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Continuous Mobile User Authentication Using a Hybrid CNN-Bi-LSTM Approach

计算机、材料和连续体（英文） 2023年第4期75卷 651-667页

作者： Sarah Alzahrani Joud Alderaan dalya alatawi Bandar Alotaibi Department of Information Technology University of TabukTabuk71491Saudi Arabia Sensor Networks and Cellular Systems Research Center University of TabukTabuk71491Saudi Arabia

Internet of Things (IoT) devices incorporate a large amount ofdata in several fields, including those of medicine, business, and *** authentication is paramount in the IoT era to assure connecteddevices’ security. However, traditional authentication methods and conventionalbiometrics-based authentication approaches such as face recognition,fingerprints, and password are vulnerable to various attacks, including smudgeattacks, heat attacks, and shoulder surfing attacks. Behavioral biometrics isintroduced by the powerful sensing capabilities of IoT devices such as smartwearables and smartphones, enabling continuous authentication. ArtificialIntelligence (AI)-based approaches introduce a bright future in refining largeamounts of homogeneous biometric data to provide innovative user authenticationsolutions. This paper presents a new continuous passive authenticationapproach capable of learning the signatures of IoT users utilizing smartphonesensors such as a gyroscope, magnetometer, and accelerometer to recognizeusers by their physical activities. This approach integrates the convolutionalneural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) models to learnsignatures of human activities from different users. A series of experiments areconducted using the MotionSense dataset to validate the effectiveness of theproposed method. Our technique offers a competitive verification accuracyequal to 98.4%.We compared the proposed method with several conventionalmachine learning and CNN models and found that our proposed modelachieves higher identification accuracy than the recently developed verificationsystems. The high accuracy achieved by the proposed method proves itseffectiveness in recognizing IoT users passively through their physical activitypatterns.

关键词： Human activity recognition recurrent neural network(RNN) internet of things(IoT) machine learning(ML)

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Fine-Tuning Cyber Security Defenses: Evaluating Supervised Machine Learning Classifiers for Windows Malware Detection

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第8期80卷 2917-2939页

作者： Islam Zada Mohammed Naif alatawi Syed Muhammad Saqlain Abdullah Alshahrani Adel Alshamran Kanwal Imran Hessa Alfraihi Department of Software Engineering International Islamic UniversityIslamabad25000Pakistan Information Technology Department Faculty of Computers and Information TechnologyUniversity of TabukTabuk71491Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence College of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of JeddahJeddah21493Saudi Arabia Department of Cybersecurity College of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of JeddahJeddah21493Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science University of PeshawarPeshawar25121Pakistan Department of Information Systems College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadh11671Saudi Arabia

Malware attacks on Windows machines pose significant cybersecurity threats,necessitating effective detection and prevention *** machine learning classifiers have emerged as promising tools for malware ***,there remains a need for comprehensive studies that compare the performance of different classifiers specifically for Windows malware *** this gap can provide valuable insights for enhancing cybersecurity *** numerous studies have explored malware detection using machine learning techniques,there is a lack of systematic comparison of supervised classifiers for Windows malware *** the relative effectiveness of these classifiers can inform the selection of optimal detection methods and improve overall security *** study aims to bridge the research gap by conducting a comparative analysis of supervised machine learning classifiers for detecting malware on Windows *** objectives include Investigating the performance of various classifiers,such as Gaussian Naïve Bayes,K Nearest Neighbors(KNN),Stochastic Gradient Descent Classifier(SGDC),and Decision Tree,in detecting Windows *** the accuracy,efficiency,and suitability of each classifier for real-world malware detection *** the strengths and limitations of different classifiers to provide insights for cybersecurity practitioners and *** recommendations for selecting the most effective classifier for Windows malware detection based on empirical *** study employs a structured methodology consisting of several phases:exploratory data analysis,data preprocessing,model training,and *** data analysis involves understanding the dataset’s characteristics and identifying preprocessing *** preprocessing includes cleaning,feature encoding,dimensionality reduction,and optimization to prepare the data for *** training utilizes various

关键词： Security and privacy challenges in the context of requirements engineering supervisedmachine learning malware detection windows systems comparative analysis Gaussian Naive Bayes K Nearest Neighbors Stochastic Gradient Descent Classifier Decision Tree

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Potential Benefits and Obstacles of the Use of Internet of Things in Saudi Universities: Empirical Study

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Advances in Internet of Things 2024年第1期14卷 1-20页

作者： Najmah Adel Fallatah Fahad Mahmoud Ghabban Omair Ameerbakhsh Ibrahim Alfadli Wael Ghazy Alheadary Salem Sulaiman alatawi Ashwaq Hasen Al-Shehri College of Computer Science and Engineering Taibah University Madinah Saudi Arabia Ministry of Education in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah Region Madinah Saudi Arabia

Internet of Things (IoT) among of all the technology revolutions has been considered the next evolution of the internet. IoT has become a far more popular area in the computing world. IoT combined a huge number of things (devices) that can be connected through the internet. The purpose: this paper aims to explore the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) generally and outline the main definitions of IoT. The paper also aims to examine and discuss the obstacles and potential benefits of IoT in Saudi universities. Methodology: the researchers reviewed the previous literature and focused on several databases to use the recent studies and research related to the IoT. Then, the researchers also used quantitative methodology to examine the factors affecting the obstacles and potential benefits of IoT. The data were collected by using a questionnaire distributed online among academic staff and a total of 150 participants completed the survey. Finding: the result of this study reveals there are twelve factors that affect the potential benefits of using IoT such as reducing human errors, increasing business income and worker’s productivity. It also shows the eighteen factors which affect obstacles the IoT use, for example sensors’ cost, data privacy, and data security. These factors have the most influence on using IoT in Saudi universities.

关键词： Internet of Things (IoT) M2M Factors Obstacles Potential Benefits Universities

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Anomaly Detection Framework in Fog-to-Things Communication for Industrial Internet of Things

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第10期73卷 1067-1086页

作者： Tahani alatawi Ahamed Aljuhani College of Computing and Information Technology University of TabukTabuk71491Saudi Arabia

The rapid development of the Internet of Things(IoT)in the industrial domain has led to the new term the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT).The IIoT includes several devices,applications,and services that connect the physical and virtual space in order to provide smart,cost-effective,and scalable *** the IIoT has been deployed and integrated into a wide range of industrial control systems,preserving security and privacy of such a technology remains a big *** anomaly-based Intrusion Detection System(IDS)can be an effective security solution for maintaining the confidentiality,integrity,and availability of data transmitted in IIoT *** this paper,we propose an intelligent anomalybased IDS framework in the context of fog-to-things communications to decentralize the cloud-based security solution into a distributed architecture(fog nodes)near the edge of the data *** anomaly detection system utilizes minimum redundancy maximum relevance and principal component analysis as the featured engineering methods to select the most important features,reduce the data dimensionality,and improve detection *** the classification stage,anomaly-based ensemble learning techniques such as bagging,LPBoost,RUSBoost,and Adaboost models are implemented to determine whether a given flow of traffic is normal or *** validate the effectiveness and robustness of our proposed model,we evaluate our anomaly detection approach on a new driven IIoT dataset called XIIoTID,which includes new IIoT protocols,various cyberattack scenarios,and different attack *** experimental results demonstrated that our proposed anomaly detection method achieved a higher accuracy rate of 99.91%and a reduced false alarm rate of 0.1%compared to other recently proposed techniques.

关键词： Anomaly detection anomaly-based IDS fog computing Internet of Things(IoT) Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT) IDS Industrial Control Systems(ICSs)

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Metric Basis of Four-Dimensional Klein Bottle

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2023年第9期136卷 3011-3024页

作者： Ali N.A.Koam Ali Ahmad Maryam Salem alatawi Muhammad Azeem Muhammad Faisal Nadeem Department of Mathematics College of SciencesNew CampusJazan UniversityJazanSaudi Arabia College of Computer Science&Information Technology Jazan UniversityJazanSaudi Arabia Department of Mathematics Faculty of SciencesUniversity of TabukTabukSaudi Arabia Department of Mathematics Riphah Institute of Computing and Applied SciencesRiphah International UniversityLahorePakistan Department of Mathematics COMSATS University IslamabadLahore CampusLahorePakistan

The Metric of a graph plays an essential role in the arrangement of different dimensional structures and finding their basis in various *** metric dimension of a graph is the selection of the minimum possible number of vertices so that each vertex of the graph is distinctively defined by its vector of distances to the set of selected *** set of selected vertices is known as the metric basis of a *** applied mathematics or computer science,the topic of metric basis is considered as locating number or locating set,and it has applications in robot navigation and finding a beacon set of a computer *** to the vast applications of this concept in computer science,optimization problems,and also in chemistry enormous research has been *** extend this research to a four-dimensional structure,we studied the metric basis of the Klein bottle and proved that the Klein bottle has a constant metric dimension for the variation of all its *** the metric basis is variying in 3 and 4 values when the values of its parameter change,it remains constant and unchanged concerning its order or number of *** methodology of determining the metric basis or locating set is based on the distances of a ***,we proved the main theorems in distance forms.

关键词： Klein bottle metric basis resolving set metric dimension

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Investigating How Parental Perceptions of Cybersecurity Influence Children’s Safety in the Cyber World: A Case Study of Saudi Arabia

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Intelligent Information Management 2023年第5期15卷 350-372页

作者： Tariq Saeed Mian Eman M. alatawi Department of IS College of Computer Science and Engineering Taibah University Madinah Almunwarah Saudi Arabia

This paper explores the convergence of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 with the increasing dependence on the Internet for educational purposes. It sheds light on the potential cybersecurity risks and how parental perception impacts children’s willingness to adapt cybersecurity features. By instilling the significance of cybersecurity awareness in early stages, society can provide children with the necessary skills to navigate the digital realm responsibly. As we progress, ongoing research and collaborative endeavors will be pivotal in formulating effective strategies to shield the digital generation from the potential pitfalls of the virtual realm. Regular Internet usage is essential for various purposes such as communication, education, and leisure. The cohorts of Generation Z and Alpha were born during a period of exponential Internet growth, leading them to heavily engage with the Internet. Consequently, they are equally vulnerable to cybersecurity threats just like adults. Addressing potential security risks for today’s youth becomes the responsibility of parents as the primary line of defense. This research focuses on raising awareness about the imperative of ensuring children’s safety in the online sphere, particularly by their parents. The study is conducted within the specific context of Saudi Arabia, aiming to examine how Saudi parents’ perception of cybersecurity influences their children’s cyber safety. The study identifies critical factors, including attitudes towards cybersecurity, awareness of cybersecurity, and prevailing social norms regarding cybersecurity. These factors contribute to the development of parents’ intention to prioritize cybersecurity, which consequently affects their children’s behaviors in the digital realm. Utilizing a quantitative approach based on a questionnaire, the study employs a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework to analyze the collected data. The study’s findings underscore that parents’ intent towards cybersecurity pl

关键词： E-Learning Cybersecurity Saudi Arabia Saudi Vision 2030 Cybersecurity Awareness Parenting in Cyber Era Adolescence

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Factors Influencing Patients to Decide to Discharge Themselves against Medical Advice at Tertiary Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study

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International Journal of Clinical Medicine 2023年第3期14卷 163-174页

作者： Malak Alsharif Aeshah alatawi Abdulhadi M. Alqahtani Mohammed Alufi Faisal Alghamdi Emergency Medicine Ministry of Health Riyadh Saudi Arabia Emergency Medicine King Fahd Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia Clinical Research Department Research Centre King Fahd Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University Riyadh Saudi Arabia Pediatric Emergency King Fahd Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Background: Discharged against medical advice (DAMA) is defined as any instance when a patient wants to leave the hospital against the managing physician’s decision. This study aimed to identify factors that influence patients to decide to be DAMA. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in the emergency department (ED) of King Fahad Medical City (KFMC)-Saudi Arabia-Riyadh city. A questionnaire in both Arabic and English was distributed to all participants to fill in either English or Arabic. Results: Between 1 March and 30 April 2021, 510 responses were collected. Most of the study participants (31.4%) were over the age of 54. Our findings showed that 12.5% of our participants had taken discharge against medical advice in the past. Results Regarding Factors That Influence Patients to Decide on DAMA Showed: Regarding Inappropriate behavior and disrespect of the physician or staff to the patient and his relatives, 262 (51.4%) participants, 85 (16.7%) participants, and 163 (32%) participants agreed, neutral, and disagreed, respectively. Regarding the Lack of physicians’ and nurses’ attention to the patient and his relatives (emotionally), our result showed that 278 (54.5%) participants, 95 (18.6%) participants, and 137 (26.9%) participants agreed, neutral, and disagree, respectively. Regarding failure to inform the patient or his relatives of his condition, it showed that 257 (50.4%) participants, 95 (18.6%) participants, and 158 (31%) participants agreed, neutral, and disagreed, respectively. Regarding feeling better from DAMA, our result showed 226 (44.3%) participants, 119 (23.3%) participants, and 165 (32.4%) participants agreed, neutral, and disagreed, respectively. Regarding patients’ or their relative’s tiredness of hospital stay, the result showed that 166 (32.5%) participants, 104 (20.4%) participants, and 240 (47.1%) participants agreed, neutral, and disagreed, respectively. Conclusion: The long wait time to be seen by a physic

关键词： Against Medical Advice DAMA Discharge Factor Saudi Arabia

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Barriers of Asthma Care among Asthmatic Children in Saudi Arabia: Maternal Perspectives

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2020年第2期10卷 302-313页

作者： Abeer alatawi Meshaal Alanazi Department of Nursing Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Tabuk University Tabuk Saudi Arabia Department of Emergency Medical Services Saudi Red Crescent Authority Tabuk Saudi Arabia

Background Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic conditions among children. Despite the improvement in asthma treatment regimens, its prevalence and related morbidity are increasing, especially among underserved, minority children. There are barriers in the management of asthma, which may impact the quality of outcomes. The goal of this study is to explore these barriers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on interview data collected through 2019 from mothers of children (aged 6 - 12 years) with asthma visiting, for convenience, a public shopping mall. The interviewees were randomly selected, because they met the inclusion criteria. Participants were considered if the mother answered “yes” to the following questions: Has your child had physician-diagnosed asthma? Is your child currently taking asthma medications of asthma? Two community nurses conducted the interviews. Data was obtained using administrative questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics of percentage, mean, frequency and standard deviation were applied for categorical and continuous variables. Results Three hundred mothers participated in this study. Their average age was 36.8 years, 55% were housekeepers by profession, and 34% had obtained less than high school education. The majority of children (61%) were males, 45% had moderate asthma, and 42% had mild asthma. The most frequent types of barriers identified by parents were environmental factors (67.7%), followed by health care providers (63%),

关键词： Barriers to Asthma Care Mothers Children and Saudi Arabia

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Representing the Knowledge of Public Construction Project Cost Estimator by Using Rule-Based Method

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Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research 2015年第4期3卷 189-195页

作者： Abelrahman Osman Elfaki Saleh alatawi University of Tabuk Tabuk KSA Binladen Research Chair of Quality and Productivity Improvement in the Construction Industry College of Engineering University of Hail Hail KSA

Despite the presence of various construction project cost estimate softwares, human experience and knowledge cannot be disregarded. This fact has been proven in practice, where the success of construction cost estimate process is mainly based on knowledge of human estimator. The main question concerns what human knowledge determines the success of the construction cost estimation process. To address this question we have applied Delphi technique and the output is eleven factors that are enough to precisely represent construction cost estimator knowledge. Then we have used First Order Logic (FOL) to represent these factors in terms of predicates and rules. These FOL rules could be used for evaluating construction cost estimator knowledge in five classes: fail, pass, acceptable, good, and very good. As a validation process we have done experiments using history data and the results have proved the accuracy of our proposed method.

关键词： Construction Management Construction Cost Estimation Rule-Based System

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Aquatic Ecosystem and Biodiversity: A Review

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Open Journal of Ecology 2019年第1期9卷 1-13页

作者： Sufia Irfan Aishah Mohammed Motir alatawi Biology Department Faculty of Science College of Science University of Tabuk Tabuk KSA

Aquatic ecosystems support a substantial source of the earth’s biological diversity. They are an essential reservoir and share an enormous proportion of earth’s biological productivity. Both aquatic resources and its biodiversity are interrelated to each other and they perform a myriad of functions and are valuable and essential for the sustainability of biotic communities. Aquatic biodiversity in both freshwater and marine environments are under continuous decline because of overexploitation of species, introduced exotic plant or animal, pollution sources from cities, industries and agricultural zones, loss and changes in ecological niche. Their conservation and management in the form of bio reserve points and bioregional management and worldwide monitoring are needed for the protection of the aquatic biodiversity. This review is presenting information on biodiversity in aquatic habitats and their resources, in marine and fresh water ecosystems, their importance conservation and restoration mechanisms.

关键词： Aquatic Ecosystem Biodiversity Conservation Restoration

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