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Degradation study on tin- and bismuth-based gas-diffusion electrodes during electrochemical CO_(2) reduction in highly alkaline media

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2021年第11期30卷 367-376,I0008页

作者： Fabian Bienen Armin Lowe Joachim Hildebrand Sebastian Hertle dana Schonvogel Dennis Kopljar Norbert Wagner Elias Klemm Kaspar Andreas Friedrich Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace CenterPfaffenwaldring 38-4070569 StuttgartGermany Institute of Building Energetics Thermal Engineering and Energy StorageUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 3170569 StuttgartGermany Institute of Technical Chemistry University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569 StuttgartGermany Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace CenterCarl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 1526129 OldenburgGermany

This work investigated the degradation of tin – based gas-diffusion electrodes (GDE) and also a promising Bi2O3 GDE in electrochemical CO_(2) reduction in highly alkaline media which has not been studied before. The contributions of the electrode wetting (or flooding, if excessively) and catalyst leaching on the degradation were analyzed. Therefore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to monitor the wetted surface area of the GDE in combination with post-mortem analysis of the penetration depth by visualizing the electrolyte’s cation in the GDE cross-section. Furthermore, to reveal a possible degradation of the electrocatalyst, its distribution was mapped in the GDEs cross-section after operation while the catholyte was additionally analyzed via ICP-MS. The results clearly demonstrate that the SnO_(2) catalyst dissolves in the reaction zone inside the GDE and might be partially redeposited near the GDEs surface. Since the redeposition process occurs only partially a steady loss of catalyst was observed impeding a clear distinction of the two degradation phenomena. Nevertheless, the deterioration of the electrode performance measured as faraday efficiency (FE) of the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) qualitatively correlates with the differential double layer capacitance (Cdl). A significant difference of the rate of increase for the hydrogen FE and Cdl can be ascribed to the superposition of both above-mentioned degradation mechanisms. The demonstrated instability of SnO_(2) contrasts with the behavior of Bi2O3 GDE which is stabilized during CO_(2) conversion by redeposition of the diluted dissolved species as metallic Bi which is active for the CO_(2) reduction reaction.

关键词： Electrochemical CO_(2)reduction Heterogeneous catalysis Gas-diffusion electrode Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Catalyst leaching

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High human disturbance decreases individual variability in skink escape behavior

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Current Zoology 2020年第1期66卷 63-70页

作者： dana M.WILLIAMS Phat-Tan NGUYEN Kemal CHAN Madeleine KROHN Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN Department of Ecology&Evolutionary Biology University of California621 Young Drive SouthLos AngelesCA90095-1606USA

Animals living around people may modify their antipredator behavior as a function of proximity to humans,and this response has profound implications for whether or not a population can coexist with *** asked whether inland blue-tailed skinks Emoia impar modified their individual antipredator behavior as a function of differential exposure to *** conducted multiple consecutive flushes and recorded 2 measures of antipredator response:flight initiation distance(FID),the distance from a threatening stimulus at which an individual flees,and distance fled,the distance an individual fled after a *** used a multiple model comparison approach to quantify variation in individual escape behavior across multiple approaches and to test for differences in between-individual variation among *** found that individuals tolerated closer approach and fled shorter distances at locations with relatively less human disturbance than at locations with medium and high human disturbance,*** addition,skinks living at high human disturbance sites had less variable FIDs than at low human disturbance *** theories may explain these *** against less favorable phenotypes has reduced behavioral variation in urban habitats and behavioral plasticity allows individuals to flexibly adjust their behavioral patterns in response to human *** results highlight the importance of studying variation within populations,at the individual level,which may better elucidate the impact that human disturbance has on the behavioral composition of populations.

关键词： distance fled Emoia impar flight initiation distance habitat sorting habituation urbanization

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Ultraviolet Light Fights New Virus

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Engineering 2020年第8期6卷 851-853页

作者： dana Mackenzie Senior Technology Writer

In the fight against the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,an old weapon has re-emerged[1].More than a century after Niels Finsen won the 1903 Nobel Prize for discovering that ultraviolet(UV)light could kill ... 详细信息

关键词： ultraviolet covering emerged

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Reuse of N95 Masks

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Engineering 2020年第6期6卷 593-596页

作者： dana Mackenzie Senior Technology Writer.

As the C0V1D-19 pandemic enters its second month(April 2020)in the United States,one of the simplest pieces of medical equipment is in desperately short supply:medical-grade protective facemasks,typically engineered and specified for a single use ***,to meet the critical and quickly intensifying need,Chinese and American engineers are devising new procedures for decontaminating and reusing masks that hospitals already have on hand(Fig.1)[1].Although some of these procedures require specialized equipment,others are simple enough to use at home(Fig.2)[2,3].

关键词： specialized typically protective

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The Global State of Science and Engineering Research

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Engineering 2020年第6期6卷 597-599页

作者： dana Mackenzie Senior Technology Writer

In January 2020,the US National Science Board released its biennial report on the state of science and engineering(S&E)research in the United States and the world(1).The overall health of science has never been better:According to the report,the worldwide amount of funding for research and development(R&D)has tripled since 2000.“The whole world is realizing the importance of developing new knowledge to grow economic prosperity,”said Diane Souvaine,chair of the National Science Board and professor of computer science and mathematics at Tufts University in Medford,MA,USA.

关键词： computer knowledge funding

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Time Gets More Precise with Transportable Optical Lattice Clocks

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Engineering 2020年第11期6卷 1210-1211页

作者： dana Mackenzie 不详

Of all the units of physical science,one second is perhaps the most *** a meter,we cannot see *** a kilogram,we cannot hold it in our *** a volt,we have no nerves to sense *** a second is the most precisely quantified unit we have[1].This year,metrologists—scientists who study m easurem entannounced the first transportable clock that can measure time to 18 decimal *** put this in perspective,a clock running with this precision since the Big Bang would have lost or gained less than half a second.

关键词： gained Lattice clock

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Pushing Mathematical Limits,a Neural Network Learns Fluid Flow

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Engineering 2021年第5期7卷 550-551页

作者： dana Mackenzie 机构不详

Drop a pebble into a flowing stream of *** may not change the pattern of flow very *** if you drop a pebble into a different place,it may change a *** can predict?Answer:A neural network can.A group of computer scientists and mathematicians at the California Institute of Technology(Caltech)in Pasadena,CA,USA,has opened up a new arena for artificial intelligence(AI),by showing that a neural network can teach itself how to solve a broad class of fluid flow problems,much more rapidly and more accurately than any previous computer program[1].

关键词： Mathematical flow showing

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Rhodes＇s Men： Class, Race, and Ethnicity in Intemational Leadership

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International Relations and Diplomacy 2016年第4期4卷 290-301页

作者： dana Cooper Stephen F. Austin State University Nacogdoches Texas USA

At his death in 1902, Cecil Rhodes left an enormous amount of money to his alma mater, Oxford University to fund arguably the most recognized and prestigious scholarship in the world, the Rhodes Scholarship. Formally established one year after his passing, the grant quickly became the most famous educational award in the English-speaking world. Every year, 32 American college seniors are selected to study at Oxford University.1 Many of these elite men have returned from England to distinguish themselves in their chosen fields. Indeed the list of recipients reads like a Who＇s Who of American Leadership. Politicians such as senators J. William Fulbright and Bill Bradley, former President Bill Clinton, public policy analysts Robert Reich and George Stephanopoulos, writer Robert Penn Warren, as well as Supreme Court Justices Bryon White and David Souter, to name but a few, all achieved the status of Rhodes Scholars, a designation that has followed them thorough their respective and impressive careers （Schaeper ＆ Schaeper, 1998）. Undoubtedly, this scholarship has had an enormous impact on the individuals who have been deemed worthy of its selection. Today, selection as a Rhodes Scholar is widely considered a golden ticket to future success for its recipients.

关键词： Rhodes Scholarships Manhood Roosevelt Leadership

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The effect of white noise on behavioral and flight responses of blue-tailed skinks

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Current Zoology 2021年第1期67卷 125-126页

作者： Connor KELLIGREW Sarah TIAN Marcus WeISS dana M.WILLIAMS Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90095-1606USA

As human development expands,environments are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic noise which may disrupt animals in a variety of *** noise can be disruptive both as a source of auditory masking,which prevents animals from acquiring acoustic information(Brumm and Slabbekoorn 2005),or as a source of distraction,reallocating an individual's attention and impairing an animal's ability to engage in critical behaviors such as prey risk assessment(Chan et al.2010).

关键词： locating effect critical

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Three-dimensional visualization of planta clathrin-coated vesicles at ultrastructural resolution

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Molecular Plant 2022年第10期15卷 1533-1542页

作者： Alexander Johnson Walter A.Kaufmann Christoph Sommer Tommaso Costanzo dana A.Dahhan Sebastian Y.Bednarek Jiri Friml Institute of Science and Technology Austria(ISTA) 3400KlosterneuburgAustria UW-Madison Department of Biochemistry433 Babcock Dr.MadisonWI 53706USA

Biological systems are the sum of their dynamic three-dimensional(3D)***,it is critical to study biological structures in 3D and at high resolution to gain insights into their physiological *** microscopy of metal replicas of unroofed cells and isolated organelles has been a key technique to visualize intracellular structures at nanometer ***,many of these methods require specialized equipment and personnel to complete ***,we present novel accessible methods to analyze biological structures in unroofed cells and biochemically isolated organelles in 3D and at nanometer resolution,focusing on Arabidopsis clathrin-coated vesicles(CCVs).While CCVs are essential trafficking organelles,their detailed structural information is lacking due to their poor preservation when observed via classical electron microscopy protocols ***,we establish a method to visualize CCVs in unroofed cells using scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography,providing sufficient resolution to define the clathrin coat ***,the samples are prepared directly on electron microscopy grids,removing the requirement to use extremely corrosive acids,thereby enabling the use of this method in any electron microscopy ***,we demonstrate that this standardized sample preparation allows the direct comparison of isolated CCV samples with those visualized in ***,to facilitate the high-throughput and robust screening of metal replicated samples,we provide a deep learning analysis method to screen the“pseudo 3D”morphologies of CCVs imaged with 2D ***,our work establishes accessible ways to examine the 3D structure of biological samples and provide novel insights into the structure of plant CCVs.

关键词： Arabidopsis thaliana clathrin-coated vesicles STEM tomography electron microscopy clathrin-mediated endocytosis

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