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Integrative Zoology 2010年第4期5卷 342-350页

作者： Matthew LINKIE Gurutzeta GUILLERA-ARROITA Joseph SMITH dmark rayan Fauna&Flora International CambridgeUK National Centre for Statistical Ecology School of MathematicsStatistics and Actuarial ScienceUniversity of KentCanterburyUK Panthera New YorkNYUSA WWF Malaysia SelangorMalaysia Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology University of KentCanterburyUK

With only 5%of the world’s wild tigers(Panthera tigris Linnaeus,1758)remaining since the last century,conservationists urgently need to know whether or not the management strategies currently being employed are effectively protecting these tigers.This knowledge is contingent on the ability to reliably monitor tiger populations,or subsets,over space and time.In the this paper,we focus on the 2 seminal methodologies(camera trap and occupancy surveys)that have enabled the monitoring of tiger populations with greater confidence.Specifically,we:(i)describe their statistical theory and application in the field;(ii)discuss issues associated with their survey designs and state variable modeling;and,(iii)discuss their future directions.These methods have had an unprecedented influence on increasing statistical rigor within tiger surveys and,also,surveys of other carnivore species.Nevertheless,only 2 published camera trap studies have gone beyond single baseline assessments and actually monitored population trends.For low density tiger populations(e.g.<1 adult tiger/100 km2)obtaining sufficient precision for state variable estimates from camera trapping remains a challenge because of insufficient detection probabilities and/or sample sizes.Occupancy surveys have overcome this problem by redefining the sampling unit(e.***.grid cells and not individual tigers).Current research is focusing on developing spatially explicit capture-mark-recapture models and estimating abundance indices from landscape-scale occupancy surveys,as well as the use of genetic information for identifying and monitoring tigers.The widespread application of these monitoring methods in the field now enables complementary studies on the impact of the different threats to tiger populations and their response to varying management intervention.

关键词： capture carnivore detection probability occupancy presence

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A special purpose parallel processing ASIC for the first-level calorimeter trigger for the ATLAS detector

A special purpose parallel processing ASIC for the first-lev...

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1996第二届国际专用集成电路会议（上海）

作者： M.Engstrm C.Bohm S.Hellman K.Prytz S.Silverstein N.Yamdagni X.Zhao R.Sundblad A.Craciunescu S.Gustafsson A dmark P.Bod Department of Physics University of Stockholm S-113 85 StockholmSweden Sicon AB LinkpingSweden IMC AB LinkpingSweden

＜正＞Modern high energy physics experiments require massively parallel special purpose computers （triggers） to reduce the extremely large primary data flow to manageable amounts.We present a prototype processing ASIC intended as the basic computational unit in a first-level calorimeter trigger for the ATLAS collider detector to be built at CERN,Switzerland. The proposed trigger is a compact highly parallel pipelined system with 4096 systolic processors partitioned into 256 weakly-interacting custom-designed ASICs.Local results from these ASICs are then merged by a second,less complex type of ASIC. Data is received at 800 Mbit/s by bipolar input circuits, while the processing is performed in CMOS at 320 MHz, using the true single phase clocking scheme（TSPC）.This method promotes fast and compact implementations well suited for pipelined bit-serial applications.A 0.5μm BiCMOS process with 4 metal layers was chosen for the implementation.

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