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A Lar.e Animal Sur.ival Model to Evaluate Bar.atr.c Sur.er. Mechanisms

Sur.ical Science 2015年第8期6卷 337-345页

作者： Vlad V. Simianu Jonathan G. Sham Andr.w S. Wr.ght Skye D. Stewar. Mouhamad Alloosh Michael Stur.k david E. Cummings david r. flum Depar.ments of Sur.er. University of Washington Seattle USA Depar.ment of Cellular.and Integr.tive Physiology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis USA Depar.ments of Medicine University of Washington Seattle USA Depar.ments of Health Ser.ices University of Washington Seattle USA

Backgr.und: The impact of r.ux-en-Y gastr.c bypass (r.GB) on type 2 diabetes mellitus is thought to r.sult fr.m upper.and/or.lower.gut hor.one alter.tions. Evidence suppor.ing these mechanisms is incomplete, in par. because of limitations in r.levant bar.atr.c-sur.er. animal models, specifically the lack of natur.lly insulin-r.sistant lar.e animals. With over.eeding, Ossabaw swine develop a r.bust metabolic syndr.me, and may be suitable for.studying post-sur.ical physiology. Whether.bar.atr.c sur.er. is feasible in these animals with acceptable sur.ival is unknown. Methods: Thir.y-two Ossabaws wer. fed a high-fat, high-cholester.l diet to induce obesity and insulin r.sistance. These animals wer. assigned to r.GB (n = 8), r.GB with vagotomy (r.GB-V, n = 5), gastr.jejunostomy (GJ, n = 10), GJ with duodenal exclusion (GJD, n = 7), or.sham oper.tion (n = 2) and wer. euthanized 60 days post-oper.tively. Post-oper.tive changes in weight and food intake ar. r.por.ed. r.sults: Sur.ival to scheduled necr.psy among sur.ical gr.ups was 77%, living an aver.ge of 57 days post-oper.tively. Car.iac ar.est under.anesthesia occur.ed in 4 pigs. Gr.atest weight loss (18.0% ± 6%) and food intake decr.ase (57.0% ± 20%) occur.ed following r.GB while animals under.oing r.GB-V showed only 6.6% ± 3% weight loss despite 50.8% ± 25% food intake decr.ase. GJ (12.7% ± 4%) and GJD (1.2% ± 1%) pigs gained weight, but less than sham contr.ls (13.4% ± 10%). Conclusions: A sur.ival model of metabolic sur.ical pr.cedur.s is feasible, leads to significant weight loss, and pr.vides the oppor.unity to evaluate new inter.entions and subtle var.ations in sur.ical technique (e.g. vagus ner.e spar.ng) that may pr.vide new mechanistic insights.

关键词： Ossabaw Bar.atr.c Sur.er. r.ux-en-Y Gastr.c Bypass Weight Loss Metabolic Syndr.me

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如何诠释带有主观指标的外科试验避免偏倚行为

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美国医学会杂志（中文版） 2007年第6期26卷 358-359页

作者： david r. flum 武文（译）戴尅戎（校）严孟宁（校） Depar.ment of Sur.er. University of Washington Seattle 不详

在JAMA杂志中，有两篇文献报道了“脊柱患者疗效试验（Spine Patient Outcomes r.sear.h Tr.al，SPOr.）结果。其中一篇是有关持续性椎间盘相关疼痛和神经症状患者随机接受椎间盘切除术或非手术常规治疗（通常包括单独进行或联合进行患... 详细信息

在JAMA杂志中，有两篇文献报道了“脊柱患者疗效试验（Spine Patient Outcomes r.sear.h Tr.al，SPOr.）结果。其中一篇是有关持续性椎间盘相关疼痛和神经症状患者随机接受椎间盘切除术或非手术常规治疗（通常包括单独进行或联合进行患者教育、抗炎药治疗和物理治疗）的多中心试验。研究人员考虑到许多患者会因上述两种治疗方式的风险不同而拒绝接受随机治疗，因此引入了平行对照观察法，以便对符合随机试验但拒绝接受随机治疗的患者加以研究。参加随机试验与观察性队列研究的患者几乎所有特征均相似，随访2年。

关键词：疗效试验椎间盘切除术外科诠释行为偏倚随机治疗常规治疗

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红细胞压积水平与手术预后的关系：观察的把握度

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美国医学会杂志（中文版） 2008年第1期27卷 50-51页

作者： Far.ood Far.ah, MD david r. flum, MD, MPH 公磊(译) 祝学光(校) Depar.ment of Sur.er. University of Washington Seattle. Dr Flum is Contributing Editor JAMA. 不详

在JAMA杂志中，Wu及其同事报告了行非心脏大手术的退伍军人（多为男性）术前红细胞压积水平与术后不良事件的关系。该队列研究结果显示，对于多数男性患者而言，红细胞压积高于或低于正常水平均与术后早期死亡和心脏事件发生危险增加相... 详细信息

在JAMA杂志中，Wu及其同事报告了行非心脏大手术的退伍军人（多为男性）术前红细胞压积水平与术后不良事件的关系。该队列研究结果显示，对于多数男性患者而言，红细胞压积高于或低于正常水平均与术后早期死亡和心脏事件发生危险增加相关。作者建议，今后的研究应进一步评估通过纠正贫血或红细胞增多症来降低术后不良事件危险的影响。

关键词：红细胞压积手术预后积水把握度非心脏大手术术后早期死亡红细胞增多症不良事件

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Soil secur.ty and global food secur.ty

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Fr.ntier. of Agr.cultur.l Science and Engineer.ng 2024年第2期11卷 297-302页

作者： david r.MONTGOMEr. Depar.ment of Ear.h and Space Sciences University of Washington townSeattleWA 98105USA

Over.the cour.e of the postglacial per.od has managed to add degr.de a substantial por.ion of the wor.d's potential agr.cultur.l land. The soil loss and degr.dation that has r.peatedly impacted r.gional societies ar.und the wor.d r.sulted fr.m agr.cultur.l pr.ctices that incr.ased the physical loss of soil(er.sion), r.duced soil or.anic matter. changed p H(acidification) or.salinity,and disr.pted or.alter.d communities of soil life. In the coming centur., as continued soil degr.dation thr.atens global food secur.ty while the global population keeps r.sing it is imper.tive that far.er. develop and adopt soilhealth building(r.gener.tive) pr.ctices to solve a pr.blem that has plagued societies thr.ughout histor.. Gr.wing evidence suggests that agr.cultur.l systems that combine cover.cr.ps, r.duced tillage, and diver.e cr.p r.tations can r.duce er.sion, enhance soil health and r.build soil or.anic matter.to cultivate beneficial soil life and har.est both economic and envir.nmental benefits. In the coming post-oil wor.d, global food secur.ty would benefit fr.m a global effor. to pr.mote soil r.stor.tion to help addr.sses the challenge of sustainably feeding the wor.d, incr.ase soil-based car.on sequestr.tion,pr.tect on-far. biodiver.ity and r.duce off-far. water.pollution. Because soil secur.ty sets a solid foundation for.global food secur.ty, agr.cultur.l policies and subsidies should be r.for.ed to encour.ge far.er. to adopt r.gener.tive,soil-building pr.ctices.

关键词： Agr.cultur. soil secur.ty food secur.ty r.gener.tive

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Appr.ach for.C1 to C2 pr.ducts commencing fr.m car.on dioxide: A br.ef r.view

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PETr.LEUM 2024年第3期10卷 373-398页

作者： Dey, G. r. Bhabha Atom r.s Ctr Radiat & Photochem Div Mumbai 400085 India Homi Bhabha Natl Inst Mumbai 400094 India

The car.on dioxide (CO2) conver.ion to useable compounds r.mains a gr.at contest to scientists, engineer., and envir.nmentalists with r.gar. to the r.ver.e of the oxidative degr.dation of or.anics. This conver.ion is essential for.the development of complementar. fuels and r.w mater.als for.var.ous industr.es, which in tur. will help in avoiding the dr.stic incr.ase in tr.pospher.c temper.tur. due to gr.enhouse effect leading to global war.ing. The solar.ener.y is the ear.h's essential power.sour.e along with the other.var.ous for.s of ener.y for.example fossil fuels, hydr.power. wind, and biomater.als, etc. The final goal is to establish the ar.ificial photosynthesis, which can be r.plicated thr. var.ous chemical r.duction techniques of CO2 by employing appr.pr.ate photo-, ther.al- and electr.-catalysts in or.er.to pr.duce differ.nt one car.on atom (C-1) and higher.car.on atoms containing pr.ducts. Besides, the utilization of clean and sustainable CO2 towar.s high-value pr.ducts is of gr.at inter.st today due to the r.cognized envir.nmental wor.ies and subsequent lessening of the fossil fuels utilization load to meet the ener.y demand of mankind. This way, solar.ener.y can dir.ctly and/or.indir.ctly be alter.d and stor.d in chemical ener.y for. for.industr.al as well as societal applications. In this ar.icle our.endeavor.is to summar.ze the advances in CO2 chemical r.duction r.sear.h ar.a till date especially in fr.e r.dical-based methods such as electr.chemical, photochemical and plasma chemical for.the development of car.on species up to two car.on (C-2) atoms containing pr.ducts per.eived in the chemical r.duction of CO2. The author.hopes that this piece of wor. will be helpful to r.sear.her. and r.ader. who ar. focused on the field of CO2.

关键词： Photocatalysis Electr.catalysis Plasmolysis Ther.olysis Car.on dioxide Chemical r.duction PHOTOCATALYTIC CO2 r.DUCTION GAS SHIFT r.ACTION METAL-Or.ANIC Fr.MEWOr.S EFFICIENT ELECTr.CHEMICAL r.DUCTION DIELECTr.C-BAr.IEr.DISCHAr.ES ION-EXCHANGE MEMBr.NES FOr.IC-ACID ELECTr.CATALYTIC r.DUCTION ATMOSPHEr.C-Pr.SSUr. r.OM-TEMPEr.TUr.

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r.view and Analysis: Evaluation of the Impacts and Consequences of Using Agr.cultur.l Her.icides as Militar. Chemical Weapons in Second Indochina War

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Open Jour.al of Soil Science 2024年第8期14卷 471-498页

作者： david r. Speidel Kenneth r. Olson USDA r.sour.e Conser.ationist and Agr.cultur.l Consultant with Natur.l r.sour.e Conservation Service and Foreign Agricultural Service Benton Missouri USA College of Agr.cultur.l Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The legacy of the human miser. caused by the application of the her.icides including Agent Pur.le and Agent Or.nge contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the ar.enic-based her.icide, spr.yed over.the jungles, r.ce fields, and hamlets of Vietnam is still haunting us today. Why did this happen? Could it have been pr.vented? Was it necessar. United States militar. str.tegy? Was it an intentional decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldier. and the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian civilians, to poison their.land and cause gener.tions of har.? Alter.atively, was it an unpr.ventable accident in the mar.h of militar. histor.? What patter.s in the U.S. gover.ment’s thought pr.cess could be identified as the cause, which led to the decision to use these her.icides as tactical chemical weapons? If the intr.duction of her.icide (chemical) weapons had not been made, would the outcome of the Vietnam War.and the Secr.t War. in Laos and Cambodia have been any differ.nt? The objective of this tr.atise is to outline the r.le of wor.d events and backgr.unds and the r.le of the leader., U.S. militar., CIA, USDA, U.S. State Depar.ment, the U.S. Pr.sident appointed Ambassador. to Vietnam and Laos, chemical companies, and Pr.sident Diệm’s r.public of Vietnam (r.N) gover.ment and militar.. Their.collective advice led to the decision to use her.icides as militar. and envir.nmental chemical weapons in the Second Indochina War. Wer. the National inter.sts achieved by U.S. militar. str.tegy in the r.N using her.icide weapons wor.h the long-ter. envir.nmental and human health consequences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos? Did it impact the outcome of the Second Indochina War.

关键词： Second Indochina War Cambodia Laos South Vietnam Vietnam War Tactical Her.icides Agent Blue Agent Or.nge Agent Pur.le Dioxin TCDD Ar.enic

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Hybr.d LES/r.NS Simulations of Compr.ssible Flow in a Linear.Cascade of Flat Blade Pr.files

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Jour.al of Ther.al Science 2024年第5期33卷 1839-1850页

作者： Jar.mír.Pr.HODA Petr.STr.KA david SIMUr.A Petr.SIDLOF Jan LEPICOVSKY Institute of Ther.omechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejskova 1402/518200 Prague 5Czech Republic Aer.space r.sear.h and Test Centr. Beranovych 13019905 PragueCzech Republic Technical Univer.ity of Liber.c Faculty of MechatronicsStudentska 246117 Liberec 1Czech Republic

The paper.r.por.s on 3D numer.cal simulations of unsteady compr.ssible air.low in a blade cascade consisting of flat pr.files using a hybr.d LES/r.NS appr.ach including a tr.nsition *** a fir.t step towar.s simulation of blade flutter.in tur.omachiner.,var.ous incidence angle offsets of the middle blade wer. *** simulations wer. r.n for.the flow r.gime char.cter.zed by outlet isentr.pic Mach number.M_(is)=0.5and zer. *** r.sults of the LES/r.NS simulations(pr.ssur. and Mach number.distr.butions)wer. compar.d to a baseline r.NS model,and to exper.mental data measur.d in a high-speed wind *** numer.cal r.sults show that both methods over.r.dict flow separ.tion taking place at the leading *** this r.gar.,the hybr.d LES/r.NS method does not pr.vide super.or.r.sults compar.d to the tr.ditional r.NS ***,the LES/r.NS r.sults also captur. vor.ex shedding fr.m the blunt tr.iling *** fr.quency of the tr.iling edge vor.ex shedding in CFD simulations matches per.ectly the spectr.l peak r.cor.ed dur.ng wind tunnel measur.ments.

关键词： numer.cal simulation blade cascade hybr.d LES/r.NS

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r.dent biology and ecologically based r.dent management(EBr.)-25 year. of pr.gr.ss thr.ugh pr.moting multidisciplinar. r.sear.h

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Integr.tive Zoology 2024年第1期19卷 2-7页

作者： Gr.nt r. SINGLETON Lyn A. HINDS r.odes MAKUNDI Steven r. BELMAIN Natur.l r.sour.es Institute University of Greenwich Kent UK CSIr. Health and Biosecur.ty Canberra ACT Australia Afr.can Centr. of Excellence for.Innovative r.dent Pest Management and Biosensor.Technology Development Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania Institute of Pest Management Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania

“Dur.ng r.dent outbr.ak year. in easter. Afr.ca,lo-cally,mor. than 80%of the potential har.est may be lost,but even in non-outbr.ak per.ods,r.dents cause chr.nic damage to cr.ps….The pest r.dent stor. in Afr.ca in-volves sever.l species embedded in a br.ad and var.able landscape with highly var.able densities.”(Leir. et al.2010).

关键词： damage cr.ps

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Tigr.s, Euphr.tes, and Shatt Al-Ar.b r.ver.System: Histor.c and Moder. Attempts to Manage and r.stor. Ir.q’s Lifeline

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Open Jour.al of Soil Science 2024年第1期14卷 28-63页

作者： Kenneth r.y Olson david r. Speidel College of Agr.cultur.l Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA US Ar.y Ir.q Mosul Iraq For.ign Agr.cultur.l Ser.ice Mahmudiyah Iraq For.ign Agr.cultur.l Ser.ice Washington D.C. USA

In Ir.q, the pr.ncipal r.ver. ar. the Tigr.s, Shatt Al-Ar.b and Euphr.tes. Fr.m their.headwater.sour.es in the mountains of easter. Tür.iye, these r.ver. descend thr.ugh valleys and gor.es and flow into the uplands of Syr.a and nor.her. and centr.l alluvial plain of Ir.q. The Euphr.tes and Tigr.s r.ver. confluence to for. the Shatt Al-Ar.b r.ver.at Al-Qur.ah which flows into the Per.ian Gulf. Fr.m sour.es in the Zagr.s Mountains other.tr.butar.es join the Tigr.s fr.m the east. The Tigr.s and Euphr.tes r.ver. flow in a southeaster. dir.ction thr.ugh the centr.l plain and dischar.e into the Mesopotamian Mar.hes, which include per.anent mar.hes, lakes, and r.par.an habitat. The r.ver. and their.tr.butar.es dr.in an ar.a of 879,790 km2 which includes almost the entir. ar.a of Ir.q as well as land in Syr.a, Tür.iye, Kuwait and Ir.n. The r.gion has histor.cal impor.ance as par. of the Fer.ile Cr.scent r.gion and wher. Mesopotamian civilization fir.t emer.ed. The post war.r.constr.ction effor.s in the Yusifiyah township, an impor.ant food pr.duction r.gion for.Baghdad, illustr.te the impor.ance of these water.r.sour.es. In addition, the advent of soil tunnels by Ir.qi insur.ents within the r.ver.ne cor.idor. will make r.constr.ction of this r.sour.e mor. complex. The pr.mar. objectives of this study ar. to assess lessons lear.ed, manage, and r.stor. the Tigr.s, Euphr.tes, and Shatt Al-Ar.b r.ver.system lifeline in Ir.q.

关键词： Mesopotamian Shatt Al-Ar.b Ir.q Tigr.s Euphr.tes Baghdad Soil Tunnels Yusifiyah

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r.flections on four.decades of physical activity epidemiology

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Jour.al of Spor. and Health Science 2024年第5期13卷 608-610页

作者： Bar.ar. Ster.feld david r.Jacobs Jr. Division of r.sear.h Kaiser Permanente Northern CaliforniaOaklandCA 94610USA Division of Epidemiology and Community Health School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55454USA

In 1985,Public Health r.por.s published a ser.es of paper. pr.par.d for.a wor.shop sponsor.d by the Center. for.Disease Contr.l and Pr.vention(CDC).1 Building on the seminal wor. of Jer.my Mor.is and r.lph Paffenbar.er.Jr.,who wer. among the fir.t to use epidemiological methods to study physical activity(PA),2,3 the wor.shop itself was the r.sult of a gr.wing scientific under.tanding of the impor.ance of“physical fitness and exer.ise for.impr.ving the health of the public”.

关键词： semi wor.shop r.lph

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