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Howl variation across Himalayan, North African, Indian, and Holarctic wolf clades： tracing divergence in the world＇s oldest wolf lineages using acoustics

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Current Zoology 2017年第3期63卷 341-348页

作者： Lauren HENNELLY Bilal HABIB Holly ROOT-GUTTERIDGE Vicente PALACIOS daniela passilongo Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Wildlife Institute of India Dehradun India Department of Biology Syracuse University New York 13210 USA Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Avenue de Blasce Ibanez Valencia 46010 Spain Ricerca sulla Selvaggina e sui Miglioramenti Ambientali a Fini Faunistici (C.I.R.Se.M.A.E) Piazzale delle Cascine 18 Firenze 1-50144 Italy

Vocal divergence within species often corresponds to morphological, environmental, and genetic differences between populations. Wolf howls are long-range signals that encode individual, group, and subspecies differences, yet the factors that may drive this variation are poorly understood. Furthermore, the taxonomic division within the Canis genus remains contended and additional data are required to clarify the position of the Himalayan, North African, and Indian wolves within Canis lupus. We recorded 451 howls from the 3 most basal wolf lineages-Himalayan C. lupus chanco-Himalayan haplotype, North African C. lupus lupaster, and Indian C. lupus pallipes wolves-and present a howl acoustic description within each clade. With an additional 619 howls from 7 Holarctic subspecies, we used a random forest classifier and principal component analysis on 9 acoustic parameters to assess whether Himalayan, North African, and Indian wolf howls ex- hibit acoustic differences compared to each other and Holarctic wolf howls. Generally, both the North African and Indian wolf howls exhibited high mean fundamental frequency （F0） and short duration compared to the Holarctic clade. In contrast, the Himalayan wolf howls typically had lower mean F0, unmodulated frequencies, and short howls compared to Holarctic wolf howls. The Himalayan and North African wolves had the most acoustically distinct howls and differed significantly from each other and to the Holarctic wolves. Along with the influence of body size and environmental differences, these results suggest that genetic divergence and/or geographic distance may play an important role in understanding howl variation across subspecies.

关键词： acoustic variation Canis lupus geographic variation mammal communication.

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