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An estimation of vehicle kilometer traveled and on-road emissions using the traffic volume and travel speed on road links in Incheon City

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2017年第4期29卷 90-100页

作者： Sungwoon Jung Jounghwa Kim Jeongsoo Kim dahee hong Dongjoo Park Transportation Pollution Research Center National Institute of Environmental Research Center for Korea Transport Database The Korea Transport Institute Department of Transportation Engineering University of Seoul

The objective of this study is to estimate the vehicle kilometer traveled（VKT） and on-road emissions using the traffic volume in urban. We estimated two VKT; one is based on registered vehicles and the other is based on traffic volumes. VKT for registered vehicles was 2.11 times greater than that of the applied traffic volumes because each VKT estimation method is different. Therefore, we had to define the inner VKT is moved VKT inner in urban to compare two values. Also, we focused on freight modes because these are discharged much air pollutant emissions. From analysis results, we found middle and large trucks registered in other regions traveled to target city in order to carry freight, target city has included many industrial and logistics areas. Freight is transferred through the harbors,large logistics centers, or via locations before being moved to the final destination. During this process, most freight is moved by middle and large trucks, and trailers rather than small trucks for freight import and export. Therefore, these trucks from other areas are inflow more than registered vehicles. Most emissions from diesel trucks had been overestimated in comparison to VKT from applied traffic volumes in target city. From these findings, VKT is essential based on traffic volume and travel speed on road links in order to estimate accurately the emissions of diesel trucks in target city. Our findings support the estimation of the effect of on-road emissions on urban air quality in Korea.

关键词： Vehicle kilometer traveled On-road emissions Traffic volume Travel speed Diesel trucks

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Photonic control of ligand nanospacing in self-assembly regulates stem cell fate

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Bioactive Materials 2024年第4期34卷 164-180页

作者： Sungkyu Lee Jounghyun Yoo Gunhyu Bae Ramar Thangam Jeongyun Heo Jung Yeon Park honghwan Choi Chowon Kim Jusung An Jungryun Kim Kwang Rok Mun Seungyong Shin Kunyu Zhang Pengchao Zhao Yuri Kim Nayeon Kang Seong-Beom Han dahee Kim Jiwon Yoon Misun Kang Jihwan Kim Letao Yang Solmaz Karamikamkar Jinjoo Kim Yangzhi Zhu Alireza Hassani Najafabadi Guosheng Song Dong-Hwee Kim Ki-Bum Lee Soong Ju Oh Hyun-Do Jung Hyun-Cheol Song Woo Young Jang Liming Bian Zhiqin Chu Juyoung Yoon Jong Seung Kim Yu Shrike Zhang Yongju Kim Ho Seong Jang Sehoon Kim Heemin Kang Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center Korea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea Department of Chemistry Korea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea Materials Architecturing Research Center Korea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering Guangzhou International CampusSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou511442China Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854USA Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation Los AngelesCA90064USA State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082China Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering The Catholic University of KoreaGyeonggi-do14662Republic of Korea Electronic Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea KIST-SKKU Carbon-Neutral Research Center Sungkyunkwan University(SKKU)Suwon16419Republic of Korea Department of Orthopedic Surgery Korea University Anam HospitalSeoul02841Republic of Korea Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Hong KongHong Kong518057China Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Ewha Womans UniversitySeoul03760Republic of Korea Division of Engineering in Medicine Department of MedicineBrigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA02139USA Division of Nano&Information Technology KIST SchoolKorea University of Science and Technology(UST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea College of Medicine Korea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea Division of Materials Science and Engineering Hanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea

Extracellular matrix(ECM)undergoes dynamic inflation that dynamically changes ligand nanospacing but has not been *** we utilize ECM-mimicking photocontrolled supramolecular ligand-tunable Azo^(+)self-assembly composed of azobenzene derivatives(Azo^(+))stacked via cation-πinteractions and stabilized with RGD ligand-bearing poly(acrylic acid).Near-infrared-upconverted-ultraviolet light induces cis-Azo^(+)-mediated inflation that suppresses cation-πinteractions,thereby inflating liganded *** inflation increases nanospacing of“closely nanospaced”ligands from 1.8 nm to 2.6 nm and the surface area of liganded selfassembly that facilitate stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and differentiation both in vitro and in vivo,including the release of loaded molecules by destabilizing water bridges and hydrogen bonds between the Azo^(+)molecules and loaded ***,visible light induces trans-Azo^(+)formation that facilitates cation-πinteractions,thereby deflating self-assembly with“closely nanospaced”ligands that inhibits stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and *** stark contrast,when ligand nanospacing increases from 8.7 nm to 12.2 nm via the inflation of self-assembly,the surface area of“distantly nanospaced”ligands increases,thereby suppressing stem cell adhesion,mechanosensing,and ***-term in vivo stability of self-assembly via real-time tracking and upconversion are *** tuning of ligand nanospacing can unravel dynamic ligand-cell interactions for stem cell-regulated tissue regeneration.

关键词： Dynamic self-assembly Ligand nanospacing In vivo tracking Stem cell adhesion Stem cell fate

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