails （Teleostei： Xiphophorus）

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Current Zoology 2015年第4期61卷 596-603页

作者： James B. JOHNSON Zachary W. CULUMBEr ryan easterling Gil G. r.OSENTHAL Department of Biology Texas A&M University College Station Texas TX 77843 USA Centro de lnvestigaciones Cientificas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca" Calnali Hidalgo Mexico

Correlations among behavioral traits can generate trade-offs and constrain phenotypic evolution. Interspecific hybridization has the potential to alter behavioral trait correlations, but the effect of hybridization on suites of behavioral traits has received relatively little attention. We evaluated how natural hybridization changes the relationship between boldness （time of emergence and proportion of time out of shelter） and response to a simulated predator threat in swordtails （Teleostei： Xiphophorus）. In poeciliid fishes, bold individuals have increased survival in the presence of predators. This non-intuitive observation may arise as a result of bold individuals being more likely to engage in anti-predator behaviors. Contrary to our prediction, bold indi- viduals were less likely to perform a fast-start response to a predator threat. This correlation was consistent among populations and species but was only significant in hybrids. The observed correlation between boldness and anti-predator behavior could im- pact hybrid fitness and the evolvability of hybrid lineages. More generally, our findings suggest that hybridization could influence the integration of behavioral phenotypes, as has been amply documented for morphology. Animal personality and behavioral syndromes could therefore play an important role in the evolutionary fate of natural hybrids [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 596-603, 2015].

关键词： Trait compensation Fast-Start Anti-predator behavior hybridization Behavioral syndrome Animal personality

Chronotype and self-reported sleep,alertness,and mental health in U.S. sailors

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Military Medical research 2022年第2期9卷 259-261页

作者： Elizabeth M.Harrison Alexandra P.easterling Emily A.Schmied Suzanne L.Hurtado Gena L.Glickman Center for Circadian Biology University of California San DiegoSan DiegoUSA Leidos Inc.San DiegoUSA Health and Behavioral Sciences Department Naval Health Research CenterSan DiegoUSA School of Public Health San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoUSA Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Uniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaUSA

Service members are at risk for sleep and psychological conditions affecting their readiness. Chronotype(“morningness”or “eveningness”) is strongly associated with sleep, health and performance. The objective of this study was to examine associations between validated measures of chronotype and sleep quality, daytime functioning, alertness,and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) in US service members(n=298).Although predominantly young males(who skew toward eveningness in civilian populations), these Sailors skewed toward morningness(35.6% morning, 51.3% intermediate). Eveningness was associated with symptoms of depression and PTSD(Pre sleep disruption(Prer daytime functioning and alertness(Pre less likely to consider sleep important for performance(Prvice member readiness, schedules should be aligned with endogenous rhythms, whenever possible, and evening chronotypes may benefit from targeted interventions. Chronotype should be examined alongside health and readiness in service members.

关键词： Circadian Chronotype Sleep Military readiness Depression Anxiety Post-traumatic stress disorder

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一种识别热带气旋降水的数值方法

热带气象学报 2001年第3期17卷 308-313页

作者：任福民 Byron Gleason david easterling 国家气候中心北京100081 NationalClimaticDataCenter

提出了一种用于识别热带气旋降水的数值方法。这一方法是在中国国家气候中心与美国国家气候资料中心的双边合作研究中得以实现的。该方法的识别结果与天气图人工判别结果相比较表明, 两者结论十分一致。

关键词：热带气旋降水数值识别方法雨带天气图降水率

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二十一世纪的材料

世界科学 1992年第11期 40-42页

作者： K.E.easterling 肖钬

在伦敦,一个偶然的时间里,一个老冶金学家和一名青年材料科学家在材料学会优雅的会议室内进行了一次讨论,其结果并不是完全可以预料的……

关键词：领域青年会议室电子轻子 CFrP 材料科学冶金学

用对接钻孔抗剪螺栓连接的轻型钢-混凝土组合桁架的设计与性能研究

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钢结构(中英文) 2010年第12期 83-84页

作者： J.r.U.Mujagic W.S.easterling T.M.Murray

钢-混凝土抗弯组合构件在楼板、框架及桥梁结构设计中已越来越受欢迎。组合桁架是其中之一,也称为组合空腹托梁,它跨度很大,能为管道安装提供空腹空间。组合托梁面临的一个问题就是剪力焊钉的安装。在许多组合桁架中,组合效应能很大程... 详细信息

钢-混凝土抗弯组合构件在楼板、框架及桥梁结构设计中已越来越受欢迎。组合桁架是其中之一,也称为组合空腹托梁,它跨度很大,能为管道安装提供空腹空间。组合托梁面临的一个问题就是剪力焊钉的安装。在许多组合桁架中,组合效应能很大程度减小上弦杆件的尺寸和厚度。上弦杆越薄,焊钉的焊接就越难。托梁越小,所需范围就越大。因此,剪力件形式的选择比剪力焊钉研究更重要。给出了剪切连接的基本推出试验、分析及强度模型的研究结果。介绍关于带螺栓剪力件组合桁架设计及性能的分析和试验成果。

关键词：组合桁架梁间组合剪切连接韧性可靠度剪力件对接螺栓

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数字印花软件

国外纺织技术（纺织针织服装化纤染整） 2001年第1期 41-42页

作者： B.easterling 何志贵李理

数字印花不受颜色与重量单元大小的限制,印花质量效果是传统滚筒印花机无法获得的,同时也不必刻制昂贵的镍网,从而为印花工业带来机遇.在匆忙进行数字印花'革命'之前,有必要了解目前数字印花技术本身及其局限.

关键词：数字印花技术软件图案设计实现方法数字格式

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喉-食管上括约肌收缩反射随年龄增长而减弱

世界核心医学期刊文摘（胃肠病学分册） 2005年第1期1卷 32-33页

作者： Kawamura O. easterling C. Aslam M. r. Shaker 赵天智 Med. Coll. Wisconsin Dysphagia Inst. Div. of Gastroenterol.and Hepatol. Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee WI United States

Background & Aims: recent studies have shown the existence of several reflex connections between the aerodigestive and upper gastrointestinal tracts. Our aim was to study the effect of laryngeal stimulation on upper esophageal sphincter(UES) pressure and to determine the reproducibility of this effect. Methods: We studied 14 young and 10 elderly healthy nonsmoker volunteers and 7 patients with UES dysphagia using a concurrent manometric and video endoscopic *** levels of laryngeal air stimulation were studied: 6 mmHg/50 ms, 10 mm Hg/50 ms, and 6 mm Hg/2 s. Ten young subjects were studied twice. results: For 6mm Hg/2s and 6mm Hg/50ms duration stimuli, the frequency of UES response to air stimulation as evidenced by mucosal deflection(response/deflection ratio) in the elderly volunteers was significantly lower compared with that of young subjects (P response/deflection ratio of the 6mm Hg/2s stimulus was significantly higher than those induced by stimuli of shorter duration (P ressure was significantly higher than prestimulation pressure (P roups. The magnitude of the increase in poststimulation UES pressure in the elderly volunteers was similar to that of the young subjects. Findings were similar in repeated *** of 7 dysphagic patients exhibited an abnormal ***: Afferent signals originating from the larynx reproducibly induce contraction of the UES: the laryngo-UES contractile reflex. This reflex is elicited most reliably by 6mm Hg/2s air stimulation. Frequency elicitation of this reflex decreases significantly with age while the magnitude of change in UES pressure remains unchanged, indicating a deleterious effect of aging on the afferent arm of this reflex. This reflex is altered in some dysphagic patients.

关键词：食管上括约肌上消化道可重复性吞咽困难受试对象内窥镜技术重复试验

作物生产模拟及其对2030年气候变化的响应(二)

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河南气象 1996年第3期 32-33页

作者： MaryS.Mckenney WilliamE.easterling NormanJ.roserberg 毛留喜

4 未来技术条件下模拟气候对作物的影响4.l 对产量的出响不考虑调整或适应,伴随未来技术,对作物施加模拟气候将会引起产量下降.旱地暖季作物受影响最为严重:玉米减产28%,大豆减产25%,高梁减产21%.在灌溉条件下,玉米减产将缓和到9%,高梁... 详细信息

4 未来技术条件下模拟气候对作物的影响4.l 对产量的出响不考虑调整或适应,伴随未来技术,对作物施加模拟气候将会引起产量下降.旱地暖季作物受影响最为严重:玉米减产28%,大豆减产25%,高梁减产21%.在灌溉条件下,玉米减产将缓和到9%,高梁减产则缓和到10%、模拟气候对小麦和紫苜蓿的影响较轻:旱地小麦和紫苜首蓿仅减产7%,灌溉小麦的产量基本不变.

关键词：气候变化作物生产模拟产量影响