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Effect of Casuarina Crushed Nodules, Rhizospheric Soil and Leaves Compost on Salt Tolerance of Casuarina equisetifoliaL. and Casuarina obesaMiq.

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2020年第9期10卷 359-373页

作者： Marie Claver Ndébane ngom Pape Ibrahima Djighaly Nathalie Diagne Maty Ndour Ganna Ndong daouda ngom Mariama ngom Saliou ngom Sergio Svistoonoff Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques (ISRA/CNRA) Bambey Sénégal Département d’Agroforesterie Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor Ziguinchor Sénégal Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie LCM: (IRD/ISRA/UCAD) Centre de Recherche de Bel Air Dakar Sénégal Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE) Centre de Recherche de Bel Air Dakar Sénégal Département de Biologie Végétale Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar Dakar Sénégal Centre pour le Développement de l’Horticulture (ISRA/CDH) Cambérène Dakar Sénégal Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM) Université de Montpellier CIRAD INRAE IRD Institut Agro Campus International De Baillarguet Montpellier France

Soil salinization is one of the major causes of land degradation. In Senegal, this phenomenon continues to grow, making soils unsuitable for agriculture. To rehabilitate salty lands, one of the recommended strategies is the use of salt-tolerant plants. Among them, plants of Casuarinaceae family form a relationship with symbiotic microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen fixing bacteria. It has been shown that symbiotic microorganisms play an important role in the establishment of tolerant plants in saline conditions (Djighaly et al., 2018). They improve plant performance and reduce transplant shock under salt stress conditions (Diagne et al., 2014). These microorganisms can be used as biofertilizers. However, inocula containing symbiotic microorganisms are either too expensive or unavailable in many developing countries. The aim of this study is to test alternatively affordable and low-tech solutions to promote symbiotic interactions such as Casuarina crushed nodule, Casuarina rhizosphere soil and Casuarina leaves compost that may contain symbiotic microorganisms and also nutrients such as N and phosphorus. Two species of Casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia L. and Casuarina obesa Miq.) were grown in the greenhouse on sterile soil to which an amendment was added (Casuarina crushed nodules, Casuarina Rhizospheric soil or Casuarina leaves compost). Plants were subjected to saline stress. After four months of cult

关键词： Frugal Innovation Rehabilitation of Salty Lands Casuarina Compost Crushed Nodules Rhizospheric Soil

Influence of Pterocarpus erinaceusPoir. on the Growth and Yields of Groundnut (Arachis hypogeaL.) in Agroforestry Parks in the Districts of Tenghory and Kataba 1 (Bignona Department, Lower Casamance)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2021年第10期12卷 1515-1527页

作者： Abdou Goudiaby Ismaïla Coly Aliou Badji Mamadou Kane daouda ngom Laboratory of Agroforestry and Ecology (LAFE) Department of Agroforestry Assane SECK University Ziguinchor Senegal Plant Ecology Laboratory Department of Plant Biology Cheikh Anta DIOP University Dakar Senegal

In Lower Casamance, Pterocarpus erinaceus occupies a very important place in agroforestry parks. It is often grown in association with the most important cash crop of the area, groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.). Thus, the objective of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between trees and groundnut cultivation in agroforestry parks in Lower Casamance. To this end, in each of the two districts (Tenghory and Kataba 1) three Pterocarpus erinaceus trees were selected in three separate communes. For each P. erinaceus tree selected and following each of the four cardinal directions, three situations were defined: at R/2, at 1.5 R and at 2 R from the trunk, with R the radius of the crown. Thus, 12 yield squares were installed around each selected tree, for a total of 72 yield squares installed in the two districts. The parameters measured were the height of the peanut plants, the number of pods produced per plant, and the yield in flakes and pods. The results show that geographical orientation significantly influenced plant height (p = 0.004) but not the number of pods/plant (p = 0.6). As for the distance to the trunk of Pterocarpus erinaceus, it induced a significant variation in the number of pods/plant (p = 0.009) but did not induce a significant effect on the other parameters. Yields varied between 1.56 Tons M S /ha and 2.02 Tons M S /ha for the hay, and between 1.03 Tons M S /ha and 1.45 Tons M S/ha for the pods. The results of this study constitute a useful source of information for a better management of the productivity of the agroforestry parks of the department of Bignona.

关键词： Arachis hypogea Pterocarpus erinaceus Yield Tenghory and Kataba 1

Management of the Water Slide Brought and Saline Flow in Irrigated Onion (Allium cepaL.) Cultivation in the Senegal River Delta

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Agricultural Sciences 2021年第11期12卷 1255-1268页

作者： Eric Kaly Oumar Sarr Raymond Malou Sékouna Diatta daouda ngom Aliou Guisse Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Eco-Hydrology Department of Plant Biology Cheikh Anta Diop University Fann Dakar Senegal Hydrogeology Laboratory Department of Geology Cheikh Anta Diop University Fann Dakar Senegal

The find for the optimal slide of water to bring to the plot during the irrigated onion crop was important in order to limit the recharge of the water table close to the soil surface. The quantities of water supplied during onion irrigation were estimated from measurements made with a metal crest to the plot positioned at the tertiary canal. The flow rates at the tertiary canal directly irrigating the plot were recorded during irrigation. From this flow rate, the quantity of water supplied to each plot was determined. From then, the performance of the irrigated system in onion cultivation should pass on the management of this water slide at the level of the hydroagricultural facilities. The integrated soil water mass, salinity and water table dynamics monitoring system was used to assess the water requirements of onion following the irrigation. The daily water requirement of onion in the holland soil of the delta was estimated to average 0.45 g/m3. These requirements were varied according to the development stage of the crop. The water level between the ridges was between 6 and 9 mm during irrigation. This was not permanent, it infiltrated between 12 and 18 hours. This type to the stingray irrigation did not favour the arrival of the water table on the surface. The only fluctuations in the water table were observed during the bulb maturation phase. During this phase, the soil water masses were important. The electrical conductivity recorded varied during the campaign. At the beginning of irrigation, it was 3.62 mS/cm on a 30 cm profile, it decreased towards the end of the irrigations to reach 2.06 mS/cm. The quantities of salt recorded on a 30 cm profile varied from one month to the next;they were 0.468 t/ha at the beginning of irrigation (January) and 0.275 t/ha at the end of the campaign (April). From these results we can say that land degradation in the Senegal river delta would be linked to the arrival of salty groundwater on the surface.

关键词： Slide of Water Water Mass Stingray Irrigation Billon Salinity Onion

Effect of Substrates on the Mycorrhization and Growth of Saba senegalensisunder Semi-Controlled Conditions

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2019年第9期10卷 1612-1622页

作者： Paul Diouf Sire Diedhiou Dioumacor Fall daouda ngom Mariama Dalanda Diallo Ibrahima Ndoye Agroforestry Department Assane Seck University Ziguinchor Senegal Senegalese Institute of Agricultural Research Dakar Senegal Plant Biology Department Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Senegal Agronomic Sciences of Aquaculture and Food Technology UFR UGB Saint-Louis Sénégal

Saba senegalensis is a wild edible fruit plant species with a high economic potential which can be used to fight food insecurity in rural areas and to reduce poverty. Domestication programs are being carried out to boost production. However, no studies have been done to determine the optimal soil properties for growing S. senegalensis. This study was carried out to determine the effects of the physical and chemical properties of different substrates on the mycorrhization and growth of S. senegalensis under semi-controlled conditions. S. senegalensis seeds were grown for 4 months in the nursery using five substrates: S1 (1/2 sand + 1/2 potting soil), S2 (1/3 sand + 2/3 potting soil), S3 (2/3 sand + 1/3 potting soil), S4 (potting soil) and S5 (sand). The intensity of mycorrhization was highest for plants grown on substrates with a lowest clay, silt, and nutrient content S3 (29.5%) and S5 (23.5%) respectively. Substrates with much higher clay and silt content stimulated better the growth of S. senegalensis than substrates with lower silt clay and nutrient content. In the context of domestication, the quality of the substrates could be used to stimulate the mycorrhization and the growth of S. senegalensis and thus quickly produce vigorous plants.

关键词： Mycorrhizal Intensity Nursery Physicochemical Properties Wild Fruit

Characterization and Risk Assessment of the Collapse of the Woody Stand of Ecosystems of the Fathala Forest (Saloum Delta Biosphere Reserve-Senegal)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2021年第7期12卷 975-993页

作者： Eric Kaly Oumar Sarr Sékouna Diatta Abdoul Aziz Diouf Djibril Diouck daouda ngom Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Eco-hydrology Department of Plant Biology Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Senegal Ecological Monitoring Center for The Management of Natural Resources (CSE) Fann Residence Dakar Senegal National Parks Directorate Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development Dakar Senegal

The objective of this study is to characterize and assess the risk of collapse of woody plant formations in the Fathala forest. In recent years, this forest has suffered a sharp reduction in its plant cover to the point of compromising the survival of populations of certain animal species such as the Red colobuses. The methods used are respectively constituted by the transect method, the dendrometric statements method and that of establishing the red list of ecosystems of the IUCN. The specific richness comprises 56 species divided into 47 genera and 22 families. The density is higher in the unfenced area (369 ind/ha in clear forest and 53 ind/ha in gallery forest) compared to the fenced area (160 ind/ha in clear forest versus 48 ind/ha in gallery forest). A study of the plant formations shows a strong degradation of the ecosystems passing from a clear and dry Sudanese forest to a wooded savannah. The cover rate in the fenced area is 20% in gallery forests and 25% in clear forests;in the unfenced area, it is 19% and 23% in gallery forests and clear forests, respectively. The application of the IUCN criteria shows an annual rate of collapse is -6 ind/ha in gallery forests and -4 ind/ha in clear forests. The annual rate of cover collapse would be -3.75% and -2.9% for gallery forests and clear forests, respectively. These results classify the forest in the Critically Endangered category. The main factors responsible for this degradation are, among others, anthropogenic actions and climatic pejoration. These results could constitute a basic tool for undertaking an improvement in the management of this forest, which is a living environment for an animal species.

关键词： Plant Formation Woody Stand Assessment Collapse of Density and Cover

Quantification of Ecosystem Services Provided by Pterocarpus lucensLepr. Ex Guill. and Perrott.: Forage Production, Timber and Carbon Sequestration in the Biosphere Reserve of Ferlo (Northern Senegal)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第5期5卷 766-777页

作者： daouda ngom Emile Codjo Agbangba Thioro Fall Sekouna Diatta Léonard E. Akpo Department of Agroforestery Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Sciences et Technologie (UFR ST) University Assane Seck of Ziguinchor Ziguinchor Senegal Department of Agroforestery Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Sciences et Technologie (UFR ST) University Assane Seck of Ziguinchor Ziguinchor Senegal Department of Plant Biology Faculty of Science and Technology University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar Dakar Senegal Department of Plant Biology Faculty of Science and Technology University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar Dakar Senegal

This study aims at quantifying the most important ecosystem services: forage production, timber production and carbon sequestration provided by Pterocarpus lucens to local communities of Ferlo Biosphere Reserve. The results suggested that the ecological structure of Pterocarpus lucens revealed a bell-shaped form with left dissymmetric distribution indicating a predominance of individuals with small circumference and height. A regression using the software Minitab 16, with circumference and the height as explanatory variables, has allowed a development of predictive models for the estimation of the produced forage and the quantification of the timber supplied by one of the most used plant species in Sahelian pastures. Forage production of Pterocarpus lucens was estimated at 178 kg DM/ha. This large value of forage showed the predominance of this species in animal feed in the Sahel. The quantity of wood produced was 545 kg DM/ha while the quantity of above ground sequestered carbon was 325.35 kg of C/ha. Those estimations are interesting in the implementation context of the Ferlo Biosphere Reserve which aims at matching the productive capacity of ecosystems with the needs of local communities.

关键词： Ecosystem Services Regression Forage Timber Production Carbon Sequestration

Characteristics of the Flora and Woody Vegetation of Agroforestry Parks in the District of Kataba 1 (Bignona, Lower Casamance)

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Open Journal of Ecology 2021年第11期11卷 741-757页

作者： Baboucar Sane Ismaïla Coly Aliou Badji Tahirou Charles Diatta Arfang Ousmane Kémo Goudiaby daouda ngom Agroforestry and Ecology Laboratory Department of Agroforestry Assane SECK University Ziguinchor Senegal Plant Ecology Laboratory Department of Plant Biology Cheikh Anta DIOP University Dakar Senegal

Like several Sahelian countries, Senegal is facing a strong degradation of woody and arable resources. This is due to the development of certain inappropriate agricultural practices. To mitigate this situation, the populations tend to preserve and maintain certain woody species of interest in the fields, thus constituting agroforestry parks. Thus, the objective of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of woody vegetation in agroforestry parks in the department of Bignona. To this end, a plot of 2500 m2 (50 m × 50 m) was installed in the fields of each farmer selected in a sample of 99 farm managers distributed in the three communes (Djinaky, Kataba1 and Kafountine) of the Kataba1 district, for a total of 99 plots installed. A total of seventy-three (73) species divided into fifty-five (55) genera and twenty-eight (27) botanical families were inventoried. In the agroforestry parks of the Kataba 1 district, the density of woody vegetation is 56.12 individuals/ha, the cover rate is 27.9% and the basal area is 5.9 m2/ha. The vertical structure of the woody vegetation is characterized by a predominance of individuals between 2 and 4 m in height (48.07%). As for the horizontal structure, it is characterized by a predominance of individuals of diameter between 5 and 20 cm (39.19%). These results obtained will serve as a source of information for better management of these agroforestry parks by the populations.

关键词： Agroforestry Parks Flora Woody Vegetation Kataba 1

Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Aquifer Systems and Surface Water/Groundwater Relations in the Lower Senegal River Valley

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第6期12卷 232-254页

作者： Abibatou Camara Fatou Diop ngom Moctar Diaw Cheikh Tidiane Wade Ibrahima Mall Department of Geology Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Senegal Department of Applied Geosciences and Environment Amadou Mahtar Mbow University Dakar Senegal

This study assesses the chemical quality of water resources in the Lower Senegal River valley, based on 35 samples collected in November 2022. Major ion concentrations in surface water and groundwater were analyzed using classical geochemical interpretation diagrams (Piper, GIBBS, etc.) and multivariate geostatistical analyses, including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results revealed three types of facies: Ca-Mg-HCO3-type facies, characteristic of poorly mineralized waters such as surface waters and groundwater from dune formations and the alluvial plain close to the hydraulic axis;Na-Cl type facies associated with well waters located in the alluvial plain that tap Inchirian or Nouakchottian shallow reservoirs and Maastrichtian deep borehole waters;and mixed Ca-Cl and Na-HCO3 type facies observed in certain floodplain and dune reservoirs. The results showed a strong correlation between sodium, chlorides, bromides, and electrical conductivity, indicating a significant contribution of these ions to groundwater mineralization. The various sources of water mineralization include mixing processes between surface water or rainwater, or calcite or dolomite dissolution processes (for weakly mineralized waters), basic exchanges or inverse basic exchanges between the aquifer and the water table (for moderately mineralized waters), and evaporation processes, halite dissolution, and paleosalinity during periods of marine transgression and regression (for highly mineralized waters). The study also highlighted the high vulnerability of the alluvial aquifer to pollution from intensive irrigated agriculture, as significant quantities of sulfates and nitrates were measured in some samples. These results also highlight the importance of water quality management in the Lower Senegal Valley, particularly as concerns the protection of the alluvial aquifer against pollution from irrigated agriculture.

关键词： Senegal River Valley Groundwater Pollution Agriculture Alluvial Aquifer

Numerical Modeling of Mass Transfer in the Interaction between River Biofilm and a Turbulent Boundary Layer

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Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics 2024年第1期14卷 1-23页

作者： Falilou Coundoul Evrad M. D. ngom Frédéric Y. Moulin Institut Polytechnique de Saint-Louis Université Gaston Berger Saint-Louis Senegal Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse UMR 5502-Université de Toulouse Occitanie France

In this article dedicated to the modeling of vertical mass transfers between the biofilm and the bulk flow, we have, in the first instance, presented the methodology used, followed by the presentation of various results obtained through analyses conducted on velocity fields, different fluxes, and overall transfer coefficients. Due to numerical constraints (resolution of relevant spatial scales), we have restricted the analysis to low Schmidt numbers (Sc=0.1, Sc=1, and Sc=10) and a single roughness Reynolds number (Re*=150). The analysis of instantaneous concentration fields from various simulations revealed logarithmic concentration profiles above the canopy. In this zone, the concentration is relatively homogeneous for longer times. The analysis of results also showed that the contribution of molecular diffusion to the total flux depends on the Schmidt number. This contribution is negligible for Schmidt numbers Sc≥0.1, but nearly balances the turbulent flux for Sc=0.1. In the canopy, the local Sherwood number, given by the ratio of the total flux (within or above the canopy) to the molecular diffusion flux at the wall, also depends on the Schmidt number and varies significantly between the canopy and the region above. The exchange velocity, a purely hydrodynamic parameter, is independent of the Schmidt number and is on the order of 10% of in the present case. This study also reveals that nutrient absorption by organisms near the wall depends on the Schmidt number. Such absorption is facilitated by lower Schmidt numbers.

关键词： Epilithic Biofilm Passive Scalar Transport Direct Numerical Simulation Navier-Stokes