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Understanding of the Relationship between the Properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells and the Structure of Ag Network Electrodes

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ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS 2024年第6期7卷 246-253页

作者： Yoo, Hyesun Quy, Hoang Van lee, Inpyo Jo, Seung taek Hong, Tae Ei Kim, Junho Yoo, dae-Hwang Shin, Jinwook Commerell, Walter Kim, dae-Hwan Roh, Jong Wook Kyungpook Natl Univ Reg Leading Res Ctr RLRC Smart Energy Syst Daegu 37224 Gyeongsangbug D South Korea Kyungpook Natl Univ Dept Hydrogen & Renewable Energy Daegu 47922 South Korea Kyungpook Natl Univ Dept Nano & Adv Mat Sci & Engn Daegu 37224 Gyeongsangbug D South Korea daegu Gyeongbuk Inst Sci & Technol DGIST Div Energy Technol Daegu 42988 South Korea Incheon Natl Univ Dept Phys Nano Photoelect Device Lab Incheon 22012 South Korea TH Ulm THU Prittwitzstr 10 D-89081 Ulm Germany

The relation between the structure of the silver network electrodes and the properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells is systemically investigated. The Ag network electrode is deposited onto an Al:ZnO (AZO) thin film, employing a self-forming cracked template. Precise control over the cracked template's structure is achieved through careful adjustment of temperature and humidity. The Ag network electrodes with different coverage areas and network densities are systemically applied to the CIGS solar cells. It is revealed that predominant fill factor (FF) is influenced by the figure of merit of transparent conducting electrodes, rather than sheet resistance, particularly when the coverage area falls within the range of 1.3-5%. Furthermore, a higher network density corresponds to an enhanced FF when the coverage areas of the Ag networks are similar. When utilizing a thinner AZO film, CIGS solar cells with a surface area of 1.0609 cm2 exhibit a notable performance improvement, with efficiency increasing from 10.48% to 11.63%. This enhancement is primarily attributed to the increase in FF from 45% to 65%. These findings underscore the considerable potential for reducing the thickness of the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) in CIGS modules with implications for practical applications in photovoltaic technology.

关键词： CIGS large-area solar cell metal mesh metallic network transparent electrode

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Effects of Trekking Pole Use on Metabolic Cost in Novice Hikers on Steep Terrains

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Journal of Sports Science 2017年第5期5卷 256-264页

作者： Yong Bin Han Ik Jin Kwon dae taek lee Eun Jin Hwang Jong Kwang Kim Eun Hyung Cho Graduate Program of Sports Engineering Convergence Kookmin University Seou102 707 Korea Department of Sports Health and Rehabilitation Kookmin University Seou102707 Korea Graduate School of Sports Natural Science Kookmin University Seou102707 Korea College of Sport Science Sung Kyun Kwan University Gyeonggi-do 16419 Korea

PURPOSE： This study examined whether the use of trekking poles alters metabolic cost in steep hiking by novice hikers and whether the response would be dependent on the grade of the terrain. METHODS： Twelve participants completed two trekking trials （with poles [WP] and without trekking poles [NP]） with round trips comprising three grades： 7.0 ± 0.7°, 12.9 ± 0.7°, and 18.8 ± 1.3°） over a steep mountain at self-paced speeds. During the trials, time spent for trekking （TT）, oxygen consumption （VO2）, heart rate （HR）, ratings of perceived exertion （RPE）, and step frequency （Sf） were measured, and step efficiency （Se） and oxygen pulse （OP） were calculated. RESULTS： TT tended to be longer in the WP than NP for both terrains （P 〈 0.05）. HR, VO2, and RPE were the same for the WP and NP. Sfwas lower in WP going uphill （P 〈 0.05） but was unchanged going downhill. Se in the WP was higher than in the NP for both terrains （P 〈 0.01）. When analyzed by slope, VO2 during uphill at 18.8° was lower in WP （37.2 ± 6.3） than in NP （38.6 ± 7.1 ml .kg-1 .min-1, P 〈 0.05）, but no difference in VO2 was found between WP and NP at the 12.9° and 7.0°. TT during uphill was slower in WP than NP at 12.9°（7.9± 1.1 vs. 7.4 ± 1.0） and 18.8° （5.3 ± 1.3 vs. 4.9± 1.0 min, respectively, P 〈 0.05）. No differences were noticed in HR and OP during uphill at every grade. CONCLUSIONS： Pole use decreased metabolic cost in the novice hikers only in the highest grade but not in the other two lower grades.

关键词： Oxygen uptake heart rate uphill downhill.

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Sprinkle formulations——A review of commercially available products

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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2020年第3期15卷 292-310页

作者： Han Sol lee Jeong-Jun lee Myeong-Gyu Kim Ki-taek Kim Cheong-Weon Cho dae-Duk Kim Jae-Young lee College of Pharmacy Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon 34134Republic of Korea Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy CHA UniversityPocheon 11160Republic of Korea College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute Mokpo National UniversityJeonnam 58554Republic of Korea College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Seoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea

Currently, sixty-five original sprinkle drug products are available in various dosage forms including tablets, powders, granules, immediate-release capsules, extended-release capsules, delayed-release capsules, and multiparticulate drug delivery systems. By sprinkling on soft food vehicles, these products provide dosing flexibility and convenience of administration, which potentially improve the compliance of patients with *** to these advantages, the growth of sprinkle products picked up since the 1990s, and several regulatory issues regarding this dosage form have been raised and *** this article, the types of sprinkle formulations were discussed by dividing them into seven categories, and the commercial products were summarized in terms of the drug substance, pharmaceutical excipients, storage conditions and administration methods. In addition, several US Food and Drug Administration guidelines related to the regulatory issues of sprinkle formulations were reviewed, which led to the conclusion that the future development of this promising dosage form demands integrated guidance for industry rather than scattered information in various documents.

关键词： Sprinkle formulation Soft food Geriatric Pediatric Dysphagia Guidance for industry

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Evaluation of particle growth systems for sampling and analysis of atmospheric fine particles

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Particuology 2011年第6期9卷 606-610页

作者： dae Seong Kim Sang Bum Hong Jung-taek Kwon Kihong Park Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Korea Polar Research Institute Laboratory of Toxicology College of Veterinary Medicine Seoul National University

Three types of water-based condensational growth systems, which can enable particles to grow in size to facilitate sampling and subsequent chemical analysis, were evaluated. The first one is a mixing type growth system where aerosols are mixed with saturated water vapor, the second one is a thermal diffusive growth system where warm flow enters cold-walled tube, and the third one is a laminar flow type where cold flow enters a warm wet-wall tube. Hygroscopic sodium chloride （NaCl）, ammonium sulfate （（NH4）2SO4） and ammonium nitrate （NH4N03）, and non-hygroscopic polystyrene latex （PSL） particles, in the size range of 50-400 nm, were used to determine their growth factors through the growth systems. Our data showed that the third-type growth system could enable particles to grow most efficiently regardless of their hygroscopic property. Collection efficiency of particles in the size range of 0.05-2.5 μm, in a continuous aerosol sampler after they passed through the third-type growth system was about 100%, suggesting that the third-type growth system would he the most useful among the tested growth systems for sampling and subsequent chemical analysis of fine and ultrafine particles.

关键词： Particle growth chamber Condensational growth Particle sampler Hygroscopic particles

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An effective method to reduce residual lithium compounds on Ni-rich Li[Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2]O2 active material using a phosphoric acid derived Li3PO4 nanolayer

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Nano Research 2015年第5期8卷 1464-1479页

作者： Chang-Heum Jo dae-Hyun Cho Hyung-Joo Noh Hithshi Yashiro Yang-Kook Sun Seung taek Myung Department of Nano Engineering Sejong University 98 Gunja-dong Gwangjin-gu Seou1143-747 Republic of Korea Department of Chemical Engineering Iwate University Morioka Iwate 020-8551 Japan Department of Energy Engineering Hanyang University Seongdong-gu Seou1133-791 Republic of Korea

The Ni-rich Li[Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2]O2 surface has been modified with H3PO4. After coating at 80 ℃, the products were heated further at a moderate temperature of 500 ℃ in air, when the added H3PO4 transformed to Li3PO4 after reacting with residual LiOH and Li2CO3 on the surface. A thin and uniform smooth nanolayer （〈 10 nm） was observed on the surface of Li[Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2]O2 as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopic （ToF-SIMS） data exhibit the presence of LIP＋, LiPO-, and Li2PO2＋ fragments, indicating the formation of the Li3PO4 coating layer on the surface of the Li[Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2]O2. As a result, the amounts of residual lithium compounds, such as LiOH and Li2CO3, are significantly reduced. As a consequence, the LigPO4-coated Li[Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2]O2 exhibits noticeable improvement in capacity retention and rate capability due to the reduction of residual LiOH and Li2CO3. Further investigation of the extensively cycled electrodes by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, TEM, and ToF-SIMS demonstrated that the LiBPO4 coating layers have multi-functions： Absorption of water in the electrolyte that lowers the HF level, HF scavenging, and protection of the active materials from deleterious side reactions with the electrolyte during extensive cycling, enabling high capacity retention over 1,000 cycles.

关键词： Li3PO4 coating positive electrode lithium batteries

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CAD/CAM for scalable nanomanufacturing:A network-based system for hybrid 3D printing

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2017年第1期3卷 135-145页

作者： Hae-Sung Yoon Hyun-taek lee Ki-Hwan Jang Chung-Soo Kim Hyunseo Park dae-Wook Kim Kunwoo lee Sangkee Min Sung-Hoon Ahn BK21 Plus Transformative Training Program for Creative Mechanical and Aerospace Engineers Seoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI 53706USA Institute of Advanced Machines and Design Seoul National UniversitySeoul 08826Republic of Korea

Micro-and nano-structuring have been highlighted over several decades in both science and engineering *** addition to continuous efforts in fabrication techniques,investigations in scalable nanomanufacturing have been pursued to achieve reduced feature size,fewer constraints in terms of materials and dimensional complexity,as well as improved process *** this study,based on recent micro-/nanoscale fabrication processes,characteristics and key requirements for computer-aided design and manufacturing(CAD/CAM)systems for scalable nanomanufacturing were *** include a process knowledge database,standardized processing,active communication,adaptive interpolation,a consistent coordinate system,and management of peripheral *** scalable nanomanufacturing,it is important to consider the flexibility and expandability of each process,because hybrid and bridging processes represent effective ways to expand process *** an example,we describe a novel CAD/CAM system for hybrid three-dimensional(3D)printing at the *** novel hybrid process was developed by bridging aerodynamically focused nanoparticle printing,focused ion beam milling,micromachining,and spincoating *** system developed can print a full 3D structure using various inorganic materials,with a minimum process scale of 50 *** most obvious difference versus CAD/CAM at‘conventional’scales is that our system was developed based on a network to promote communication between users and process *** the network-based system,it is also possible to narrow the gap among different processes/*** anticipate that this approach can contribute to the development of CAD/CAM for scalable nanomanufacturing and a wide range of hybrid processes.

关键词： Computer-aided design and manufacturing(CAD/CAM) nanomanufacturing network-based 3D printing

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