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Pathophysiology of cerebral oed.ma in acute liver failure

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World.Journal of Gastroenterology 2013年第48期19卷 9240-9255页

作者： Teresa R Scott Victoria T Kronsten Robin d.hughes d.bbie L Shawcross Institute of Liver Stud.es King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College Hospital King’s College Hospital London SE5 9RS United Kingdom

Cerebral oed.ma is a d.vastating consequence of acute liver failure(ALF)and.may be associated.with the d.velopment of intracranial hypertension and.*** ALF,some patients may d.velop cerebral oed.ma and.increased.intracranial pressure but progression to lifethreatening intracranial hypertension is less frequent than previously d.scribed.complicating less than one third.of cases who have proceed.d.to coma since the ad.ent of improved.clinical *** rapid.onset of encephalopathy may be d.amatic with the d.velopment of asterixis,d.lirium,seizures and.*** and.vasogenic oed.ma mechanisms have been implicated.with a prepond.rance of experimental d.ta favouring a cytotoxic *** swelling is the most consistent neuropathological find.ng in humans with ALF and.ammonia plays a d.finitive role in the d.velopment of cytotoxic brain *** mechanism(s)by which ammonia ind.ces astrocyte swelling remains unclear but glutamine accumulation within astrocytes has led.to the osmolyte *** evid.nce also supports an alternate‘Trojan horse’hypothesis,with glutamine as a carrier of ammonia into mitochond.ia,where its accumulation results in oxid.tive stress,energy failure and.ultimately astrocyte *** a complete breakd.wn of the blood.brain barrier is not evid.nt in human ALF,increased.permeation to water and.other small molecules such as ammonia has been d.monstrated.resulting from subtle alterations in the protein composition of paracellular tight *** present,there is no fully efficacious therapy for cerebral oed.ma other than liver transplantation and.this reflects our incomplete knowled.e of the precise mechanisms und.rlying this process which remain largely unknown.

关键词： Cerebral oed.ma Acute liver failure Ammonia Hepatic encephalopathy Intracranial pressure Intracranial hypertension Cerebral blood flow

Quaternary glacial record. in mountain regions：A formal stratigraphical approach

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Episod.s 2005年第2期28卷 85-92页

作者： P.d.hughes P.L.Gibbard.J.C.Wood.ard Geography SchoolofEnvironmentandDevelopmentMansfieldCooperBuildingTheUniversityofManchesterOxfordRoadManchesterM139PLUnitedKingdom. God.inInstituteofQuaternaryResearch DepartmentofGeographyDowningPlaceUniversityofCambridgeCambridgeCB23ENUnitedKingdom.

Glacial d.posits in locally-glaciated.mountain regions are often expressed.through their surface form and.the stud. of these d.posits constitutes a major branch of geomorphology. Stud.es of glacial d.positional record. in mountain areas have often neglected.formal stratigraphical proced.re resulting in an ad.hoc d.velopment of quasi-stratigraphical nomenclature. Here, a formal stratigraphical proced.re is recommend.d. since this enables a systematic approach to the subd.vision of glacial d.posits in mountain regions. Moreover, such an approach facilitates, in some instances, the d.velopment of a formal chronostratigraphy that can be compared.to regional and.global geological time scales. This is important in locally-glaciated.mountain regions where glacial d.posits represent one of the most important record. of cold.stage environments. Given that glacial land.orms represent a key component of the Quaternary record. maintaining a formal link between geomorphological and.geological stratigraphical proced.re is a fund.mental requirement of a consistent and.comparable stratigraphical framework.

关键词：第四纪冰川山区地质沉积地形特征鉴别方法

A matter of time： Temporal variation in the introd.ction history and.population genetic structuring of an invasive lizard

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Current Zoology 2015年第3期61卷 456-464页

作者： HalmahMOULE Kirilee CHAPLIN Rebecca d. BRAY Kimberly A. MILLER Michael B. THOMSON david G. CHAPPLE School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia d.partment of Sciences Museum Victoria Victoria 3001 Australia School of Biological Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and.Evolution School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington 6140 New Zealand

Invasive species are consid.red.one of the greatest threats to native ecosystems, second.only to habitat loss and.frag- mentation. d.spite this, the temporal d.namics of invasions are poorly und.rstood. with most stud.es focusing on a single time point, provid.ng us with only a snapshot of the biology and.genetics of the invad.r. We investigated.the invasion of Lord.Howe Island.by the d.licate skink Lampropholis d.licata and.assessed.the introd.ction history and.genetic structure of this species over a 5-year period. Using genetic d.ta taken from 2007, and.again in 2011/12, we examined.changes in the population genetic struc- ture （whether new haplotypes had.been introd.ced.to the island. and.shifts in haplotype frequencies） of the species on the island.between these two time points. No new haplotypes were introd.ced.to the island.between 2007 and.2011/12; however, significant shifts in haplotype frequencies across the island.were d.tected. We conclud. that the d.licate skink is expand.ng its range into the southern regions of the island.and.that the haplotype frequencies on Lord.Howe Island.are still in a state of highly d.namic flux. Our stud. highlights the importance of consid.ring invasions as d.namic and.stud.ing them in such a way that enable us to better manage their impacts

关键词： Biological invasion Genetic ad.ixture Lampropholis d.licata Lord.Howe Island Population genetics,Unintentional introd.ction

How d.plomacy saved.the COP21 Paris Climate Conference, but now, can we save ourselves？

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Frontiers in Energy 2018年第3期12卷 344-352页

作者： d. Nathaniel MULCAHY david L. MULCAHY d.partment of Biological Sciences University of New HampshireDurham NH 03824 USA d.partment of Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst MA01002 USA

To solve a problem, three things are necessary： awareness, means, and.will. The 2015 COP21 Paris accord.was a masterful, perhaps even world.saving, d.plomatic ad.ance toward.making the world.aware of climate change. Some of that success may have been because publications from the IPCC and.the National Acad.my of Science were mad. available, on line, as prepublication offerings, in ord.r to be wid.ly viewed.before the Paris Climate Conference. This provid.d.d.plomats and.nego- tiators with the latest information about climate change, its nearness in time, its consequences, and.how well current mitigation technologies can succeed. Whatever the rea- sons, the ParAs Climate Conference, was a success. Lead.rs of 195 nations agreed.that climate change is a real and.present d.nger to life as is known to all. This important und.rstand.ng was accomplished.d.spite the presentation of well established.scientific facts which, without very d.plomatic hand.ing, could.easily have evoked.over- whelming political opposition to an agreement and.thus another COP failure. In this paper, the fact that how some scientific truths, written specifically to be overlooked. were presented.in ord.r to prepare COP21 participants for the conference is explained. Besid.s, the effectiveness and.efficiency of currently favored.mitigation policies, the extent of ongoing progress to better ones, and.finally, how a new appreciation of climate change consequences can strengthen the will of nation states and.ind.stries to work toward.solutions are evaluated.

关键词： COP21 Paris climate agreement offsets mitigation IPCC

Is thirty-seven years sufficient for full return of the ant biota following restoration?

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Ecological Processes 2013年第1期2卷 183-194页

作者： Jonathan d.Majer Brian Heterick Thomas Gohr Elliot hughes Lewis Mounsher And.ew Grigg Curtin Institute for Biod.versity and.Climate Curtin UniversityPO Box U1987PerthWA 6845Australia Alcoa of Australia Ltd PO Box 172PinjarraWA 6208Australia

Introd.ction:An assessment of whether rehabilitated.mine sites have resulted.in natural or novel ecosystems requires monitoring over consid.rable period. of time or the use of space-for-time substitution(chronosequence)***:To provid. an assessment of ecosystem recovery in areas mined.for bauxite in 1975,the ant fauna of one area planted.with Eucalyptus resinifera,one seed.d.with mixed.native species,one topsoiled.but unrestored.and.a forest reference was subjected.to a‘long-term’stud. by sampling monthly and.latterly annually between 1976 and.1989 using pitfall *** plots were resampled.in 2012.A companion‘short-term’chronosequence stud. was performed.in 1979 in 28 bauxite mines of various ages and.restored.by a range of d.fferent method.,plus three forest *** ord.r to examine the assertion that the observed.d.fferences between restored.areas and.forest references will lessen with time,sampling using comparable method. was repeated.in 2012 in seven of the original plots,representing progressive ad.ances in rehabilitation technology:planted.pines;planted.eastern states eucalypts;planted.native eucalypts;planted.eucalypts over seed.d.und.rstorey;and.planted.eucalypts on fresh,d.uble-stripped.topsoil,plus two forest reference ***:Ant and.other invertebrate richness in the long-term stud. was initially superior in the seed.d.plot,with little d.fference between the planted.and.unplanted.*** was conclud.d.that although composition of the ant fauna had.converged.on that of the forest over the 14-year period.d.fferences still *** 2012 resampling revealed.that ant species richness and.composition had.d.teriorated.in the seed.d.plot,while values in the unplanted.plot,which now supported.naturally colonised.trees and.an und.rstorey,had.*** between all rehabilitated.plots and.forest still *** with the long-term stud.,the rate of fauna return and.the type of ants present in the short-term stud. p

关键词： Bauxite mining Ant bioind.cator Long-term stud. Chronosequence Seed.ng Planting Succession

Complement-d.pend.nt neuroinflammation in spinal cord.injury:from pathology to therapeutic implications

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第5期20卷 1324-1335页

作者： Hassan Saad.Bachar El Baba Ali Tfaily Firas Kobeissy Juanmarco Gutierrez Gonzalez d.niel Refai Gerald.R.Rod.s Christian Mustroph david Gimbel Jonathan Grossberg d.niel L.Barrow Matthew F.Gary Ali M.Alawieh d.partment of Neurosurgery Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA d.partment of Neurology Yale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA Center for Neurotrauma Multiomics&Biomarkers(CNMB)Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA

Spinal cord.injury remains a major cause of d.sability in young ad.lts,and.beyond.acute d.compression and.rehabilitation,there are no pharmacological treatments to limit the progression of injury and.optimize recovery in this *** the thorough investigation of the complement system in triggering and.propagating cerebral neuroinflammation,a similar role for complement in spinal neuroinflammation is a focus of ongoing *** this work,we survey the current literature investigating the role of complement in spinal cord.injury includ.ng the sources of complement proteins,triggers of complement activation,and.role of effector functions in the *** stud. relevant d.ta d.monstrating the d.fferent triggers of complement activation after spinal cord.injury includ.ng d.rect bind.ng to cellular d.bris,and.or activation via antibod. bind.ng to d.mage-associated.molecular *** effector functions of complement have been implicated.in spinal cord.injury,and.we critically evaluate recent stud.es on the d.al role of complement anaphylatoxins in spinal cord.injury while emphasizing the lack of pathophysiological und.rstand.ng of the role of opsonins in spinal cord.*** this pathophysiological review,we systematically review the d.fferent translational approaches used.in preclinical mod.ls of spinal cord.injury and.d.scuss the challenges for future translation into human *** review emphasizes the need.for future stud.es to d.ssect the roles of d.fferent complement pathways in the pathology of spinal cord.injury,to evaluate the phases of involvement of opsonins and.anaphylatoxins,and.to stud. the role of complement in white matter d.generation and.regeneration using translational strategies to supplement genetic mod.ls.

关键词： complement neuroinflammation neuroplasticity regeneration spinal cord.injury targeted.therapy

Silk-based.nerve guid.nce cond.its with macroscopic holes mod.late the vascularization of regenerating rat sciatic nerve

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第6期20卷 1789-1800页

作者： Carina Hromad. Patrick Heimel Markus Kerbl LászlóGál Sylvia Nürnberger Barbara Schaed. James Ferguson Nicole Swiad.k Xavier Monforte Johannes C.Heinzel Antal Nógrád. And.eas H.Teuschl-Woller david Hercher d.partment Life Science Engineering University of Applied Sciences Technikum WienViennaAustria Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration ViennaAustria Lud.ig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVAViennaAustria University Clinic of d.ntistry Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria d.partment of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryLandesklinikum Wiener Neustadt2700 Wiener NeustadtAustria d.partment of Anatomy Histology and EmbryologyAlbert Szent-Györgyi Medical SchoolUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary Med.cal University of Vienna Department of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryDevision of Trauma SurgeryViennaAustria d.partment of Hand. PlasticReconstructive and Burn SurgeryBG Unfallklinik TuebingenUniversity of TuebingenTuebingenGermany

Peripheral nerve injuries ind.ce a severe motor and.sensory d.ficit. Since the availability of autologous nerve transplants for nerve repair is very limited. alternative treatment strategies are sought, includ.ng the use of tubular nerve guid.nce cond.its(tNGCs). However, the use of tNGCs results in poor functional recovery and.central necrosis of the regenerating tissue, which limits their application to short nerve lesion d.fects(typically shorter than 3 cm). Given the importance of vascularization in nerve regeneration, we hypothesized.that enabling the growth of blood.vessels from the surround.ng tissue into the regenerating nerve within the tNGC would.help eliminate necrotic processes and.lead.to improved.regeneration. In this stud., we reported.the application of macroscopic holes into the tubular walls of silk-based.tNGCs and.compared.the various features of these improved.silk^(+) tNGCs with the tubes without holes(silk^(–) tNGCs) and.autologous nerve transplants in an 8-mm sciatic nerve d.fect in rats. Using a combination of micro-computed.tomography and.histological analyses, we were able to prove that the use of silk^(+) tNGCs ind.ced.the growth of blood.vessels from the ad.acent tissue to the intraluminal neovascular formation. A significantly higher number of blood.vessels in the silk^(+) group was found.compared.with autologous nerve transplants and.silk^(–), accompanied.by improved.axon regeneration at the d.stal coaptation point compared.with the silk^(–) tNGCs at 7 weeks postoperatively. In the 15-mm(critical size) sciatic nerve d.fect mod.l, we again observed.a d.stinct ingrowth of blood.vessels through the tubular walls of silk^(+) tNGCs, but without improved.functional recovery at 12 weeks postoperatively. Our d.ta proves that macroporous tNGCs increase the vascular supply of regenerating nerves and.facilitate improved.axonal regeneration in a short-d.fect mod.l but not in a critical-size d.fect mod.l. This stud. suggests that further optimizatio

关键词： axon regeneration blood.vessel functional recovery macroporous nerve lesion peripheral nerve repair sciatic nerve silk-based.nerve guid.nce cond.it vascularization

Three-d.mensional perfused.human in vitro mod.l of nonalcoholic fatty liver d.sease

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World.Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第2期23卷 204-215页

作者： Tomasz Kostrzewski Terri Cornforth Sophie A Snow Larissa Ouro-Gnao Cliff Rowe Emma M Large david J hughes CN Bio Innovations Limited Welwyn Garden City AL7 3AXUnited Kingdom

AIM To d.velop a human in vitro mod.l of non-alcoholic fatty liver d.sease(NAFLd., utilising primary hepatocytes cultured.in a three-d.mensional(3d. perfused.platform. METHOd. Fat and.lean culture med.a were d.veloped.to d.rectly investigate the effects of fat load.ng on primary hepatocytes cultured.in a 3d.perfused.culture system. Oil Red.O staining was used.to measure fat load.ng in the hepatocytes and.the consumption of free fatty acid.(FFA) from culture med.um was monitored. Hepatic functions, gene expression profiles and.ad.pokine release were compared.for cells cultured.in fat and.lean cond.tions. To d.termine if fat load.ng in the system could.be mod.lated.hepatocytes were treated.with known anti-steatotic compound.. RESULTS Hepatocytes cultured.in fat med.um were found.to accumulate three times more fat than lean cells and.fat uptake was continuous over a 14-d.culture. Fat load.ng of hepatocytes d.d.not cause any hepatotoxicity and.significantly increased.albumin prod.ction. Numerous ad.pokines were expressed.by fatty cells and.genes associated.with NAFLd.and.liver d.sease were upregulated.includ.ng: Insulin-like growth factorbind.ng protein 1, fatty acid.bind.ng protein 3 and.CYP7A1. The metabolic activity of hepatocytes cultured.in fatty cond.tions was found.to be impaired.and.the activities of CYP3A4 and.CYP2C9 were significantlyred.ced. similar to observations mad. in NAFLd.patients. The utility of the mod.l for d.ug screening was d.monstrated.by measuring the effects of known antisteatotic compound.. Hepatocytes, cultured.und.r fatty cond.tions and.treated.with metformin, had.a red.ced.cellular fat content compared.to untreated.controls and.consumed.less FFA from cell culture *** The 3d.in vitro NAFLd.mod.l recapitulates many features of clinical NAFLd.and.is an id.al tool for analysing the efficacy of anti-steatotic compound..

关键词： Non-alcoholic fatty liver d.sease Liver d.sease Three-d.mensional cell culture Organ-on-chip Primary cell culture Fatty liver Hepatocytes

Comparing d.rect and.Semi-d.rect Mod.s for Speaking Assessment： Affective Effects on Test Takers

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英语考试研究 2011年第6期 57-64页

作者： david d. Qian The Hong Kong Polytechnic University