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Population-influenced spatiotemporal pattern of natural disaster and social crisis in China, AD1–1910

Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第7期62卷 1138-1150页

作者： Shengda zhang david dian zhang Department of Geography The University of Hong Kong School of Geographical Sciences Guangzhou University

Researchers mostly ascribe contemporary natural disaster and the concomitant social crisis to anomalous climate change or global warming. However, whether such a relationship is still valid in long-term historical settings remains doubtful. In this study, data obtained from historical records about natural calamities(flood and drought) and their social impacts(famine,cannibalism, and war) at provincial and decadal scales during AD1–1910 are applied to mathematical statistics such as correlation and regression analysis as well as spatial visualization. Also, the role of population in the nexus of meteorological catastrophes and human miseries is investigated. Results show that at the provincial scale, generally there is high consistency among different variables and most of them are clustered in eastern part of China, especially in the north. More in-depth examinations indicate regional disparities that variables account for higher proportion in the south during the later imperial era,which may be attributed to the southward movement of population center. At the decadal scale, drought is the primary contributor to famine and cannibalism, while severe or even out-of-control famine i.e. cannibalism is more likely to incur war than ordinary famine per se. Besides, population growth rate exerts its positive effect on natural hazards and food crises, whereas more wars bring population loss and relieve population stress despite the weak negative association. These findings supplement previous views and confirm that the distributions of disasters in ancient China are affected by population rather than climatic variability, which only determines the occurrence of disaster.

关键词： Natural disaster Social crisis Population Spatiotemporal pattern Historical China

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Phases of Environmental Evolution Indicated by Primary Chemical Elements and Paleontological Records in the Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Series for the Salawusu River Valley,China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2007年第4期81卷 555-565页

作者： LI Baosheng WEN Xiaohao QIU Shifan david dian zhang DU Shuhuan CHEN Deniu OU Xianjiao NIU Dongfeng School of Geography South China Normal University Guangzhou Guangdong 510631 State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi＇an Shaanxi 710061 Department of Geography and Geology the University ofHong Kong Hong Kong Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080

Studies of lithology, sedimentary facies and the distribution regularity of SiO2 and Al2O3 contents and Al2O3/SiO2 ratio allow us to divide the Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Series represented by the MUanggouwan section in China＇s Salawnsu River valley into six segments： MGS1, MGS2, MGS3, MGS4, MGS5 and MGS6. The boundary ages for MGS1 （the Dishaogouwan and Dagouwan Formations）, MGS2 （the upper Chengchuan Formation）, MGS3 （the middle Chengchuan Formation）, MGS4 （the lower Chengchuan Formation）, MGS5 （most strata of the Salawusu Formation） and MGS6 （the bottom of the Salawusu Formation and the top of the Lishi Formation） correspond to those of MIS1, MIS2, MIS3, MIS4, MISS and MIS6, respectively, from deep sea sediments or continental glaciers. MGS5 can be subdivided into five subsegments （MGS5a, MGS5b, MGS5c, MGS5d and MGS5e） and the boundary ages of these subsegments correspond to those of MISSa, MISSb, MIS5c, MIS5d and MIS5e, respectively. Based on the paleoenvironment and paleoecology indicated by the primary chemical elements, fossil vertebrates, mollusks and pollen grains, we hypothesize that MGS1, MGS2, MGS3, MGS4, MGS5 and MGS6 and the subsegments of MGS5 match the corresponding stages for oxygen isotopes in the deep sea sediments and continental glaciers, and the substages of MIS5 in terms of climatic characters, further explaining the phenomena that determined the formation of the late Quaternary strata and the paleontology of the Salawusu River valley. These phenomena relate to fluctuations in the global climate （and particularly in the East Asian monsoon） during the glacial and interglacial periods.

关键词： Salawusu River valley Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Series primary chemical elements,phases of evolution paleontological records

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δ13C-δ18O Covariance:An Effective Indicator of Hydrological Closure for Lakes?

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2008年第5期82卷 975-981页

作者： CHEN Jing＇an WANG Fushun WAN Guojiang TANG Degui david dian zhang HUNAG Ronggui LI Jian XIAO Tangfu State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang550002 Guizhou Department of Geography University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong

The correlation between the δ^13C and δ^13C-δ^18O in primary carbonates is affected by several factors such as hydrological balance, total CO2 concentrations, climatic condition and lake productivity. The influence of these factors on the δ^13C-δ^18O correlation may be different on different time scales. In this paper, two different-type lakes in southwestern China, Lake Erhai and Lake Chenghai, are selected to investigate the influence of climatic pattern on the δ^13C-δ^18O correlation and to evaluate the reliability of the δ^13C-δ^18O covariance as an indicator of hydrological closure. The results show that there exists good correlation between the δ^13C and δ^18O in Lake Erhai （overflowing open lake） and in Lake Chenghai （closed lake）. This suggests that the δ^13C-δ^18O covariance may be not an effective indicator of hydrological closure for lakes, especially on short time scales. On the one hand, a hydrologically open lake may display covariant δ^13C and δ^18O as a result of climatic influence. The particular alternate warm-dry and cold-wet climatic pattern in southwestern China may be the principal cause of the δ^13C-δ^18O covariance in Lake Erhai and Lake Chenghai. On the other hand, a hydrologically closed lake unnecessarily displays covariant trends between δ^13C and δ^18O because of the buffering effect of high CO2 concentration on the δ^13C shift in hyper-alkaline lakes. We should be prudent when we use the covariance between δ^13C and δ^18O to judge the hydrological closure of lake.

关键词： carbonates δ^13C-δ^18O covariance hydrological closure climatic pattern

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Study of Sediments in the Yutian-Hotan Oasis, South Xinjiang, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2002年第2期76卷 221-228页

作者：李保生 david dian zhang 周兴佳朱峰袁宝印穆桂金李森阎满存靳鹤龄高全洲孙武 Department of Geography South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 ChinaState Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences Xi'an 710054 China Department of Geography and Geology Hong Kong University Hong Kong China Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of SciencesUrümqi 830011China Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Department of Geography Foshan University Foshan 528000 China Third Institute of the Second Artillery Beijing 100085 China Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China Department of Geography Zhongshan University Guangzhou 510275 China Department of Geography South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China

Based on investigation of sediments in the Yutian-Hotan Oasis at the southernmargin of the Tarim basin, ^(14)C ages and grain-size and chemical element analyses, the followingviews are put forward in this paper.(1) Sediments in the Yutian-Hotan Oasis are composed chiefly of 'oasis soil', similar to the recentoasis soil, i.e. brown desert soil, which was formed due to pedogenesis after aeolian sand (sandyloam) and dust (loess) of 3.32-6.64 phi were deposited.(2) The ancient Yutian-Hotan Oasis represented by oasis soil was formed at 13000 a B.P. During thecold period of the past 13000 years, this region is characterized mainly by accumulation of sand anddust storms, and sandy oasis soil was developed in this region due to pedogenesis in an oasisenvironment; during the warm period, dust falls predominated along with certain current concomitants(lacustrine facies), and silty oasis soil was formed by pedogenesis. Owing to fluctuations of coldand warm climates since 13000 a B.P., sandy oasis soil was deposited alternately with silty oasissoil and lacustrine soils. Nevertheless, the Yutian-Hotan Oasis has been preserved and developingcontinuously towards the contemporary time.(3) At the latest, the oasis became an important site of human inhabitancy at 10000 a B.P., andsince then it has been an important base for the propagation and activity of local people in theTarim Basin.

关键词： Yutian-Hotan Oasis composition age sedimentary environment

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Grain-size cycles in Salawusu River valley since 150 ka BP

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2001年第4期11卷 81-92页

作者： zhang Yu-hong LI Bao-sheng JIN He-ling david dian zhang YAN Mun-cun ZHU Yi-zhi YAO Chun-xia State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth Environment CAS Xi’an China Dept. of Geography South China Normal University Guangzhou China Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute CAS Lanzhou China Dept. of Geography and Geology Hong Kong University China Dept. of Hydraulic Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China

The palaeo-mobile dune sands and fluvio-lacustrine facies with palaeosols in Milanggouwan stratigraphic section of the Salawusu River valley situated at the southeast of the Mu Us Desert experienced abundant remarkable alternative changes of coarse and fine rhythms in grain-size since 150 ka BP, and the grain-size parameters Mz,σ, Sk, Kg and SC/D also respond to the situation of multi-fluctuational alternations between peak and valley values. Simultaneity the grain-size eigenvalues F5, F16, F25, F50, F75, F84 and F95 are respondingly manifested as greatly cadent jumpiness. Hereby, the Milanggouwan section can be divided into 27 grain-size coarse and fine sedimentary cycles, which can be regarded as a real and integreted record of climate-geological process of desert vicissitude resulted from the alternative evolvement of the ancient winter and summer monsoons of East Asia since 150 ka BP.

关键词： Salawusu River valley Milanggouwan section 150 ka BP grain-size palaeoclimate cycles

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萨拉乌苏河流域末次间冰期全球变化区域响应的主元素记录

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中国沙漠 2004年第2期24卷 136-143页

作者：吕玉晓李保生靳鹤龄 david dian zhang 余雪飞华南师范大学地理系中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所甘肃兰州730000 香港大学地理与地质学系

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面末次间冰期层系记录了8 5个风成的古砂丘砂与河湖相或／和古土壤构成的沉积旋回。通过对该层系主元素含量分布规律的分析,认为所述沉积旋回主要是由干湿寒暖气候旋回波动所致。研究亦表明,末次间冰期层系60LS... 详细信息

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面末次间冰期层系记录了8 5个风成的古砂丘砂与河湖相或／和古土壤构成的沉积旋回。通过对该层系主元素含量分布规律的分析,认为所述沉积旋回主要是由干湿寒暖气候旋回波动所致。研究亦表明,末次间冰期层系60LS—82S可进一步划分为5个层段,它们在时间和气候的主要阶段上与氧同位素5阶段中之5a、5b、5c、5d、5e诸亚段相近。不仅如此,若干反映冷干气候的风成砂丘砂堆积层位与末次间冰期GRIP冰芯δ18O及西太平洋暖池planktonicδ18O记录的冷凉事件,特别是与黄土高原记录的9次粉尘事件在时间上具有很好的对应关系。

关键词：末次间冰期地层学沉积旋回年龄测定主元素气候变化

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不同时间尺度下的湖泊沉积物环境记录——以沉积物粒度为例

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中国科学（D辑） 2003年第6期33卷 563-568页

作者：陈敬安万国江张峰 david dian zhang 黄荣贵中国科学院地球化学研究所环境地球化学国家重点实验室贵阳550002 Department of Geography and Geology University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

在湖泊沉积记录与古气候研究中,沉积物粒度的环境意义常常解释为:粗粒沉积物指示低水位时期的干旱气候,细粒沉积物指示高水位时期的湿润气候。本文通过对云南洱海和程海现代沉积物粒度的研究,揭示了沉积物粒度在不同时间尺度、不同时间... 详细信息

在湖泊沉积记录与古气候研究中,沉积物粒度的环境意义常常解释为:粗粒沉积物指示低水位时期的干旱气候,细粒沉积物指示高水位时期的湿润气候。本文通过对云南洱海和程海现代沉积物粒度的研究,揭示了沉积物粒度在不同时间尺度、不同时间分辨率的研究中具有不同的环境指示意义。在长时间尺度、低分辨率(百年、千年)研究中,粗粒沉积物指示湖泊收缩、湖水较浅的干旱气候期;细粒沉积物指示湖泊扩张、湖水较深的湿润气候期。在短时间尺度、高分辨率(年际、10a)研究中,粗粒沉积物指示降雨量较大的湿润年份;细粒沉积物指示降雨量相对较小的干旱年份。由于不同时间尺度研究中沉积分辨率、采样分辨率和定年精度的不同,湖泊沉积物记录所反映的环境信息在不同尺度下因此可能存在差异。在由以往的长时间尺度、低分辨率研究转向短时间尺度、高分辨率研究的过程中,不能简单套用各种指标在长尺度研究中的环境指示意义,必须结合研究的时间尺度和分辨率,综合分析各种因素对环境记录的影响方式和程度,才能得出可靠结论。

关键词：古气候湖泊沉积物环境记录时间尺度沉积物粒度分辨率湖泊收缩湖泊扩张降雨量

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萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面主元素记录的末次间冰阶气候波动

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中国沙漠 2009年第5期29卷 835-844页

作者：温小浩李保生 david dian zhang 郑琰明牛东风杜恕环华南师范大学地理科学学院广东广州510631 中国科学院地球环境研究所黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室陕西西安710061 香港大学地理及地质系中山大学地理科学与规划学院广东广州510275

位于鄂尔多斯高原萨拉乌苏河米浪沟湾剖面是重建毛乌素沙地晚更新世以来古气候的理想地点。其末次间冰阶（MIS3）层序含4种沉积相，划分为19个沉积单元，构成9.5个风成的砂丘砂与河流相、湖相和古土壤交替的沉积旋回。主元素分析结果显... 详细信息

位于鄂尔多斯高原萨拉乌苏河米浪沟湾剖面是重建毛乌素沙地晚更新世以来古气候的理想地点。其末次间冰阶（MIS3）层序含4种沉积相，划分为19个沉积单元，构成9.5个风成的砂丘砂与河流相、湖相和古土壤交替的沉积旋回。主元素分析结果显示，该剖面MIS3层序中河流相、湖相和古土壤的Al2O3、TOFE、CaO、MgO、K2O、Na2O、TiO2含量明显高于古风成砂，而SiO2则相反，构成与沉积旋回相应的9.5个元素波动旋回。这些元素旋回指示了该地末次间冰阶至少经历了10次温湿（w事件）和9次冷干（C事件）气候波动，且可划分为MIS3e（58.90-49.50kaBP）、MIS3d（49.50-40.70kaBP）、MIS3c（40.70-36.90kaBP）、MIS3b（36.90-27.00kaBP）和MIS3a（27.00-22.30kaBP）等5个亚段。其中，19次冷／暖波动可与格陵兰GRIP冰芯δ^18O冰段／间冰段大致对应，5个亚段与我国古里雅冰芯和V23-81冷性浮游有孔虫数代表的北大西洋地区气候也具有较好的可比性。

关键词：萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面末次间冰阶(MIS3) 主元素古气候

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Sedimentary characteristics of paleo-aeolian dune sands of Salawusu Formation in the Salawusu River Valley

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2008年第2期18卷 211-224页

作者： OU Xianjiao LI Baosheng JIN Heling DONG Guangrong david dian zhang WU Zheng WEN Xiaohao ZENG Lanhua OUYANG Chuntao YANG Yi LIU Yufei School of Geography South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth Environment CAS Xi＇an 710061 China Department of Geography Jiaying University Meizhou 514015 China Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute CAS Lanzhou 730000 China Department of Geography and Geology the University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

The Salawusu Formation of Milanggouwan section in Salawusu River Valley includes 7 layers of paleo-mobile dune sands, and 4 layers of paleo-fixed and semi-fixed dune sands. Their structures have been observed and their grain size, surface textural features and several main chemical elements have been analyzed. The results showed that： 1） Some of the aeolian structural characteristics of these dune sands are similar to that of the recent dune sands. 2） They are also similar to the recent dune sands in grain size components, and parameters of Mz,σ, Sk and Kg, as well as in several main chemical components. 3） The scattergrams of Mz-σ and SiO2-Al2O3＋TOFE and the probability curves of grain size showed that these paleo-dune sands are different from paleosols and fluvio-lacustrine facies, but are consistency with recent dune sands. 4） Quartz sands have well roundness and surface textural features such as dish-shaped pits, crescent-shaped pits, pockmarked pits, upturned cleavage plates, siliceous precipitates and siliceous crevasses, indicating that they had been carried for a long time by the wind. As the 11 layers of paleo-dune sands possess the aeolian characteristics in structure, grain size, surface textural features and chemical elements, the origin of their formation should be attributed to eolation.

关键词： Salawusu River Valley Salawusu Formation paleo-aeolian dune sands aeolian sedimentary characteristics

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Environmental records of lacustrine sediments in different time scales:Sediment grain size as an example

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第10期47卷 954-960页

作者： CHEN Jing’an1, WAN Guojiang1, david dian zhang2, zhang Feng1 & HUANG Ronggui1 1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China 2. Department of Geography and Geology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang China Department of Geography and Geology University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

Sediment grain size is a conventional proxy of climatic changes. Larger sediment grain size is often interpreted to indicate dry climate during lower lake level while smaller sedi- ment grain size implies wet climate during higher lake level. Through detailed study on sediment grain sizes in Lake Erhai and Lake Chenghai, this paper reveals the different indication signifi- cances of sediment grain sizes in different time scales, different resolution investigations. For long time-scale and low resolution (102a or 103a) studies, larger sediment grain size indicates lower lake level, smaller lake area and drier climate while smaller sediment grain size indicates higher lake level, larger lake area and wetter climate. For short time-scale and high resolution (a or 10a) studies, larger sediment grain size reflects more rainfall and wetter climate while smaller sediment grain size reflects less rainfall and drier climate. Environmental information revealed by lacustrine sediment records is often different in different time scales because of the variance of sedimentation resolution, sampling resolution and dating precision. Therefore, paleoclimate im- plications of environmental proxies in long time-scale and low resolution investigations could not be mechanically applied to short time-scale and high resolution studies. Only after synthetically analyzing the influence manner and extent of all factors on the sediment records in different time scales, can credible conclusions be obtained.

关键词： lacustrine sediment, environmental record, grain size, time scale.

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