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Impact of liver enzymes on SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity of clinical course of COVID-19

Liver Research 2021年第1期5卷 21-27页

作者： Fátima Higuera-de la Tijera Alfredo Servín-Caamaño Daniel Reyes-herrera Argelia Flores-López Enrique J.A.Robiou-Vivero Felipe Martínez-Rivera Victor Galindo-Hernández Oscar Chapa-Azuela Alfonso Chávez-Morales Victor H.Rosales-Salyano Multidisciplinary Team for the Attention and Care of Patients with COVID-19 Hospital General de México Dr.Eduardo LiceagaMexico CityMexico Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department Hospital General de México Dr.Eduardo LiceagaMexico CityMexico Internal Medicine Department Hospital General de México Dr.Eduardo LiceagaMexico CityMexico Hepatobiliary and Pancreatology Clinic Surgery DepartmentHospital General de México Dr.Eduardo LiceagaMexico CityMexico Intensive Care Unit Hospital General de México Dr.Eduardo LiceagaMexico CityMexico

Background and aim Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the virus responsible for the current pandemic,can have multi-organ impact.Recent studies show that liver injury could be a manifestation of the disease,and that liver disease could also be related to a worse prognosis.Our aim was to compare the characteristics of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)due to SARS-CoV-2 who required intubation versus stable hospitalized patients to identify the early biochemical predictive factors of a severe course of COVID-19 and subsequent requirement for intubation,specifically in Mexican.Methods This was an observational case-control study nested in a cohort study.Complete medical records of patients admitted for confirmed COVID-19 at a tertiary level center in Mexico City were reviewed.Clinical and biochemical data were collected,and the characteristics of patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation(IMV)(cases)were compared with stable hospitalized patients without ventilation(controls).Results We evaluated 166 patients with COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection;114(68.7%)were men,the mean age was 50.6±13.3 years,and 27(16.3%)required IMV.The comparative analysis between cases and controls showed(respectively)significantly lower blood oxygen saturation(SpO_(2))(73.5±12.0%vs.83.0±6.8%,P<0.0001)and elevated alanine aminotransferase(ALT)(128(14–1123)IU/L vs.33(8–453)IU/L,P=0.003),aspartate aminotransferase(AST)(214(17–1247)vs.44(12–498)IU/L,P=0.001),lactic dehydrogenase(LDH)(764.6±401.9 IU/L vs.461.0±185.6 IU/L,P=0.001),and D-dimer(3463(524–34,227)ng/mL vs.829(152–41,923)ng/mL,P=0.003)concentrations.Patients in the cases group were older(58.6±12.7 years vs.49.1±12.8 years,P=0.001).Multivariate analysis showed that important factors at admission predicting the requirement for IMV during hospitalization for COVID-19 were AST≥250 IU/L(odds ratio(OR)=64.8,95%confidence interval(CI)7.5–560.3,P<0.0001)and D-dimer≥3500 ng/mL(OR=4.1,95%CI 1.2–13.7,P=0.02).Conclusions Our study confi

关键词： Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) Liver enzymes D-dimer Disease severity Invasive mechanical ventilation(IMV) Multi-organ failure

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Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor transfection in dopamine neurons using neurotensin-polyplex nanoparticles reverses 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostriatal neurodegeneration

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第4期17卷 854-866页

作者： Manuel A.Fernandez-Parrilla David reyes-Corona Yazmin M.Flores-Martinez Rasajna Nadella Michael J.Bannon Lourdes Escobedo Minerva Maldonado-Berny Jaime Santoyo-Salazar Luis O.Soto-Rojas Claudia Luna-herrera Jose Ayala-Davila Juan A.Gonzalez-Barrios Gonzalo Flores Maria E.Gutierrez-Castillo Armando JEspadas-Alvarez Irma A.Martínez-Dávila Porfirio Nava daniel Martinez-Fong Departamento de Fisiología Biofísica y NeurocienciasCentro de Investigación y de Estudios AvanzadosCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular Escuela Nacional de Medicina y HomeopatíaInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Department of Biosciences IIIT-SrikakulamRajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies(RGUKT)Andhra PradeshIndia Department of Pharmacology Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMIUSA Departamento de Física Centro de Investigación y de Estudios AvanzadosCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoTlalnepantla de BazEdo.de MéxicoMéxico Departamento de Fisiología Escuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica Hospital Regional“1°de Octubre”ISSSTECiudad de MéxicoMéxico Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría Instituto de FisiologíaBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de PueblaPueblaPueblaMéxico Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y DesarrolloInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Programa de Nanociencias y nanotecnología Centro de Investigación y de Estudios AvanzadosCiudad de MéxicoMéxico

Overexpression of neurotrophic factors in nigral dopamine neurons is a promising approach to reverse neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system,a hallmark in Parkinson's disease.The human cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor(h CDNF)has recently emerged as a strong candidate for Parkinson's disease therapy.This study shows that h CDNF expression in dopamine neurons using the neurotensinpolyplex nanoparticle system reverses 6-hydroxydopamine-induced morphological,biochemical,and behavioral alterations.Three independent electron microscopy techniques showed that the neurotensin-polyplex nanoparticles containing the h CDNF gene,ranging in size from 20 to 150 nm,enabled the expression of a secretable h CDNF in vitro.Their injection in the substantia nigra compacta on day 21 after the 6-hydroxydopamine lesion resulted in detectable h CDNF in dopamine neurons,whose levels remained constant throughout the study in the substantia nigra compacta and striatum.Compared with the lesioned group,tyrosine hydroxylase-positive(TH^(+))nigral cell population and TH+fiber density rose in the substantia nigra compacta and striatum after h CDNF transfection.An increase inβIII-tubulin and growth-associated protein 43 phospho-S41(GAP43 p)followed TH^(+)cell recovery,as well as dopamine and its catabolite levels.Partial reversal(80%)of drugactivated circling behavior and full recovery of spontaneous motor and non-motor behavior were achieved.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor recovery in dopamine neurons that also occurred suggests its participation in the neurotrophic effects.These findings support the potential of nanoparticle-mediated h CDNF gene delivery to develop a disease-modifying treatment against Parkinson's disease.The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados approved our experimental procedures for animal use(authorization No.162-15)on June 9,2019.

关键词： axonal growth brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene delivery nanoparticles neuritogenesis neuronal cytoskeleton neuroregeneration neurorestoration neurotrophic therapy Parkinson's disease reinnervation substantia nigra

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Unilateral rNurr1-V5 transgene expression in nigral dopaminergic neurons mitigates bilateral neuropathology and behavioral deficits in parkinsonian rats withα-synucleinopathy

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第9期19卷 2057-2067页

作者： Bismark Gatica-Garcia Michael J.Bannon Irma Alicia Martínez-Dávila Luis O.Soto-Rojas David reyes-Corona Lourdes Escobedo Minerva Maldonado-Berny ME Gutierrez-Castillo Armando J.Espadas-Alvarez Manuel A.Fernandez-Parrilla Juan U.Mascotte-Cruz CP Rodríguez-Oviedo Irais E.Valenzuela-Arzeta Claudia Luna-herrera Francisco E.Lopez-Salas Jaime Santoyo-Salazar daniel Martinez-Fong Departamento de Fisiología Biofísica y NeurocienciasCentro de Investigación y de Estudios AvanzadosCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Department of Pharmacology Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMIUSA Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular Carrera Médico CirujanoFacultad de Estudios Superiores IztacalaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoTlalnepantla de BazMéxico Red de Medicina para la Educación y Desarrollo y la Investigación Científica de Iztacala(Red MEDICI) Carrera Médico CirujanoFacultad de Estudios Superiores IztacalaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoTlalnepantla de BazMéxico Nanoparticle Therapy Institute AguascalientesMéxico Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y DesarrolloInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía Instituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Departamento de Fisiología Escuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Departamento de Física Centro de Investigación y de Estudios AvanzadosCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Programa de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología Centro de Investigación y de Estudios AvanzadosCiudad de MéxicoMéxico

Parkinsonism by unilateral,intranigralβ-sitosterolβ-D-glucoside administration in rats is distinguished in that theα-synuclein insult begins unilaterally but spreads bilaterally and increases in severity over time,thus replicating several clinical features of Parkinson’s disease,a typicalα-synucleinopathy.As Nurr1 repressesα-synuclein,we evaluated whether unilateral transfected of rNurr1-V5 transgene via neurotensin-polyplex to the substantia nigra on day 30 after unilateralβ-sitosterolβ-D-glucoside lesion could affect bilateral neuropathology and sensorimotor deficits on day 30 post-transfection.This study found that rNurr1-V5 expression but not that of the green fluorescent protein(the negative control)reducedβ-sitosterolβ-D-glucoside-induced neuropathology.Accordingly,a bilateral increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells and arborization occurred in the substantia nigra and increased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive ramifications in the striatum.In addition,tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells displayed less senescence markerβ-galactosidase and more neuron-cytoskeleton markerβIII-tubulin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.A significant decrease in activated microglia(positive to ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1)and neurotoxic astrocytes(positive to glial fibrillary acidic protein and complement component 3)and increased neurotrophic astrocytes(positive to glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100 calcium-binding protein A10)also occurred in the substantia nigra.These effects followed the bilateral reduction inα-synuclein aggregates in the nigrostriatal system,improving sensorimotor behavior.Our results show that unilateral rNurr1-V5 transgene expression in nigral dopaminergic neurons mitigates bilateral neurodegeneration(senescence and loss of neuron-cytoskeleton and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells),neuroinflammation(activated microglia,neurotoxic astrocytes),α-synuclein aggregation,and sensorimotor deficits.Increased neurotrophic astrocytes and brain-derived neurotrophic factor can mediate t

关键词： A1 astrocytes A2 astrocytes gene therapy microglia motor deficits nanoparticles neurodegeneration neuroinflammation senescence α-synuclein aggregates

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Insecticidal Activity and Physicochemical Characterization of Nanoparticles from Foliar Extract of Capsicum chinense

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2023年第11期11卷 3933-3943页

作者： Arnoldo E.Alfaro-Corres daniel Gonzalez-Mendoza Esau Ruiz-Sanchez Carlos Ail-Catzin Benjamin Valdez-Salas Federico Gutierrez-Miceli Arturo reyes-Ramirez Jacques Fils Pierre Division of Postgraduate Studies and Research Tecnologico Nacional de MéxicoCampus ConkalConkalYucatán97345Mexico Institute of Agricultural Sciences Universidad Autonoma de Baja CaliforniaEjido Nuevo LeonMexicaliBaja California21705Mexico Instituto de Ingeniería Universidad Autónoma de Baja CaliforniaMexicaliBaja California21100Mexico Division of Postgraduate Studies and Research Tecnologico Nacional de MexicoCampus Tuxtla GutierrezTuxtla GutierrezChiapas29050Mexico

This work was carried out to evaluate the insecticidal effect of mono,bi and trimetallic nanoparticles(NPs)from leaf extract of habanero pepper(Capsicum chinense Jacq.)on the red flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum herbst.)and cotton mealybug(Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley).The results showed that Cu NPs,Cu/Mn NPs and Zn/Cu NPs had high insecticidal effect against T.castaneum(63%-80% mortality after 96 h).The Cu NPs and Zn/Cu NPs showed also insecticidal effect against P.solenopsis,but to a lesser extent(20%–28% after 96 h).With regards to the physicochemical characterization,Cu NPs had a zeta potential of 21.1 mV,whereas Cu/Mn NPs and Zn/Cu NPs exhibited zeta potentials of 200 mV.The polydispersity index(PDI)values for Cu NPs,Cu/Mn NPs,and Zn/Cu NPs were 10.1,29.16,and 14.34,respectively.The TF-IR spectra of the NPs varied from 600 to 4000 cm−1.The EDX weight percentages showed the presence of Cu(0.29%–2.4%),Mn(1.4%),and Zn(2.6%)in Cu/Mn NPs and Zn/Cu NPs,respectively.

关键词： Phytonanoparticles botanical insecticide pest control agronanotechnology

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Discovery of gargantulides B and C,new 52-membered macrolactones from Amycolatopsis sp.Complete absolute stereochemistry of the gargantulide family

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Organic Chemistry Frontiers 2022年第2期9卷 462-470页

作者： daniel Carretero-Molina Francisco Javier Ortiz-López Tetiana Gren daniel Oves-Costales Jesús Martín Fernando Román-Hurtado Tue Sparholt Jorgensen Mercedes de la Cruz Caridad Díaz Francisca Vicente Kai Blin Fernando reyes Tilmann Weber Olga Genilloud Fundación MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en AndalucíaAvda.del Conocimiento 3418016 ArmillaGranadaSpain The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability Technical University of DenmarkKemitorvetbuilding 2202800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark

Gargantulides B and C,two new and highly complex 52-membered glycosylated macrolactones,were isolated from Amycolatopsis sp.strain CA-230715 during an antibacterial screening campaign.The structures of these giant macrolides were elucidated by 2D NMR spectroscopy and shown to be related to gargantulide A,although containing additional β-glucopyranose and/orα-arabinofuranose monosaccharides separately attached to their backbones.Genome sequencing allowed the identification of a strikingly large 216 kbp biosynthetic gene cluster,among the largest type Ⅰ PKS clusters described so far,and the proposal of a previously unreported biosynthetic pathway for gargantulides A-C.The absolute configurations of gargantulides B and C were assigned based on a combination of NMR and bioinformatics analysis of ketoreductase and enoylreductase domains within the multimodular type Ⅰ PKS.In addition,the absolute stereochemistry of gargantulide A has now been revised and completed.Gargantulides B and C display potent antibacterial activity against a set of drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria and moderate activity against the clinically relevant Gram-negative pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii.

关键词： absolute membered backbone

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Identification and heterologous expression of the globomycin biosynthetic gene cluster

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Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2023年第2期8卷 206-212页

作者： daniel Oves-Costales Tetiana Gren Eva Baggesgaard Sterndorff Jesús Martín Francisco Javier Ortiz-Lopez Tue S.Jørgensen Xinglin Jiang Fernando Roman-Hurtado Fernando reyes Olga Genilloud Tilmann Weber Fundacion MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigaci´on de Medicamentos Innovadores en AndalucíaAvda del Conocimiento 3418016ArmillaGranadaSpain The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability Technical University of DenmarkKemitorvetbuilding 2202800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark

Globomycin is a cyclic lipodepsipeptide originally isolated from several Streptomyces species which displays strong and selective antibacterial activity against Gram-negative pathogens.Its mode of action is based on the competitive inhibition of the lipoprotein signal peptidase II(LspA),which is absent in eukaryotes and considered an attractive target for the development of new antibiotics.Despite its interesting biological properties,the gene cluster encoding its biosynthesis has not yet been identified.In this study we employed a genome-mining approach in the globomycin-producing Streptomyces sp.CA-278952 to identify a candidate gene cluster responsible for its biosynthesis.A null mutant was constructed using CRISPR base editing where production was abolished,strongly suggesting its involvement in the biosynthesis.The putative gene cluster was then cloned and heterologously expressed in Streptomyces albus J1074 and Streptomyces coelicolor M1146,therefore unambigu-ously linking globomycin and its biosynthetic gene cluster.Our work paves the way for the biosynthesis of new globomycin derivatives with improved pharmacological properties.

关键词： Globomycin Signal peptidase II Cyclic lipodepsipeptide Genome mining CRISPR-cBEST Heterologous expression

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FAIR Computational Workflows

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Data Intelligence 2020年第1期2卷 108-121,307,308,309页

作者： Carole Goble Sarah Cohen-Boulakia Stian Soiland-reyes daniel Garijo Yolanda Gil Michael R.Crusoe Kristian Peters daniel Schober Department of Computer Science The University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchester M139PLUK Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique CNRSUniversitéParis-SaclayBatiment 650UniversitéParis-Sud91405 ORSAY CedexFrance Information Sciences Institute University of Southern CaliforniaMarina Del Rey CA 90292USA Common Workflow Language project Software Freedom ConservancyInc.137 Montague St STE 380NY 11201-3548USA Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry(IPB Halle) Department of Biochemistry of Plant InteractionsWeinberg 306120 Halle(Saale)Germany

Computational workflows describe the complex multi-step methods that are used for data collection,data preparation,analytics,predictive modelling,and simulation that lead to new data products.They can inherently contribute to the FAIR data principles:by processing data according to established metadata;by creating metadata themselves during the processing of data;and by tracking and recording data provenance.These properties aid data quality assessment and contribute to secondary data usage.Moreover,workflows are digital objects in their own right.This paper argues that FAIR principles for workflows need to address their specific nature in terms of their composition of executable software steps,their provenance,and their development.

关键词： Computational workflow Reproducibility Software FAIR data Provenance

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A new oxidative pathway of nitric oxide production from oximes in plants

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Molecular Plant 2024年第1期17卷 178-198页

作者： Pedro Lopez-Gomez Javier Buezo Marina Urra Alfonso Cornejo Raquel Esteban Jorge Fernandez de los reyes Estibaliz Urarte Estefania Rodriguez-Dobreva Alejandro Chamizo-Ampudia Alejandro Eguaras Sebastian Wolf daniel Marino Victor Martinez-Merino Jose F.Moran Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology(IMAB) Department of SciencesPublic University of Navarre(UPNA)Avda.de Pamplona 12331192 MutilvaSpain Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics(INAMAT2) Department of SciencesPublic University of Navarre(UPNA)Campus de Arosadia31006 PamplonaSpain Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of the Basque Country(UPV/EHU)Sarriena s/nApdo.64448080 BilbaoSpain Center for Plant Molecular Biology(ZMBP) University of TubingenGeschwister-Scholl-Platz72074 TubingenGermany Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca(IRNASA) Department of Plant-Microorganism InteractionsSpanish National Research Council(CSIC)Cordel de Merinas40-5237008SalamancaSpain Department of Biochemistry Area of Molecular BiologyVeterinary FacultyUniversity of LeonCampus de Vegazanas/n.24071 LeonSpain

Nitric oxide(NO)is an essential reactive oxygen species and a signal molecule in plants.Although several studies have proposed the occurrence of oxidative NO production,only reductive routes for NO production,such as the nitrate(NO_(3)^(-))-upper-reductase pathway,have been evidenced to date in land plants.However,plants grown axenically with ammonium as the sole source of nitrogen exhibit contents of nitrite and NO3−,evidencing the existence of a metabolic pathway for oxidative production of NO.We hypothesized that oximes,such as indole-3-acetaldoxime(IAOx),a precursor to indole-3-acetic acid,are intermediate oxidation products in NO synthesis.We detected the production of NO from IAOx and other oximes catalyzed by peroxidase(POD)enzyme using both 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′,7′-difluorescein fluorescence and chemiluminescence.Flavins stimulated the reaction,while superoxide dismutase inhibited it.Interestingly,mouse NO synthase can also use IAOx to produce NO at a lower rate than POD.We provided a full mechanism for POD-dependent NO production from IAOx consistent with the experimental data and supported by density functional theory calculations.We showed that the addition of IAOx to extracts from Medicago truncatula increased the in vitro production of NO,while in vivo supplementation of IAOx and other oximes increased the number of lateral roots,as shown for NO donors,and a more than 10-fold increase in IAOx dehydratase expression.Furthermore,we found that in vivo supplementation of IAOx increased NO production in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type plants,while prx33-34 mutant plants,defective in POD33-34,had reduced production.Our data show that the release of NO by IAOx,as well as its auxinic effect,explain the superroot phenotype.Collectively,our study reveals that plants produce NO utilizing diverse molecules such as oximes,POD,and flavins,which are widely distributed in the plant kingdom,thus introducing a long-awaited oxidative pathway to NO production in plants.This knowledge has essential implications for und

关键词： ammonium oxidation auxin nitric oxide oxime peroxidase root phenotype

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Non-Darcy Flow in Molding Sands

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第4期14卷 976-982页

作者： Miguel A. Barron-Meza Joan reyes-Miranda daniel Flores-Sanchez Departamento de Materiales Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco Ciudad de Mexico Mexico

Darcy’s law is widely used to describe the flow in porous media in which there is a linear relationship between fluid velocity and pressure gradient. However, it has been found that for high numbers of Reynolds this law ceases to be valid. In this work, the Ergun equation is employed to consider the non-linearity of air velocity with the pressure gradient in casting sands. The contribution of non-linearity to the total flow in terms of a variable defined as a non-Darcy flow fraction is numerically quantified. In addition, the influence of the shape factor of the sand grains on the non-linear flow fraction is analyzed. It is found that for values of the Reynolds number less or equal than 1, the contribution of non-linearity for spherical particles is around 1.15%.

关键词： Darcy’s Law Molding Sands Non-Darcy Flow Reynolds Number Shape Factor

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Human Prion Protein Conformational Changes Susceptibility: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

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Open Journal of Biophysics 2014年第4期4卷 169-175页

作者： Laura Alejandra Mandujano-Rosas daniel Osorio-González Pedro Guillermo reyes-Romero Jorge Mulia-Rodríguez Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Faculty of Sciences Autonomous University of State of Mexico Toluca Mexico Laboratory of Advaced Physics Faculty of Sciences Autonomous University of State of Mexico Toluca Mexico

Prion proteins are related to the development of incurable and invariably fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals. The pathogenicity involves the conversion of the host-encoded-alpha rich isoform of prion protein, PrPC, into a misfolded beta-strand rich conformer, PrPSc. Although it has already been described that many punctual mutations alter the stability of PrPC, making it more prone to adopt an abnormal misfolded structure, the majority of cases reported among general population are sporadic in wild-type organisms. Thus, in this work we studied the dynamics and stability profiles of wild-type human prion protein by Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation at different solvent temperatures. This analysis brought out certain residues and segments of the prion protein as critical to conformational changes;these results are consistent with experimental reports showing that protein mutants in those positions are related to the development of disease.

关键词： Prion Protein Misfolding Susceptibility Molecular Dynamics Simulation

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