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Metallogenic‘factories’and resultant highly anomalous mineral endowment on the craton margins of China

Geoscience Frontiers 2022年第2期13卷 1-20页

作者： Li-Qiang Yang Jun Deng david i.groves M.Santosh Wen-Yan He Nan Li Liang Zhang Rui-Rui Zhang Hong-Rui Zhang State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resources Utilization Shandong Institute of Geological SciencesJinan 250013China Centre for Exploration Targeting University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA 6009Australia Dept.of Earth Sciences University of AdelaideSA 5005Australia Division of interdisciplinary Science Faculty of ScienceKochi UniversityKochi 780-8520Japan

The current margins of the North China and Yangtze Cratons provide arguably the best examples globally of anomalously high mineral endowment within a 100 km buffer zone,hosting 66 diverse world-class to giant ore systems that help explain China’s premier position as a producer of multiple metal and mineral commodities.After the cratonization of these crustal blocks during the Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic,with incorporation of iron ores on assembled micro-block margins,the margins of the cratons experienced multiple convergence and rifting events leading to metasomatism and fertilization of their underlying sub-continental lithospheric mantle.The rifted margins with trans-lithosphere faults provided pathways for Cu-Au(Mo-W-Sn)-bearing felsic to Ni-Cu-bearing ultrabasic intrusions and REE-rich carbonatite magmas,and for the development of marginal sedimentary basins with both Cu-Pb-Zn-rich source units and reactive carbonate or carbonaceous host rocks.There was diachronous formation of hydrothermal orogenic gold,antimony,and bismuth systems in the narrow orogenic belts between the cratons.Complexity in the Mesozoic Paleo-Pacific subduction systems resulted in asthenosphere upwelling and lithosphere extension and thinning in the North China Craton,leading to anomalous heat flow and formation of orogenic gold deposits,including those of the giant Jiaodong gold province on its north-eastern margin.These gold deposits,many of which formed from fluids liberated by devolatilization of previously metasomatized sub-continental lithospheric mantle,helped propel China to be the premier gold producer globally.The thick sub-continental lithospheric mantle of the cold buoyant cratons helped the preservation of some of the world’s oldest porphyry-skarn and epithermal mineral systems.Although craton margins globally control the formation and preservation of a diverse range of mineral deposits,China represents the premier example in terms of metal endowment due to the anomalous length of its craton margins combined with their abnor

关键词： Craton margin Ore deposits Geodynamic setting Fertile mantle lithosphere Mineral exploration

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Province-scale commonalities of some world-class gold deposits:implications for mineral exploration

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Geoscience Frontiers 2015年第3期6卷 389-399页

作者： david i.groves M.Santosh Centre for Exploration Targeting UWA State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Centre for Tectonics Resources and Exploration Dept.of Earth SciencesUniversity of Adelaide Division of interdisciplinary Science Faculty of ScienceKochi University

Discovery rates for all metals, including gold, are declining, the cost per significant discovery is increasing sharply, and the economic situation of the industry is one of low base rate. The current hierarchical structure of the exploration and mining industry makes this situation difficult to redress. Economic geologists can do little to influence the required changes to the overall structure and philosophy of an industry driven by business rather than geological principles, However, it should be possible to follow the lead of the oil industry and improve the success rate of greenfield exploration, necessary for the next group of lower-exploration-spend significant mineral deposit discoveries. Here we promote the concept that mineral explorers need to carefully consider the scale at which their exploration targets are viewed. it is necessary to carefully assess the potential of drill targets in terms of terrane to province to district scale, rather than deposit scale, where most current economic geology research and conceptual thinking is concentrated. if orogenic, iRGD, Carlin-style and iOCG gold-rich systems are viewed at the deposit scale, they appear quite different in terms of conventionally adop- ted research parameters. However, recent models for these deposit styles show increasingly similar source-region parameters when viewed at the lithosphere scale, suggesting common tectonic settings. it is only by assessing individual targets in their tectonic context that they can be more reliably ranked in terms of potential to provide a significant drill discovery. Targets adjacent to craton margins, other lithosphere boundaries, and suture zones are clearly favoured for all of these gold deposit styles, and such exploration could lead to incidental discovery of major deposits of other metals sited along the same tectonic boundaries.

关键词： Mineral exploration Gold deposits Tectonic settings Mining industry Discovery rate

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The giant Jiaodong gold province： The key to a unified model for orogenic gold deposits？

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Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第3期7卷 409-417页

作者： david i.groves M.Santosh Centre for Exploration Targeting UWA Cmwley 6009 WA Australia Centre for Tectonics Resources and Exploration Department of Earth Sciences University of Adelaicle SA 5005 Australia State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Division of interdisciplinary Science Faculty of Science Kochi University Kochi 780-8520 Japan

Although the term orogenic gold deposit has been widely accepted for all gold-only lode-gold deposits,with the exception of Carlin-type deposits and rare intrusion-related gold systems,there has been continuing debate on their genesis.Early syngenetic models and hydrothermal models dominated by meteoric fluids are now clearly unacceptable.Magmatic-hydrothermal models fail to explain the genesis of orogenic gold deposits because of the lack of consistent spatially- associated granitic intrusions and inconsistent temporal relationships.The most plausible,and widely accepted,models involve metamorphic fluids,but the source of these fluids is hotly debated.Sources within deeper segments of the supracrustal successions hosting the deposits,the underlying continental crust,and subducted oceanic lithosphere and its overlying sediment wedge all have their proponents.The orogenic gold deposits of the giant Jiaodong gold province of China,in the delaminated North China Craton,contain ca.120 Ma gold deposits in Precambrian crust that was metamorphosed over 2000 million years prior to gold mineralization.The only realistic source of fluid and gold is a subducted oceanic slab with its overlying sulfide-rich sedimentary package,or the associated mantle wedge.This could be viewed as an exception to a general metamorphic model where orogenic gold has been derived during greenschist- to amphibolite-facies metamorphism of supracrustal rocks：basaltic rocks in the Precambrian and sedimentary rocks in the Phanerozoic.Alternatively,if a holistic view is taken,Jiaodong can be considered the key orogenic gold province for a unified model in which gold is derived from late-orogenic metamorphic devolatilization of stalled subduction slabs and oceanic sediments throughout Earth history.The latter model satisfies all geological,geochronological,isotopic and geochemical constraints but the precise mechanisms of auriferous fluid release,like many other subduction-related processes,are model-driven and remain uncertain.

关键词： Jiaodong province Orogenic gold Metamorphic fluids Subduction zones Tectonics

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A scale-integrated exploration model for orogenic gold deposits based on a mineral system approach

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第3期11卷 719-738页

作者： david i.groves M.Santosh Liang Zhang Orebusters Pty Ltd Gwelup6018WAAustralia State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing100083China Dept.of Earth Sciences University of AdelaideSA5005Australia Yonsei Frontier Lab Yonsei UniversitySeoul120-749Republic of Korea

Concept-based orogenic gold exploration requires a scale-integrated approach using a robust mineral system model.Most genetic hypotheses for orogenic gold deposits that involve near-surface or magmatic-hydrothermal fluids are now negated in terms of a global mineral system model.Plausible models involve metamorphic fluids,but the fluid source has been equivocal.Crustal metamorphic-fluid models are most widely-accepted but there are serious problems for Archean deposits,and numerous Chinese provinces,including Jiaodong,where the only feasible fluid source is sub-crustal.if all orogenic gold deposits define a coherent mineral system,there are only two realistic sources of fluid and gold,based on their syn-mineralization geodynamic settings.These are from devolatilization of a subducted oceanic slab with its overlying gold-bearing sulfide-rich sedimentary package,or release from mantle lithosphere that was metasomatized and fertilized during a subduction event,particularly adjacent to craton margins.in this model,CO_2 is generated during decarbonation and S and ore-related elements released from transformation of pyrite to pyrrhotite at about 500 ℃.This orogenic gold mineral system can be applied to conceptual exploration by first identifying the required settings at geodynamic to deposit scales.Within these settings,it is then possible to define the critical gold mineralization processes in the system:fertility,architecture,and preservation.The geological parameters that define these processes,and the geological,geophysical and geochemical proxies and responses for these critical parameters can then be identified.At the geodynamic to province scales,critical processes include a tectonic thermal engine and deep,effective,fluid plumbing system driven by seismic swarms up lithosphere-scale faults in an oblique-slip regime during uplift late in the orogenic cycle of a convergent margin.At the district to deposit scale,the important processes are fluid focussing into regions of complex structural geometry adjacent to cr

关键词： Mineral systems Orogenic gold Sub-crustal fluids Convergent margins Gold exploration

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Giant mineral deposits：introduction

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Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第3期7卷 299-301页

作者： M.Santosh david i.groves China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Department of Earth Sciences University of Adelaide SA 5005 Australia Centre for Exploration Targeting UWA Crawley WA 6009 Australia

Giant,and to a lesser extent world-class,mineral deposits are the ultimate exploration targets,with discovery changing the financial bottom line of junior exploration companies and providing long-term resources and reserves for major mining companies.Despite this,there have been few volumes specifically devoted to giant mineral deposits.

关键词： REE

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The conjunction of factors that lead to formation of giant gold provinces and deposits in non-arc settings

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Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第3期7卷 303-314页

作者： david i.groves Richard J.Goldfarb M.Santosh Centre for Exploration Targeting UWA State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences U.S.Geological Survey Denver Federal Center Centre for Tectonics Resources and Exploration Dept. of Earth SciencesUniversity of Adelaide Division of interdisciplinary Science Faculty of ScienceKochi University

it is quite evident that it is not anomalous metal transport,nor unique depositional conditions,nor any single factor at the deposit scale,that dictates whether a mineral deposit becomes a giant or not.A hierarchical approach thus is required to progressively examine controlling parameters at successively decreasing scales in the total mineral system to understand the location of giant gold deposits in non-arc environments.For giant orogenic,intrusion-related gold systems（iRGS） and Carlin-type gold deposits and iron oxide-copper-gold（iOCG） deposits,there are common factors among all of these at the lithospheric to crustal scale.All are sited in giant gold provinces controlled by complex fundamental fault or shear zones that follow craton margins or,in the case of most Phanerozoic orogenic giants,define the primary suture zones between tectonic terranes.Giant provinces of iRGS,iOCG,and Carlin-type deposits require melting of metasomatized lithosphere beneath craton margins with ascent of hybrid lamprophyric to granitic magmas and associated heat flux to generate the giant province.The iRGS and iOCG deposits require direct exsolution of volatile-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluids,whereas the association of such melts with Carlin-type ores is more indirect and enigmatic.Giant orogenic gold provinces show no direct relationship to such magmatism.forming from metamorphic fluids,but show an indirect relationship to lamprophyres that reflect the mantle connectivity of controlling first-order structures.in contrast to their province scale similarities,the different giant gold deposit styles show contrasting critical controls at the district to deposit scale.For orogenic gold deposits,the giants appear to have formed by conjunction of a greater number of parameters to those that control smaller deposits,with resultant geometrical and lithostratigraphic complexity as a guide to their location.There are few giant iRGS due to their inferior fluid-flux systems relative to orogenic gold deposits,and those few giants are essenti

关键词： Giant gold deposits Orogenic gold Carlin deposits iron oxide-copper-gold deposits intrusion-related gold systems Lithosphere

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Structural geometry of orogenic gold deposits： implications for exploration of world-class and giant deposits

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1163-1177页

作者： david i.groves M.Santosh Richard J.Goldfarb Liang Zhang Orebusters Pty Ltd Gwelup 6018 Western Australia Australia State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Centre for Tectonics Resources and Exploration Dept. of Earth Sciences University of Adelaide SA 5005 Australia Division of interdisciplinary Science Faculty of Science Kochi University Kochi 780-8520 Japan

With very few exceptions, orogenic gold deposits formed in subduction-related tectonic settings in accretionary to collisional orogenic belts from Archean to Tertiary times. Their genesis, including metal and fluid source, fluid pathways, depositional mechanisms, and timing relative to regional structural and metamorphic events, continues to be controversial. However, there is now general agreement that these deposits formed from metamorphic fluids, either from metamorphism of intra-basinal rock sequences or de-volatilization of a subducted sediment wedge, during a change from a compressional to transpressional, less commonly transtensional, stress regime, prior to orogenic collapse. in the case of Archean and Paleoproterozoic deposits, the formation of orogenic gold deposits was one of the last events prior to cratonization. The late timing of orogenic gold deposits within the structural evolution of the host orogen implies that any earlier structures may be mineralized and that the current structural geometry of the gold deposits is equivalent to that at the time of their formation provided that there has been no significant post-gold orogenic overprint. Within the host volcano-sedimentary sequences at the province scale, world-class orogenic gold deposits are most commonly located in second-order structures adjacent to crustal scale faults and shear zones, representing the first-order ore-forming fluid pathways, and whose deep lithospheric connection is marked by lamprophyre intrusions which, however, have no direct genetic association with gold deposition. More specifically, the gold deposits are located adjacent to ～10°-25° district-scale jogs in these crustal-scale faults. These jogs are commonly the site of arrays of ～70° cross faults that accommodate the bending of the more rigid components, for example volcanic rocks and intrusive sills, of the host belts. Rotation of blocks between these accommodation faults causes failure of more competent units and/or reactivation and dilation of pre-existing structur

关键词： Structural geometry Tectonic history Fluid pathways Orogenic gold deposits Exploration criteria

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Lithosphere architecture characterized by crust±mantle decoupling controls the formation of orogenic gold deposits

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National Science Review 2023年第3期10卷 77-91页

作者： Zengqian Hou Qingfei Wang Haijiang Zhang Bo Xu Nian Yu Rui Wang david i.groves Yuanchuan Zheng Shoucheng Han Lei Gao Lin Yang institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing) School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China School of Electrical Engineering Chongqing University Centre for Exploration Targeting University of Western Australia

This study,via combined analysis of geophysical and geochemical data,reveals a lithospheric architecture characterized by crust-mantle decoupling and vertical heat-flow conduits that control orogenic gold mineralization in the Ailaoshan gold belt on the southeastern margin of Tibet.The mantle seismic tomography indicates that the crust-mantle decoupled deformation,defined from previous seismic anisotropy analysis,was formed by upwelling and lateral flow of the asthenosphere,driven by deep sub duction of the indian continent,Our magnetotelluric and seismic images show both a vertical conductor across the Moho and high Vp/Vs anomalies both in the uppermost mantle and lowest crust,suggesting that crust-mantle decoupling promotes ponding of mantle-derived basic melts at the base of the crust via a heat-flow conduit.Noble gas isotope and halogen ratios of gold-related ore minerals indicate a mantle source of ore fluid.A rapid decrease in Cl/F ratios of lamprophyres under conditions of 1.2 GPa and1050 ℃ suggests that the ore fluid was derived from degassing of the basic melts.Similar lithospheric architecture is recognized in other orogenic gold provinces,implying analogous formational controls.

关键词： crust-mantle decoupling lithosphere architecture orogenic gold deposit seismic tomography magnetotelluric imaging Tibet

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SHRiMP single zircon U-Pb dating of the Kongling high-grade metamorphic terrain: Evidence for >3.2 Ga old continental crust in the Yangtze craton

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Science China Earth Sciences 2001年第4期44卷 326-335页

作者：高山凌文黎 QiU Yumin Neal J.McNaughton david i.groves Department of Geology Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China

Single zircons from two trondhjemitic gneisses and two clastic metasedimentary rocks without Eu anomaly of the Kongling high-grade metamorphic terrain are dated by the in situ SHRiMP U-Pb method. The results show that the trondhjemitic magma emplaced at 2947-2903 Ma. Concordant age of as old as 3.3 Ga is present in the detrital zircons from the clastic metasedimentary rocks. Together with the depleted mantle Nd model age (TDM =3.2-3.3 Ga) of the clastic metasedimentary rocks, this documents the presence of Paleoarchean continental crust in the Yangtze craton.

关键词： Kongling high-grade metamorphic terrain zircon U-Pb age SHRiMP Archean Yangtze craton.

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Corrigendum to“Structural geometry of orogenic gold deposits:implications for exploration of world-class and giant deposits”[Geoscience Frontiers 9,(2018)1163e1177]

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第2期10卷 789-789页

作者： david i.groves M.Santosh Richard Goldfarb Liang Zhang Orebusters Pty Ltd Gwelup6018Western AustraliaAustralia State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China Centre for Tectonics Resources and Exploration Dept.of Earth SciencesUniversity of AdelaideSA5005Australia Division of interdisciplinary Science Faculty of ScienceKochi UniversityKochi780-8520Japan

Fig.8e in our paper(groves et al.,2018)was incorrectly ascribed to Caddey et al.(1995).it is actually taken from Figure 3 in Morelli et al.(2010).in turn,this was derived from Bell(2013).The authors apologise for this... 详细信息

关键词： Structural geometry orogenic gold deposits

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