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The influence of large dams building on resettlement in the Upper Mekong River

Journal of Geographical Sciences 2013年第5期23卷 947-957页

作者： ZHANG Yong he daming LU Ying FENG Yan Jake REZNICK Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China Asian International Rivers Center Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China heifer International China Office Chengdu 610045 China

This paper seeks to quantify the social and economic impact of resettlement based on the physiographic element changes post relocation. We focus on communities affected by the Nuozhadu hydropower project, the largest existing hydropower project on the mainstream of the Upper Mekong River. Soil and meteorological data were collected from the Soil Spatial Database and the China Terrestrial Ecological Information Spatial Meteorology Database, while social and economic data were collected via field surveys. We have three major con- clusions：（1） Communities will be relocated to a new climate and new elevation, moving from a north tropical climate zone under 700 m to a subtropical climate zone above 700 m. （2） Physiographic element changes due to relocation will reduce household economic income. After relocation, the annual family income of the Shidaimao group decreased by 62%; the annual family income of the other 5 study groups （Lasa, Hani, Nochangchangyi, Mengsa, and Dawazi） dropped by 65%. （3） Communities relocated across the study township are 61.1% less connected with their former relatives after relocation while family-to-family free labor exchange, a previous community norm, decreased by 91%. China＇s dam resettlement compensation system focuses on the loss of economic resources after relocation. However, this study finds that the physiographic elements of the relocation sites are an important driver of ensuring economic growth and stability after relocation. As a result, we recommend more attention be paid to physiographic continuity when designing relocation models.

关键词： Upper Mekong River resettlement influence physiographic element displaced community large dam building Lancang River

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Effects of longitudinal range-gorge terrain on the eco-geographical pattern in Southwest China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2012年第5期22卷 825-842页

作者： PAN Tao WU Shaohong he daming DAI Erfu LIU Yujie Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing 100101 China Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research CAS Beijing 100085 China Asian International Rivers Center Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China

China＇s southwestern special terrain pattern as parallel arrangement between lon- gitudinal towering mountains and deep valleys has significant effects on the differentiation of local natural environment and eco-geographical pattern in this region. The 1：50,000 Digital Elevation Model （DEM） data of Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR）, meteorological observation data from the station establishment to 2010, hydrological observation data, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） and Net Primary Productivity （NPP） products of MOD13 and MOD17 as well as 1：1,000,000 vegetation type data were used. Moisture in- dices including surface atmospheric vapor content, precipitation, aridity/humidity index, sur- face runoff, and temperature indices including average temperature, annual accumulated temperature, total solar radiation were selected. Based on ANUSPLIN spline function, GIS spatial analysis, wavelet analysis and landscape pattern analysis, regional differentiation characteristics and main-control factors of hydrothermal pattern, ecosystem structure and function in this region were analyzed to reveal the effects of terrain pattern o~ regional dif- ferentiation of eco-geographical elements. The results show that： influenced by terrain pattern moisture, temperature and heat in LRGR have shown significant distribution cllaracteristics as intermittent weft differences and continuous warp extension. Longitudinal mountains and valleys not only have a north-south corridor function and diffusion effect on the transfer of major surface materials and energy, but also have east-west barrier function and blocking effect. Special topographic pattern has important influences on vegetation landscape diversity and spatiat pattern of ecosystem structure and function, which is the main-control factor on vegetation landscape diversity and spatial distribution of ecosystem. Wavelet variance analysis reflects the spatial anisotropy of environmental factors, NDVI and NPP, while wavele

关键词： Southwest China Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (LRGR) "corridor-barrier" effect eco-geographical region spatial differentiation

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Pollution assessment of heavy metals along the Mekong River and dam effects

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2012年第5期22卷 874-884页

作者： FU Kaidao SU Bin he daming LU Xixi SONG Jingyi HUANG Jiangcheng Asian International Rivers Center Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China Yunnan Key Laboratory for International Rivers and Transboundary Ecology Security Kunming 650091 China Department of Geography National University of Singapore 119260 Singapore

The resource development and changes of hydrological regime, sediment and water quality in the Mekong River basin have attracted great attentions. This research aimed to enhance the study on transboundary pollution of heavy metals in this international river. In this study, eight sampling sites were selected to collect the bed sand samples along the mainstream of the Mekong River. In addition, the contents of 5 heavy metal elements and their spatial variability along the mainstream of the river were analyzed. The geoaccumulation index （l^eo） and potential ecological risk analysis were employed to assess heavy metal pol- lution status in the mainstream of the Mekong River. The results show that the average con- tent of the heavy metal elements Zn is 91.43 mg/kg, Pb is 41.85 mg/kg, and As is 21.84 mg/kg in the bed sands of the Upper Mekong River, which are higher than those （Zn 68.17 mg/kg, Pb 28.22 mg/kg, As 14.97 mg/kg） in the Lower Mekong. The average content of Cr in the Lower Mekong is 418.86 mg/kg, higher than that in the Upper Mekong （42.19 mg/kg）. Luang Prabang has a very high Cr concentration with 762.93 mg/kg and Pakse with 422.90 mg/kg. The concentration of Cu in all of the 8 sampling sites is similar, except for in Jiajiu with 11.70 mg/kg and Jiebei with 7.00 mg/kg. The results of the geoaccumulation index reveal that contaminations caused by Zn and Pb while Pb and As are more than those by Zn in Upper Mekong. Cr is the primary pollutant in the Lower Mekong, especially at Luang Prabang and Pakse. Slight pollution with As also occurs in Pakse. The potential ecological risk index indi- cates that the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the mainstream of the Mekong River is low. We argue that the pollution of water quality and contamination of heavy metals in bed sediment caused by mining of mineral resources or geochemical background values in the Mekong is not transmitted from the Upper to the Lower Mekong because of the reservoir sedimentation and

关键词： Mekong River basin heavy metal pollution geoaccumulation index potential ecological risk index

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Transboundary water vulnerability and its drivers in China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2009年第2期19卷 189-199页

作者：冯彦何大明 Asian International Rivers Centre Yunnan UniversityKunming 650091 China

Competitive use of transboundary freshwater resources is becoming one of the key factors influencing regional peace and political relationship among *** China, 18 major international river basins are concentrated in three regions, of which the total annual outflow at the border is 7320×108 m3, occupying 26.8% of the total annual runoff of China, and the inflow at the border is only 172×108 *** this paper, we analyzed the major drivers affecting shared water vulnerability in China, namely:(1) changes in physical conditions affecting the availability of water;(2) competing objectives between economic development and ecological conservation;(3) lack of emergency response mechanisms;(4) unsound administrative institutions;and(5) shortcomings in the development of regional cooperation based on transboundary *** concluded by identifying four pathways for reducing vulnerability:(1) encouraging scientific research cooperation;(2) constructing information-sharing channels;(3) establishing early-warning mechanisms;and(4) promoting further coordination and negotia-tion.

关键词： transboundary water vulnerability drivers

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Fish Assemblage Responses to a Low-head Dam Removal in the Lancang River

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Chinese Geographical Science 2019年第1期29卷 26-36页

作者： DING Chengzhi JIANG Xiaoming WANG Lieen FAN Hui CheN Liqiang HU Jinming WANG Hailong CheN Yifeng SHI Xiaotao CheN Hao PAN Bohui DING Liuyong ZHANG Chao he daming Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security Yunnan University State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China Xi'an University of Technology Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Co. Ltd Laboratory of Biological Invasion and Adaptive Evolution Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region Ministry of Education China Three Gorges University

Dam removal is becoming an effective approach for aquatic biodiversity restoration in damming river in order to balance the aquatic ecosystem conservation with large-scale cascade damming. However, the effects of dam removal on fish communities in Asian mountainous rivers, which are dominated by Cypriniformes fishes, are still not well known. To determine whether dam removal on a mountainous river benefit restoration of fish diversity, we investigated the response of fish assemblage to dam removal using a before-after-control-impact design in two tributaries of the Lancang River(dam removal river: the Jidu River, and control river: the Fengdian River). Fish surveys were conducted one year prior to dam removal(2012) and three years(2013–2015) following dam removal. We observed rapidly and notably spatio-temporal changes in fish biodiversity metrics and assemblage structure, occurring in the Jidu River within the first year after dam removal. Overall, fish species richness, density and Shannon-Wiener diversity all increased immediately in above-and below-dam sites, and maintained a stable level in subsequent years, compared to unchanged situation in the control river. All sites in the Jidu River experienced shifts in fish composition after dam removal, with the greatest temporal changes occurred in sites below-and above-the former dam, resulting in a temporal homogenization tendency in the dam removed river. These findings suggest that dam removal can benefit the recovery of habitat conditions and fish community in Asian mountainous rivers, but the results should be further evaluated when apply to other dammed rivers since the dam age, fluvial geomorphology and situation of source populations could all affect the responses of fish assemblages.

关键词： fish diversity dam demolition habitat recovery Cypriniformes international rivers

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怒江流域气候特征及其变化趋势

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地理学报 2012年第5期67卷 621-630页

作者：樊辉何大明云南大学亚洲国际河流中心云南省国际河流与跨境生态安全重点实验室昆明650091

利用怒江流域及其毗邻地区16个气象台站长时序逐月气温和降水量数据,运用TFPW-MK(Trend-freePre-whiteningMann-Kendall)检验和重复迭代变化诊断等方法,分析了近几十年来怒江流域气候要素空间格局和变化特征。结果表明:(1)怒江流域气温... 详细信息

利用怒江流域及其毗邻地区16个气象台站长时序逐月气温和降水量数据,运用TFPW-MK(Trend-freePre-whiteningMann-Kendall)检验和重复迭代变化诊断等方法,分析了近几十年来怒江流域气候要素空间格局和变化特征。结果表明:(1)怒江流域气温(年平均、年最高和年最低)和年降水量由北向南总体呈递增,并与海拔相关性极为显著(α=0.01),且气候要素值随海拔升高而降低;(2)降水集中度地域差异明显,西藏境内降水集中度多达60%以上,全流域降水集中期(除贡山站外)多介于7月下旬至8月下旬;(3)流域升温趋势显著,其年平均、年最高和年最低气温变化趋势多与纬度和海拔呈显著相关,其中年平均气温增幅为0.36oC/10a;(4)部分站点气温变化存在突变点,且其多出现于暖冬频发的20世纪80年代以后;(5)年降水量总体有所增多,但变化趋势多不显著,无明显变点。

关键词：气候变化 Mann-Kendall检验突变分析高原山地

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国际河流水电合作开发投资—效益分配模式及特征

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地理研究 2014年第10期33卷 1807-1816页

作者：冯彦何大明云南大学亚洲国际河流中心昆明650091 云南省国际河流与跨境生态安全重点实验室昆明650091

水与能源安全是全球可持续发展最为核心的问题,其在国际河流区尤为复杂和敏感。中国作为亚洲乃至全球最为重要的上游国,国际河流水资源变化、水电开发影响及跨境水安全维护等,虽受关注,但研究基础较为薄弱。判识出1937-2010年全球国际... 详细信息

水与能源安全是全球可持续发展最为核心的问题,其在国际河流区尤为复杂和敏感。中国作为亚洲乃至全球最为重要的上游国,国际河流水资源变化、水电开发影响及跨境水安全维护等,虽受关注,但研究基础较为薄弱。判识出1937-2010年全球国际河流水电合作开发的32个案例,综合分析其开发方式,揭示其投资—效益分配模式与特征。结果表明:1水电合作开发以河段和双边合作开发为主,缺乏流域层面的合作,形成了投资—效益等比分配、平均分配和差异分配三种模式。2跨境型河流水电合作的投资—效益分配以等比分配为主,上游国通过向下游国提供发电用水分享其发电效益,下游国则通过补偿上游国的方式推动合作;界河(含界河段)的水电合作开发以平均分配为主。3不同发展时期的分配模式差异较明显:1950年代前以平均分配和等比分配为主;1950-1980年代以平均分配为主;1990年代以后,因案例太少,主要分配模式难以确定。4经济发展水平相当的合作国家间主要采用平均分配模式;经济发展水平存在差异的国家间则兼顾采用等比分配和差异分配模式,并实施了更多的补偿措施。

关键词：国际河流水电开发国际合作投资—效益分配

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跨境生态安全与国际环境伦理

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科学 2007年第3期59卷 14-17页

作者：何大明云南大学亚洲国际河流中心教授主任昆明650091

生态安全涉及到国土安全、环境安全、生物安全、水安全、食物安全、人类安全和社会安全等多方面。跨境生态安全，涉及到国家之间或国际区域之间的共同安全．是国家生态安全的重要组成部分，因涉及国家主权而成为敏感问题。全球化趋势使... 详细信息

生态安全涉及到国土安全、环境安全、生物安全、水安全、食物安全、人类安全和社会安全等多方面。跨境生态安全，涉及到国家之间或国际区域之间的共同安全．是国家生态安全的重要组成部分，因涉及国家主权而成为敏感问题。全球化趋势使世界发展日益互相依赖，经济和跨境生态问题上升为国际区域安全的一个重要方面。

关键词：生态安全国际环境伦理国际河流

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Analysis and prediction of sediment trapping efficiencies of the reservoirs in the mainstream of the Lancang River

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Science Bulletin 2007年第S2期 134-140页

作者： FU KaiDao he daming Asian International Rivers Center,Yunnan University,Kunming 650091,China

The water stored and sediment trapped by the reservoirs result in physical,chemical and ecological effects on downstream watercourse *** research on the reservoir eedimentation is the key to assess its environment *** sediment load data obtained over 39 years at the gauging stations located in the upstream and downstream of the Manwan Reservoir were used to es- timate the trapping efficiency(TE)of the Manwan *** TE value was then compared with the es- timates using the modified Brune and Siysm *** results Indicate that:(1)The TE of the Man- wan Dam estimated by the gauging data was 60.48%,and both the TE values calculated by the modified Brune and Siyam models were 60.03%.The approximate TE values indicated that the modified Brune and Siyam models could be used to forecast the TEs of other reservoirs with similar storage capacities as the Manwan Reservoir in the mainstream of the Lancang River;(2)The TE values of Gongguoqiao, Dachaoshan and Jinghong Dams were about 30.23%,66.05% and 63.50% estimated by the modified Brune model,and 38.81%,63.97% and 62.30% by the modified Siyam *** results and the methodologies adopted In the paper could also be used to estimate the TE in other river basins in southwestern China.

关键词： reservoir sediment trapping efficiency the Lancang-Mekong River Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region(LRGR)

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FACILITATING REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED MULTI-OBJECTIVE UTILIZATION, MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN The LANCANG-MEKONG RIVER BASIN

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 1997年第4期7卷 9-21页

作者： he daming Centre for Environmental Evolution and Sustainable Development, Yunnan Institute of Geography, Kunming, China 650223 Hsiang te Kung Memphis University, TN 38152, USA

The Lancnag Mekong River is the most important international river across China and Southeast Asia, If it is developed according to 'Great Mekong Subregional Cooperation Plan' [9] prepared by ADB, the area directly affected will be up to over 2.32 million km 2, the population over 220 million, and the natural environment, and socio-economic conditions within a large area will be greatly changed. 'Agreement on Cooperation for Sustainable Development of Mekong Basin' signed by the four riparian countries along the lower Mekong River on April 5, 1995 provides a new opportunity for sustainable development of the Basin. According to preliminary analysis, if the multipurpose utilization of the water resources is the target for carrying out integrated planning and management, and the efforts are made 1) to focus on energy exploitation on the Lancang River Mainstream and the tributaries of the lower Mekong River; 2) to build gated weirs at Tonle Sam; 3) to construct spillways at the Mekong Delta; 4) to facilitate flood dykes in big cities and on both banks of the mainstream which are concentrated with population and farmland and liable to be flooded, and 5) to strengthen networks for forecasting hydrological and meteorological conditions, then all problems such as power demand, irrigation, flood, salt water intrusion as well as acid water erosion to soil could be solved without constructing large cascaded stations and dams on the lower Mekong Mainstream. This will not only avoid input of great number of fund, large scale resettlement and land inundation, but also prevent aquatic organisms living in Mekong River from being injured due to dam construction, and promote the sustainable development of the Basin.

关键词： Lancang-Mekong River multi purpose planning water resources sustainable development drainage basin.

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