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Global Warming in Japanese Cities from 1960 to 2019 Using Machine Learning

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第9期12卷 198-214页

作者： Fumio maruyama Department of Sports and Health Science Matsumoto University Matsumoto Japan

In this study, we investigated the variations in warming between Japanese cities for 1960-1989, and 1990-2019 using principal component analysis (PCA) and k-means clustering. The precipitation and sunshine hours exhibited opposite tendencies in the PCA results. It was found that 1960M and 1990M had a correlation (r = 0.51). The 1960M and 1990M are the mean temperature anomalies in Japanese cities for 1960-1989 and 1990-2019, respectively. There was a strong correlation between temperature and precipitation (r = 0.62). There was an inverse correlation between 1960M and sunshine hours (r = −0.25), but a correlation between 1990M and sunshine hours (r = 0.11). Sunshine hours had less effect on the 1960M but more impact on the 1990M. The k-means clustering for 1960M and 1990M can be classified into four types: high 1960M and high 1990M, which indicates that global warming is progressing rapidly (Sapporo, Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, Fukuoka, Nagasaki), low 1960M and low 1990M, global warming is progressing slowly (Nemuro, Ishinomaki, Yamagata, Niigata, Fushiki, Nagano, Karuizawa, Mito, Suwa, Iida, Hamada, Miyazaki, Naha), low 1960M and high 1990M, global warming has accelerated since 1990 (Utsunomiya, Kofu, Okayama, Hiroshima), and normal 1960M and normal 1990M, the rate of warming is normal among the 38 cities (Asahikawa, Aomori, Akita, Kanazawa, Maebashi, Matsumoto, Yokohama, Gifu, Nagoya, Hamamatsu, Kochi, Kagoshima). Higher annual temperatures were correlated with higher annual precipitation according to the k-means clustering of temperature and precipitation. Two of the four categories consisted of places with high annual temperatures and high precipitation (Fushiki, Kanazawa, Kochi, Miyazaki, Kagoshima, Naha, Ishigakijima), and places with low annual temperatures and low precipitation (Asahikawa, Nemuro, Sapporo, Karuizawa).

关键词： Global Warming Japan Machine Learning Principal Component Analysis K-Means Clustering

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Estimation of Return Level for Maximum Daily and Hourly Precipitation in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, Using the Extreme Value Theory

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第8期14卷 2065-2087页

作者： Fumio maruyama Department of Sports and Health Science Matsumoto University Matsumoto Japan

The weather in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, can be roughly classified into four types according to principal component analysis and k-means clustering. We predicted the extreme values of the maximum daily and hourly precipitation in Nagano Prefecture using the extreme value theory. For the maximum daily precipitation, the vales of ξ in Matsumoto, Karuizawa, Sugadaira, and Saku were positive;therefore, it has no upper bound and tends to take large values. Therefore, it is dangerous and caution is required. The values of ξ in Nagano, Kisofukushima, and Minamishinano were determined to be zero, therefore, there was no upper limit, the probability of obtaining a large value was low, and caution was required. We predicted the maximum return levels for return periods of 10, 20, 50, and 100 years along with respective 95% confidence intervals in Nagano, Matsumoto, Karuizawa, Sugadaira, Saku, Kisofukushima, and Minamishinano. In Matsumoto, the 100-year return level was 182 mm, with a 95% CI [129, 236]. In Minamishinano, the 100-year return level was 285 mm, with a 95% CI [173, 398]. The 100-year return levels for the maximum daily rainfall were 285, 271, and 271 mm in Minamishinano, Saku, and Karuizawa, respectively, where the changes in the daily maximum rainfall were larger than those at other points. Because these values are large, caution is required during heavy rainfall. The 100-year return levels for the maximum daily and hourly precipitation were similar in Karuizawa and Saku. In Sugadaira, the 100-year return level for a maximum hourly rainfall of 107.2 mm was larger than the maximum daily rainfall. Hence, it is necessary to be careful about short-term rainfall events.

关键词： Extreme Value Theory Maximum Daily and Hourly Precipitation Principal Component Analysis K-Means Clustering

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Marangoni-flow-assisted assembly of single-walled carbon nanotube films for human motion sensing

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Fundamental Research 2024年第3期4卷 570-574页

作者： Yuguang Chen Yitan Li Lu Han Hao Sun Min Lyu Zeyao Zhang Shigeo maruyama Yan Li Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and ApplicationsCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Bruker(Beijing)Scientific Technology Co.Ltd. Beijing 100192China Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of TokyoTokyo 113-8656Japan Peking University Shenzhen Institute Shenzhen 518057China PKU-HKUST ShenZhen-HongKong Institution Shenzhen 518057China

Single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)present excellent electronic and mechanical properties desired in wearable and flexible *** preparation of SWCNT films is the first step for fabricating various *** work developed a scalable and feasible method to assemble SWCNT thin films on water surfaces based on Marangoni flow induced by surface tension *** films possess a large area of 40 cm×30 cm(extensible),a tunable thickness of 15∼150 nm,a high transparency of up to 96%,and a decent *** are ready to be directly transferred to various substrates,including flexible *** strain sensors were fabricated with the films on flexible *** sensors worked with high sensitivity and *** realizing multi-functional human motion sensing,including responding to voices,monitoring artery pulses,and detecting knuckle and muscle actions,the assembled SWCNT films demonstrated the potential for application in smart devices.

关键词： Single-walled carbon nanotubes Marangoni flow Assembly Interfaces Sensors

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Formation and Properties of Organic Long Persistent Luminescence Crystals Containing Benzidine Derivatives by Melt Crystallization

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Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 2024年第1期14卷 1-7页

作者： Norihito Doki Kiyoka maruyama Masaaki Yokota Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering Faculty of Engineering Iwate University Morioka Japan

Organic molecules that exhibit long persistent luminescence (LPL) are rapidly gaining attention for a variety of applications. In this study, organic molecules with simple structures were selected and organic long persistent luminescence (OLPL) crystals were prepared. The crystal structure of the prepared OLPL crystal was elucidated and the guideline for the design of OLPL crystal was clarified. LPL was observed in OLPL crystals prepared with TMB as the guest molecule and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane as the host molecule. XRD measurements of the OLPL crystals suggest that the guest molecule is a solid solution substituted in the stable crystal structure of the host molecule in a lattice-shrinking direction.

关键词： Melt Crystallization Host-Guest Chemistry

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Emotion Measurement Using Biometric Signal

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Health 2024年第5期16卷 395-404页

作者： Yukina Miyagi Saori Gocho Yuka Miyachi Chika Nakayama Shoshiro Okada Kenta maruyama Taeyuki Oshima College of Pharmacy Kinjo Gakuin University Nagoya Japan Graduate School of Medicine Aichi Medical University Nagakute Japan Department of Pharmacy Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital Nagoya Japan Department of Pharmacy Gifu University of Medical Science Kani Japan

In recent years, research on the estimation of human emotions has been active, and its application is expected in various fields. Biological reactions, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and root mean square successive difference (RMSSD), are indicators that are less influenced by individual arbitrariness. The present study used EEG and RMSSD signals to assess the emotions aroused by emotion-stimulating images in order to investigate whether various emotions are associated with characteristic biometric signal fluctuations. The participants underwent EEG and RMSSD while viewing emotionally stimulating images and answering the questionnaires. The emotions aroused by emotionally stimulating images were assessed by measuring the EEG signals and RMSSD values to determine whether different emotions are associated with characteristic biometric signal variations. Real-time emotion analysis software was used to identify the evoked emotions by describing them in the Circumplex Model of Affect based on the EEG signals and RMSSD values. Emotions other than happiness did not follow the Circumplex Model of Affect in this study. However, ventral attentional activity may have increased the RMSSD value for disgust as the β/θ value increased in right-sided brain waves. Therefore, the right-sided brain wave results are necessary when measuring disgust. Happiness can be assessed easily using the Circumplex Model of Affect for positive scene analysis. Improving the current analysis methods may facilitate the investigation of face-to-face communication in the future using biometric signals.

关键词： Biometric Signals Electroencephalogram Electrocardiogram Emotion Communication

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Origin of the Earth:A proposal of new model called ABEL

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Geoscience Frontiers 2017年第2期8卷 253-274页

作者： Shigenori maruyama Toshikazu Ebisuzaki Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology Institute for Study of the Earth's Interior Okayama University RIKEN

The Earth was born as a dry planet without atmosphere and ocean components at 4.56 Ga,with subsequent secondary accretion of bio-elements,such as carbon（C）,hydrogen（H）,oxygen（O）,and nitrogen（N） which peaked at 4.37-4.20 *** two-step formation model of the Earth we refer to as the advent of bio-elements model（ABEL Model） and the event of the advent of bio-elements（water component） as ABEL *** is clear that the solid Earth originated from enstatite chondrite-like dry material based on the similarity in oxygen isotopic composition and among other *** the other hand,Earth＇s water derives primarily from carbonaceous chondrite material based on the hydrogen isotopic *** present our ABEL model to explain this enigma between solid Earth and water,as well as secondary accretion of oxidizing bio-elements,which became a precursor to initiate metabolism to emerge life on a highly reductive *** ABEL Bombardment had not occurred,life never would have emerged on the ***,ABEL Bombardment is one of the most important events for this planet to evolve into a habitable *** chronology of ABEL Bombardment is informed through previous researches of the late heavy bombardment and the late veneer *** Bombardment is considered to have occurred during 4.37-4.20 Ga,which is the concept to redefine the standard late heavy bombardment and the late veneer ***,ABEL Bombardment is the trigger of the transition from stagnant lid tectonics to plate tectonics on this planet because of the injection of volatiles into the initial dry Earth.

关键词： Origin of Earth and life Advent of bin-elements (ABEL)Origin of water on the Earth ABEL Bombardment Habitable Trinity planet Initiation of plate tectonics

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Origins of building blocks of life: A review

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1117-1153页

作者： Norio Kitadai Shigenori maruyama Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology

How and where did life on Earth originate？ To date, various environments have been proposed as plausible sites for the origin of life. However, discussions have focused on a limited stage of chemical evolution, or emergence of a specific chemical function of proto-biological systems. It remains unclear what geochemical situations could drive all the stages of chemical evolution, ranging from condensation of simple inorganic compounds to the emergence of self-sustaining systems that were evolvable into modern biological ones. In this review, we summarize reported experimental and theoretical findings for prebiotic chemistry relevant to this topic, including availability of biologically essential elements（N and P） on the Hadean Earth, abiotic synthesis of life＇s building blocks（amino acids, peptides, ribose, nucleobases, fatty acids, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides）, their polymerizations to bio-macromolecules（peptides and oligonucleotides）, and emergence of biological functions of replication and compartmentalization. It is indicated from the overviews that completion of the chemical evolution requires at least eight reaction conditions of（1） reductive gas phase,（2） alkaline pH,（3） freezing temperature,（4）fresh water,（5） dry/dry-wet cycle,（6） coupling with high energy reactions,（7） heating-cooling cycle in water, and（8） extraterrestrial input of life＇s building blocks and reactive nutrients. The necessity of these mutually exclusive conditions clearly indicates that life＇s origin did not occur at a single setting; rather, it required highly diverse and dynamic environments that were connected with each other to allow intratransportation of reaction products and reactants through fluid circulation. Future experimental research that mimics the conditions of the proposed model are expected to provide further constraints on the processes and mechanisms for the origin of life.

关键词： Astrobiology Biochemistry Chemical evolution Extraterrestrial life Hadean Earth Hydrothermal systems

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Nuclear geyser model of the origin of life:Driving force to promote the synthesis of building blocks of life

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Geoscience Frontiers 2017年第2期8卷 275-298页

作者： Toshikazu Ebisuzaki Shigenori maruyama RIKEN Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology

We propose the nuclear geyser model to elucidate an optimal site to bear the first *** model overcomes the difficulties that previously proposed models have *** geyser is a geyser driven by a natural nuclear reactor,which was likely common in the Hadean Earth,because of a much higher abundance of 235U as nuclear *** nuclear geyser supplies the following：（1）high-density ionizing radiation to promote chemical chain reactions that even tar can be used for intermediate material to restart chemical reactions,（2）a system to maintain the circulation of material and energy,which includes cyclic environmental conditions（warm/cool,dry/wet,etc.）to enable to produce complex organic compounds,（3）a lower temperature than 100℃ as not to break down macromolecular organic compounds,（4）a locally reductive environment depending on rock types exposed along the geyser wall,and（5）a container to confine and accumulate volatile *** five factors are the necessary conditions that the birth place of life must *** the nuclear geyser can meet all five,in contrast to the previously proposed birth sites,such as tidal flat,submarine hydrothermal vent,and outer *** nuclear reactor and associated geyser,which maintain the circulations of material and energy with its surrounding environment,are regarded as the nuclear geyser system that enables numerous kinds of chemical reactions to synthesize complex organic compounds,and where the most primitive metabolism could be generated.

关键词： Origin of life Chemical evolution Natural nuclear reactor Aqueous electron Radiation chemistry

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United theory of biological evolution:Disaster-forced evolution through Supernova,radioactive ash fall-outs,genome instability,and mass extinctions

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Geoscience Frontiers 2015年第1期6卷 103-119页

作者： Toshikazu Ebisuzaki Shigenori maruyama RIKEN 2-1Hirosawa Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology

We present the disaster-forced biological evolution model as a general framework that includes Darwinian ＂phylogenic gradualism＂, Eldredge-Gould＇s ＂punctuated equilibrium＂, mass extinctions, and allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation. It describes how reproductive isolation of organisms is established through global disasters due to supernova encounters and local disasters due to radioactive volcanic ash fall-outs by continental alkaline volcanism. Our new evolution model uniquely highlights three major factors of disaster-forced speciation： enhanced mutation rate by higher natural radiation level, smaller population size, and shrunken habitat size （i.e., isolation among the individual pop- ulations）. We developed a mathematical model describing speciation of a half-isolated group from a parental group, taking into account the population size （Ne）, immigration rate （m）, and mutation rate （μ）. The model gives a quantitative estimate of the speciation, which is consistent with the observations of speciation speed. For example, the speciation takes at least 105 generations, if mutation rate is less than 10 3 per generation per individual. This result is consistent with the previous studies, in which μ is assumed to be 10 3-10-5. On the other hand, the speciation is much faster （less than l0S generations） for the case that μ is as large as 0.1 in parapatric conditions （m 〈 μ）. Even a sympatric （m ~ 1 ） speciatiou can occur within 103 generations, if mutation rate is very high （μ- 1 mutation per individual per generation）, and if Ne 〈 20-30. Such a high mutation rate is possible during global disasters due to supernova encounters and local disasters due to radioactive ash fall-outs. They raise natural radiation level by a factor of 100-1000. Such rapid speciation events can also contribute to macro-evolution during mass extinction events, such as observed during the Cambrian explosion of biodiversity. A similar rapid speciation （though in a much smaller scale）

关键词： Speciation Supernova encounter Continental alkaline volcanism Cichlid Great African ape Cambrian explosion

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Formation of anorthosite on the Moon through magma ocean fractional crystallization

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Geoscience Frontiers 2017年第2期8卷 299-308页

作者： Tatsuyuki Arai Shigenori maruyama Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Tokyo Institute of Technology2-12-10okayamaMeguro-kuTokyo 152-8551Japan Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1 OokayamaMeguro-kuTokyo 152-8551Japan

Lunar anorthosite is a major rock of the lunar highlands,which formed as a result of plagioclasefloatation in the lunar magma ocean（LMO）.Constraints on the sufficient conditions that resulted in the formation of a thick pure anorthosite（mode of plagioclase 〉95 vol.%） is a key to reveal the early magmatic evolution of the terrestrial *** form the pure lunar anorthosite,plagioclase should have separated from the magma ocean with low crystal *** networks of plagioclase and mafic minerals develop when the crystal fraction in the magma（φ） is higher than ca.40-60 vol.%,which inhibit the formation of pure *** contrast,when φ is small,the magma ocean is highly turbulent,and plagioclase is likely to become entrained in the turbulent magma rather than separated from the *** determine the necessary conditions in which anorthosite forms from the LMO,this study adopted the energy criterion formulated by *** composition of melt,temperature,and pressure when plagioclase crystallizes are constrained by using MELTS/pMELTS to calculate the density and viscosity of the *** plagioclase starts to crystallize,the Mg~# of melt becomes 0.59 at 1291 *** density of the melt is smaller than that of plagioclase for P 〉 2.1 kbar（ca.50 km deep）,and the critical diameter of plagioclase to separate from the melt becomes larger than the typical crystal diameter of plagioclase（1.8-3 cm）.This suggests that plagioclase is likely entrained in the LMO just after the plagioclase starts to *** the Mg~# of melt becomes 0.54 at 1263 C,the density of melt becomes larger than that of plagioclase even for 0 *** the Mg~# of melt decreases down to 0.46 at 1218 C,the critical diameter of plagioclase to separate from the melt becomes 1.5-2.5 cm,which is nearly equal to the typical plagioclase of the lunar *** suggests that plagioclase could separate from the *** of the differences between the Earth and the Moon is the presenc

关键词： Moon Anorthosite Magma ocean MELTS Fractional crystallization

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