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What.is t.e sound of fear？ Behavioral responses of whit.-crowned sparrows Zonot.ichia leucophrys t. synt.esized nonlinear acoust.c phenomena

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Current.Zoology 2014年第4期60卷 534-541页

作者： Ellen K. BLESDOE Daniel T. BLUMSTEIN t.e Rocky Mount.in Biological Laborat.ry Box 519 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA Depart.ent.of Ecology and Evolut.onary Biology University of California 621 Young Drive South Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA

Fear and anxiet. may be adapt.ve responses t. life-t.reat.ning sit.at.ons, and animals may communicat. fear t. ot.ers vocally. A fundament.l underst.nding of fear inducing sounds is import.nt.for bot. wildlife conservat.on and management.because it.helps us underst.nd how t. design repellent. and also how (and why) animals may be negat.vely impact.d by ant.ropogenic sounds. Nonlinear phenomena-sounds produced by t.e desynchronizat.on of vibrat.ons in a sound product.on syst.m-are commonly found in st.ess-induced animal vocalizat.ons, such as in alarm calls, mobbing calls, and fear screams. t.ere are several funct.onal hypot.eses for t.ese nonlinear phenomena. One specific hypot.esis is t.e unpredict.bilit. hypot.esis, which suggest. t.at.because nonlinear phenomena are more variable and somewhat.unpredict.ble, animals are less likely t. habit.at. t. t.em. Animals should, t.erefore, have a prolonged response t. sounds wit. nonlinear phenomena t.an sounds wit.out.t.em. Most.of t.e st.dies involving nonlinear phenomena have used mammalian subject. and conspecific st.muli. Our st.dy fo- cused on whit.-crowned sparrows (Zonot.ichia leucophrys ssp. oriant.a) and used synt.esized acoust.c st.muli t. invest.gat. behavioral responses t. st.muli wit. and wit.out.nonlinear phenomena. We predict.d t.at.birds would be less relaxed aft.r hearing a st.mulus wit. a nonlinear component. We calculat.d t.e difference from baseline of proport.on of t.me spent.in relaxed behaviors and performed pair-wise comparisons bet.een a pure t.ne cont.ol st.mulus and each of t.ree experiment.l st.muli, including a frequency jump up, a frequency jump down, and whit. noise. t.ese comparisons showed t.at.in t.e 30q50 s aft.r t.e playback experiment. birds were significant.y less relaxed aft.r hearing noise or an abrupt.frequency jump down an oct.ve but.not.an abrupt.frequency jump up an oct.ve or a pure t.ne. Nonlinear phenomena, t.erefore, may be generally arousing t. animals and may explain why t.ese acoust.c propert.es are commonly found in ani

关键词：非线性现象行为反应反应合成声音恐惧声学现象麻雀野生动物保护

Can rarefact.on be used t. est.mat. song repert.ire size in birds？

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Current.Zoology 2011年第3期57卷 300-306页

作者： Kat.leen R. PESHEK Daniel T. BLUMSTEIN t.e Rocky Mount.in Biological Laborat.ry Box 519 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA Depart.ent.of Ecology and Evolut.onary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA

Song repert.ire size is t.e number of dist.nct.syllables, phrases, or song t.pes produced by an individual or populat.on. Repert.ire size est.mat.on is part.cularly difficult.for species t.at.produce highly variable songs and t.ose t.at.produce many song t.pes. Est.mat.ng repert.ire size is import.nt.for ecological and evolut.onary st.dies of speciat.on, st.dies of sexual select.on, as well as st.dies of how species may adapt.t.eir songs t. various acoust.c environment.. t.ere are several met.ods t. est.mat. repert.ire size, however prior st.dies discovered t.at.all but.a full numerical count.of song t.pes might.have subst.nt.al inaccuracies associat.d wit. t.em. We evaluat.d a somewhat.novel approach t. est.mat. repert.ire size-rarefact.on; a t.chnique ecologist. use t. measure species diversit. on individual and populat.on levels. Using t.e syllables wit.in American robins' t.rdus migrat.rius repert.ire, we compared t.e most.commonly used t.chniques of est.mat.ng repert.ires t. t.e result. of a rarefact.on analysis. American robins have elaborat. and unique songs wit. few syllables shared bet.een individuals, and t.ere is no evidence t.at.robins mimic t.eir neighbors. t.us, t.ey are an ideal syst.m in which t. compare t.chniques. We found t.at.t.e rarefact.on t.chnique result. resembled t.at.of t.e numerical count. and were bet.er t.an t.o alt.rnat.ve met.ods (behavioral accumulat.on curves, and capt.re-recapt.re) t. est.mat. syllable repert.ire size. Fut.re est.mat.s of repert.ire size, part.cularly in vocally complex species, may benefit.from using rarefact.on t.chniques when numerical count. are unable t. be performed [Current.Zoology 57 (3): 300-306, 2011].

关键词：模估计歌曲曲目稀薄物种多样性稀疏技术鸟类生态学家

t.e effect.of whit. noise on behavioral and flight.responses of blue-t.iled skinks

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Current.Zoology 2021年第1期67卷 125-126页

作者： Connor KELLIGREW Sarah t.AN Marcus WeISS Dana M.WILLIAMS daniel t.blumstein Depart.ent.of Ecology and Evolut.onary Biology University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095-1606USA

As human development.expands,environment. are increasingly exposed t. ant.ropogenic noise which may disrupt.animals in a variet. of ways.Ant.ropogenic noise can be disrupt.ve bot. as a source of audit.ry masking,which prevent. animals from acquiring acoust.c informat.on(Brumm and Slabbekoorn 2005),or as a source of dist.act.on,reallocat.ng an individual's at.ent.on and impairing an animal's abilit. t. engage in crit.cal behaviors such as prey risk assessment.Chan et.al.2010).

关键词： locat.ng effect crit.cal

Human act.vit. affect. t.e percept.on of risk by mule deer

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Current.Zoology 2014年第6期60卷 693-699页

作者： Mary V. PRICE Evelyn H. St.OMBOM Daniel T. BLUMSTEIN t.e Rocky Mount.in Biological Laborat.ry Crested Butte CO 81224 USA School of Nat.ral Resources and t.e Environment University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA Depart.ent.of Ecology and Evolut.onary Biology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA

Human act.vit. has been shown t. influence how animals assess t.e risk of predat.on, but.we know lit.le about.t.e spat.al scale of such impact.. We quant.fied how vigilance and flight.behavior in mule deer Odocoileus hemionus varied wit. dist.nce from an area of concent.at.d human act.vit.-a subalpine field st.t.on. An observer walked t.ails at.various dist.nces away from t.e st.t.on looking for deer. Upon encount.r, t.e observer walked t.ward t.e focal animal and not.d t.e dist.nce at.which it.alert.d and direct.d it. at.ent.on t. t.e approaching human (Alert.Dist.nce; AD), and t.e dist.nce at.which it.fled (Flight.Init.at.on Dist.nce;. FID). AD and FID bot. increased nonlinearly wit. dist.nce from t.e cent.r of t.e field st.t.on, reaching pla- t.aus around 250 m and 750 m, respect.vely. Deer also t.nded t. flee by st.t.ing or running, rat.er t.an by walking, when far from t.e st.t.on but.t.ey walked away when near t.e st.t.on. t.ese result. indicat. t.at.deer perceive lower risk near a focused area of human act.vit., and t.at.vigilance and flight.behaviors respond on somewhat.different.spat.al scales. t.e concept.of a spat.al "human foot.rint. on behavior may be useful for underst.nding how human act.vit.es affect.wildlife

关键词：人类活动影响风险鹿空间尺度飞行距离野生动物骡距离集

Spearfishing-induced behavioral changes of an unharvest.d species inside and out.ide a marine prot.ct.d area

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Current.Zoology 2016年第1期62卷 39-44页

作者： Diem Samant.a C. t.AN Kat.arine A. LANGEL Madison J. t.OMAS Daniel T. BLUMSTEIN Depart.ent.of Ecology and Evolut.onary Biology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA90095-1606 USA

By prohibit.ng fishing, marine prot.ct.d areas (MPAs) provide a refuge for harvest.d species. Humans are oft.n perceived as predat.rs by prey and t.erefore respond fearfully t. humans. t.us, fish responses t. humans inside and out.ide of an MPA can provide insight. int. t.eir percept.on of humans as a predat.ry t.reat. Previous st.dies have found differences in t.e dist.nce t.at.har- vest.d species of fish init.at. flight.(flight.init.at.on dist.nce-FID) from humans inside and out.ide an MPA, but.less is known about.unharvest.d species. We focused on whet.er t.e lined brist.e- t.ot. Ct.nochaet.s st.iat.s, an unharvest.d surgeonfish, can discriminat. bet.een a snorkeler and a snorkeler wit. a spear gun inside and out.ide of a no-t.ke MPA in Mo'orea, French Polynesia. Addit.onally, we incorporat.d st.rt.ng dist.nce (t.e dist.nce bet.een t.e person and prey at.t.e st.rt.of an experiment.l approach), a variable t.at.has been found t. be import.nt.in as- sessing prey escape decisions in t.rrest.ial species, but.t.at.has not.been ext.nsively st.died in aquat.c syst.ms. Lined brist.et.ot. FID was significant.y great.r in t.e presence of a spear gun and varied depending on if t.e spear gun encount.r was inside or out.ide of t.e MPA. t.ese result. imply a degree of sophist.cat.on of fish ant.predat.r behavior, generat. quest.ons as t. how a non- t.rget.d species of fish could acquire fear of humans, and demonst.at. t.at.behavioral surveys can provide insight. about.ant.predat.r behavior.

关键词：海洋保护区反捕行为热带鱼收割种内 MPA 食肉动物水生系统

Humans influence shrimp movement. a conservat.on behavior case st.dy wit. "Shrimp Wat.hing" ecot.urism

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Current.Zoology 2022年第2期68卷 169-176页

作者： Wat.harapong HONGJAMRASSILP daniel t.blumstein Depart.ent.of Ecology and Evolut.onary Biology University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90095-1606USA

An increase in ecot.urism adversely impact. many animals and cont.ibut.s t. biodiversit. loss.t. mit.gat. t.ese impact.,we illust.at. t.e applicat.on of a conservat.on behavior framework t.ward t.e development.of a sust.inable ecot.urism management.plan.In Ubon Rat.hat.ani,t.ailand,t.ousands of t.urist. annually come t. see a unique mass migrat.on of shrimps on land(referred t. as"shrimp parading").Preliminary work suggest. t.at.t.is t.urism has negat.vely impact.d t.e shrimps.t. reduce t.urism-relat.d impact. we st.died:1)t.e decisions shrimps make when parading and 2)how shrimps respond t. different.light.int.nsit.es and colors.We creat.d an art.ficial st.eam and t.st.d t.e condit.ons t.at.influence parading by experiment.lly varying t.e presence of light.and syst.mat.cally manipulat.ng wat.r velocit.(10,60,and 100cm/s).Addit.onally,we conduct.d an in sit. experiment.t. st.dy how shrimps respond t. t.urist.'light. under t.ree int.nsit.es(50,400,and 9,000 lux)and five colors(whit.,blue,green,orange,and red).We found most.shrimps prefer t. leave t.e river when it.is dark and t.ere is low wat.r flow.Shrimps responded t.e least.t. red (λmax=630 nm>and orange(λmax=625 nm)light.at.50 lux.t.ese findings were used t. develop a management.plan by creat.ng t.ree different.t.urist.zones,which maximize t.urist.needs and minimize t.e ant.ropogenic impact. on t.e shrimps.t.is work could be used as an example of t.e applicat.on of conservat.on behavior framework in developing management.plan for sust.inable ecot.urism for ot.er invert.brat. t.xa.

关键词： ant.ropogenic light caridean shrimps collect.ve behavior freshwat.r prawn migrat.on nat.re-based t.urism

Breeding bird densit. does not.drive vocal individualit.

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Current.Zoology 2012年第5期58卷 765-772页

作者： Daniel T. BLUMSTEIN Douglas R. MCCLAIN Carrie DE JESUS Gust.vo ALARCON-NIEt. t.e Rocky Mount.in Biological Laborat.ry Box 519 Crested Butte CO 81224 USA Depart.ent.of Ecology and Evolut.onary Biology University of California Los Angeles 621 Charles E. Young Dr. South Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA

Many species produce individually specific vocalizat.ons and socialit. is a hypot.esized driver of such individualit.. Previous st.dies of how social variat.on influenced individualit. focused on colonial or non-colonial avian species, and how so- cial group size influenced individualit. in sciurid rodent.. Since socialit. is an import.nt.driver of individualit., we expect.d t.at.bird species t.at.defend nest.ng t.rrit.ries in higher densit. neighborhoods should have more individually-dist.nct.ve calls t.an t.ose t.at.defend nest.ng t.rrit.ries in lower-densit. neighborhoods. We used Beecher's informat.on st.t.st.c t. quant.fy individu- alit., and we examined t.e relat.onship bet.een bird densit. (calculat.d wit. point.count.) and vocal individualit. on seven spe- cies of passerines. We found non-significant.relat.onships bet.een breeding bird densit. and vocal individualit. whet.er regres- sions were fit.ed on species values, or on phylogenet.cally-independent.cont.ast.values. From t.ese result., we infer t.at.while in- dividualit. may be explained by social fact.rs, breeding bird densit. is unlikely t. be generally import.nt.in driving t.e evolut.on of individually-specific vocalizat.ons [Current.Zoology 58 (5): 765-772, 2012].

关键词：繁殖鸟类个性化高密度声乐鸟类物种开车啮齿动物雀形目鸟类

t.ke only pict.res, leave only...fear？ t.e effect. of phot.graphy on t.e West.Indian anole Anolis crist.t.llus

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Current.Zoology 2011年第1期57卷 77-82页

作者： Brian HUANG Kat.e LUBARSKY t.ffany t.NG Daniel T. BLUMSTEIN Depart.ent.of Ecology & Evolut.onary Biology University of California 621 Young Drive South Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA

Ecot.urism encourages an environment.lly friendly explorat.on of t.e world's nat.ral habit.t.. t.urist. oft.n engage in wildlife phot.graphy, an act.vit. t.at.is generally not.considered dist.rbing t. animals. We invest.gat.d t.e effect. of cam- era-relat.d st.muli t. det.rmine whet.er shut.er noise and/or flash affect.d t.e immediat. behavior of female crest.d anoles Ano- lis crist.ellus. Anoles decreased t.eir display rat. following st.muli t.at.included shut.er noises, but.did not.change t.eir behavior in response t. flash or silence t.eat.ent.. t. det.rmine t.e relat.ve import.nce of t.is response, we observed anole behavior fol- lowing playbacks of calls from kest.els Falco sparverius, a predat.r, and bananaquit. Coereba flaveola, a non-predat.r. Anoles decreased display rat.s following kest.el calls when compared t. t.eir response t. bananaquit.calls. Furt.ermore, anoles spent.a great.r proport.on of t.me displaying following bananaquit.calls compared t. bot. kest.el calls and silence. t.e magnit.de of response t. shut.er noises was about.t.e same as t.at.t. predat.r calls. t.is demonst.at.s t.at.phot.graphy may not.be as benign as commonly believed, and we should consider whet.er rest.ict.ons on camera noises should be implement.d t. reduce ani- mal dist.rbance

关键词：野生动物摄影西印度图片恐惧时间显示自然栖息地生态旅游快门

生动的鸟儿不启动飞行快尽管他们潜在的惹人注目

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Current.Zoology 2015年第4期61卷 773-780页

作者： Nicholai M. HENSLEY Jonat.an P. DRURY t.eodore GARLAND, Jr. Daniel T. BLUMSTEIN Depart.ent.of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of Califomia Santa Barbara CA USA Depart.ent.of Ecology and Evolut.onary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 USA Inst.t.de de Biologie de I'ENS 46 Rue d'Ulm 75005 Paris France Depart.ent.of Biology University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA

在距离接近的威胁，动物开始飞行的飞行起始距离（FID）——是变化的风险敏感的度量，但在FID具有可检测外部着色相关风险的影响是未知的。我们测试是否在羽毛鲜艳程度的变化解释鸟类飞行开始的距离变化。在体重控制，在距离实验方法开... 详细信息

在距离接近的威胁，动物开始飞行的飞行起始距离（FID）——是变化的风险敏感的度量，但在FID具有可检测外部着色相关风险的影响是未知的。我们测试是否在羽毛鲜艳程度的变化解释鸟类飞行开始的距离变化。在体重控制，在距离实验方法开始，和系统发育关系，羽毛生动不是FID的预测。与预期相反，生动性影响的风险，因此，风险评估等，这些结果表明，鸟类不逃快接近威胁[现行生态补偿的视觉更惹人注目的61（4）：773-780，2015 ]。

关键词：鸟类飞行不启动风险评估系统发育关系 FID 体重控制生态补偿距离