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Regional differences in global glacier retreat from 1980 to 2015

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2019年第4期10卷 203-213页

作者： LI Yao-Jun ding yong-jian SHANGGUAN Dong-Hui WANG Rong-Jun State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

Global warming triggers shrinking and thinning of glaciers worldwide,with potentially severe implications for human ***,regional differences in glacier retreat and its relationship with climatic characteristics have not been conclusively *** this study,regional changes in global glaciers based on two primary features,area change and mass balance,were investigated on the basis of data collected from published research on glacier *** show that during the period 1980—2015,the rate of global glacier area shrinkage was 0.18%per year and that of global glacier mass loss was 0.25 m *** *** of glaciers located at low and middle latitudes was characterized by severe area shrinkage and mass ***,in the Arctic,deglaciation was characterized by ice thinning due to a low area reduction but relatively high mass loss ***,glaciers in high southern latitudes were in a relatively stable *** Mountain Asia exhibited the lowest rate of area shrinkage and mass loss among glaciers located at low and middle latitudes,and a slower rate of mass loss compared with the global *** in the Tropical Andes exhibited the fastest rate of glacier area shrinkage(—1.6%per year),whereas Antarctic and Subantarctic glaciers showed the lowest rate(—0.11%per year).For mass balance,the most negative occurred at Southern Andes(—0.81 m *** year),followed by Alaska(-0.74 m *** year).Only the Antarctic and Subantarctic experienced small mass gain(0.04 m *** year).High levels of correlation are found between the rates of glacier retreat and annual average temperature and annual total precipitation instead of their *** variability of the surface climate conditions in the glacier environment plays a key role in driving these regional differences in global glacier retreat.

关键词： Glacier retreat Regional differences Climate change

Assessments on surface water resources and their vulnerability and adaptability in China

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2020年第4期11卷 381-391页

作者： QIN Jia ding yong-jian ZHAO Qiu-Dong WANG Shao-Ping CHANG Ya-Ping State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology Inland River Basin Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

A clear understanding of the changes of water resources under the background of environmental changes is of great significance for scientific management and utilization of water resources in *** study systematically analyzed the spatialetemporal variations of surface water resources in China since *** vulnerability in current(2010s)and its trends from 2000 to late-2010s in different regions of China were also *** addition,the correspondingly adaptive measures to counter regional risks to water resources were *** concluded that the runoff of major rivers had been decreasing in eastern China and increasing in western China during *** the arid area of Northwest China,the alpine runoff has shown an overall upward trend since the late-1990s/early-2000s,with a 10%-25% increase caused by the increase of glacial meltwater and *** the runoff of each hydrological station in the 2000s-2010s was 34.7% lower than that in the 1950se2010s on *** increases in precipitation and glacial meltwater with global warming caused a rapid expansion of lakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Xinjiang,thus leading to an increase in total area and water quantity of lakes in China from 1995 to *** mean contribution rates of climate change and human activity to runoff change in river basins of China were 53.5% and 46.5%,respectively,during the period of *** driving factor of runoff change in many river basins has gradually changed from climate change(1950s-2000)to human activity(2000-2018).During 2000-2018,the contributions of human activities to runoff change were 50%-80% in major rivers of eastern *** vulnerability in most areas of Northwest China and North China is generally high,with the vulnerability index greater than ***,in Northeast,East,South,and Central China,it is lower or not *** Southwest China,the vulnerability varies greatly with Yunnan and Sichuan relatively low while Chon

关键词： Runoff change Lake area Surface water vulnerability Adaptation measures China

Vulnerability of mountain glaciers in China to climate change

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2015年第3期6卷 171-180页

作者： YANG jian-Ping ding yong-jian LIU Shi-Yin TAN Chun-Ping State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology of Inland River Basin Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences

Mountain glaciers in China are an important water source for both China and adjoining countries, and therefore their adaptation to glacier change is crucial in relation to maintaining populations. This study aims to improve our understanding of glacial vulnerability to climate change to establish adaptation strategies. A glacial numerical model is developed using spatial principle component analysis （SPCA） supported by remote sensing （RS） and geographical information system （GIS） technologies. The model contains nine factors--slope, aspect, hillshade, elevation a.s.l., air temperature, precipitation, glacial area change percentage, glacial type and glacial area, describing topography, climate, and glacier characteristics. The vulnerability of glaciers to climate change is evaluated during the period of 1961-2007 on a regional scale, and in the 2030s and 2050s based on projections of air temperature and precipitation changes under the IPCC RCP6.0 scenario and of glacier change in the 21st century. Glacial vulnerability is graded into five levels： potential, light, medial, heavy, and very heavy, using natural breaks classification （NBC）. The spatial distribution of glacial vulnerability and its temporal changes in the 21st century for the RCP6.0 scenario are analyzed, and the factors influencing vulnerability are discussed. Results show that mountain glaciers in China are very vulnerable to climate change, and 41.2% of glacial areas fall into the levels of heavy and very heavy vulnerability in the period 1961-2007. This is mainly explained by topographical exposure and the high sensitivity of glaciers to climate change. Trends of glacial vulnerability are projected to decline in the 2030s and 2050s, but a declining trend is still high in some regions. In addition to topographical factors, variation in precipitation in the 2030s and 2050s is found to be crucial.

关键词： Mountain glaciers Climate change Vulnerability Projection

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF LOW-LYING PRAIRIE WETLAND IN MIDDLE REACHES OF HEIHE RIVER IN NORTHWEST CHINA

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Chinese Geographical Science 2005年第4期15卷 325-329页

作者： WU Jin-kui ding yong-jian WANG Gen-xu SHEN yong-ping Yusuke YAMAZAKI Jumpei KUBOTA Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China The Laboratory of Climate Study of China Metralogical Administration Beijing 100041 P. R. China Research Institute far Humanity and Nature Kyoto 602-0778 Japan

Low-lying prairie wetland, which has characteristics of both grassland and wetland, has irreplaceable ecological functions in inland river basins of Northwest China. Owing to its small-scale distribution, so far, the observation and research on it are rare. The estimation of evapotranspiration is significant to ecological and environmental construction, scientific management of pasture and protection of wetland. For studying the evapotranspiration （ET） of low-lying prairie wetland in the middle reaches of the Heihe River, an inland river, in Northwest China, the automatic weather station in Linze Ecological Experimental Station of Lanzhou University （39°15′ 3″N, 100°03′ 52″ E）, Linze, Gansu Province, was selected as a case study. Based on meteorological data collected, Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance （BREB） method was used to calculate the evapotranspiration （ET） of low-lying prairie wetland. The analysis results showed that in a whole year （September 2003 -August 2004）, the total ET was 611.5mm and mean daily 1.67mm/d. The ET varied with different growing stages. In non-growing stage （NGS）, initial growing stage （IGS）, middle growing stage （MGS） and end growing stage （EGS）, the ET was 0.57, 2.01, 3.82 and 1.49mrrdd, with a percentage of total ET of 18.26%, 9.20%, 61.83% and 10.71% respectively. In March, ET began to increase. But in April, the ET increased most. After that, it increased gradually and got the maximal value in July. From then on, the ET decreased gradually. In September, the ET decreased rapidly. With the ending of growing and the freezing of soil, the ET stopped from the middle of November to February in next year. Hourly ET analysis showed that at 8：00 a.m. （during MGS at 7：00 a.m.）, the evapotranspiration began, at 13：00 p.m. got its maximal value and at 19：00 p.m. （during MGS at 20：00 p.m.）, the evapotranspiration stopped. The intensity of ET in sunny day was much larger than that in cloudy day in the same growing stage.

关键词： evapotranspiration low-lying prairie wetland inland river basin

Modeling the carbon dynamics of alpine grassland in the Qinghai-TibetanPlateau under scenarios of 1.5 and 2 ℃ global warming

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2019年第2期10卷 80-91页

作者： YI Shu-Hua XIANG Bo MENG Bao-Ping WU Xiao-Dong ding yong-jian Instiute o f Fragile Ecosystem and Environment Nantong University Nantong 226007 China of Geographic Sciences Nantong University Nantong 226007 China State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China Chongqing Climate Center Chongqing 401147 China Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Lanzhou 730000 China Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China University of Chinese Academy Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Alpine grassland occupies two-thirds of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). It is vital to project changes of this vulnerable ecosystem under different climate change scenarios before taking any mitigation or adaptation measures. In this study, we used a process-based ecosystem model, driven with output from global circulation models under different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), to project the carbon dynamics of alpine grassland. The results showed the following: 1) Vegetation carbon (C) on the QTP increased by 22—38 gC m^-2 during periods of 1.5 and 2 ℃ warming under different RCPs when compared to the baseline period (1981—2006), while soil C increased by 85—122 gC m^-2. 2) The increases of vegetation C and soil C at the period of 1.5 ℃ warming were about 15 gC m^-2 and 40 gC m^-2 smaller than those at the period of 2 ℃ warming, respectively;increase of C was greater for alpine meadow than for alpine steppe. 3) Precipitation, radiation, and permafrost changed significantly and showed heterogeneous spatial patterns, and caused heterogeneous response of C dynamics. For alpine meadow in regions transformed from permafrost to seasonally frozen soil with medium annual precipitation (200—400 mm), vegetation C and net primary production decreased by 18.7 gC m-2 and 3.1 gC m^-2 per year during 2 °C warming under RCP 4.5, respectively. This decrease can be attributed to the disappearing impermeable permafrost. Different from previous studies that indicated an unfavorable response of alpine grassland to climate warming, this study showed a relatively favorable response, which is mainly attributed to C 0 2 fertilization.

关键词： Permafrost Terrestrial ecosystem model Vegetation Soil Net primary production

Role of permafrost in resilience of social-ecological system and its spatio-temporal dynamics in the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第1期16卷 179-194页

作者： FANG Yi-ping ZHU Fu-biao YI Shu-hua QIU Xiao-ping ding yong-jian Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Resource and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Economics Hefei University of Technology School of Geographic Sciences Nantong University College of Geography and Resources Science Sichuan Normal University State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences

Permafrost is one of the key components of terrestrial ecosystem in cold regions. In the context of climate change, few studies have investigated resilience of social ecological system(SER) from the perspective of permafrost that restricts the hydrothermal condition of alpine grassland ecosystem. In this paper, based on the structural dynamics, we developed the numerical model for the SER in the permafrost regions of the source of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics and sensitivity of the SER, and estimated the effect of permafrost change on the SER. The results indicate that: 1) the SER has an increasing trend, especially after 1997, which is the joint effect of precipitation, temperature, NPP and ecological conservation projects; 2) the SER shows the spatial feature of high in southeast and low in northwest,which is consistent with the variation trends of high southeast and low northwest for the precipitation, temperature and NPP, and low southeast and high northwest for the altitude; 3) the high sensitive regions of SER to the permafrost change have gradually transited from the island distribution to zonal and planar distribution since 1980, moreover, the sensitive degree has gradually reduced; relatively, the sensitivity has high value in the north and south, and low value in the south and east; 4) the thickness of permafrost active layer shows a highly negative correlation with the SER. The contribution rate of permafrost change to the SER is-4.3%, that is, once the thickness of permafrost active layer increases 1 unit, the SER would decrease 0.04 units.

关键词： Resilience of social ecological system Permafrost Permafrost active layer thickness Structural dynamic equation Source regions of Yangtze and Yellow rivers

Models and measurements of seven years of evapotranspiration on a high elevation site on the Central Tibetan Plateau

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Journal of Mountain Science 2020年第12期17卷 3039-3053页

作者： WANG Li-hui HE Xiao-bo Jakob FSTEINER ZHANG Dong-wei WU Jin-kui WANG Shao-yong ding yong-jian State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Department of Physical Geography Utrecht UniversityUtrecht 3584CBNetherlands

Evapotrantaspiration is a crucial part of the hydrological cycle but few ground observatories for the Tibetan Plateau *** this study,we present lysimeter measurements from the growing season during seven years at a remote field location on the Tibetan *** measurements show rates between 2.5 and 3 mm·d-1 during the warmer months from June to August,dropping to 2 to 2.5 mm·d-1 in *** results in a total volume of evapotranspiration of approximately 300 mm·yr-1 for the months from June to *** inter-daily variability is however large,and comparison to meteorological variables suggest that this is largely driven by radiation and *** for a single season from a nearby flux tower allows us to compare the two common measurement methods for evapotranspiration in the field,showing an overall good agreement between the *** also tested commonly applied models used to estimate evapotranspiration rates,namely the FAO-PenmanMonteith(PM) and the Priestly-Taylor(PT) model,which both make use of radiation data as well as the simpler Hargreaves-Samani(HS) and Rohwer(R)models which only need air temperature and wind speed as *** most data intensive model(PM)has the lowest root mean square error(RMSE)(1.36 mm·d-1) and the mean bias error(MBE)(-0.05 mm·d-1) and reproduces the daily variability generally *** much simpler HS model performs slightly worse(1.38 and 0.35 mm·d-1),but fails to reproduce the variability,due to its lack of information of local radiation and humidity *** results are in line with large scale estimates of evapotranspiration for the cold and arid region,provide a first long time series of in-situ measurements from a high elevation site and suggest that both the PM and HS models are appropriate when no direct measurements are available.

关键词： Evapotranspiration Alpine meadow FAO-Penman-Monteith Priestley-Taylor Hargreaves-Samani Rohwer Lysimeter

Seasonal variations of organic carbon and nitrogen in the upper basins of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第8期14卷 1577-1590页

作者： LI Xiang-ying ding yong-jian HAN Tian-ding XU jian-zhong KANG Shi-chang WU Qing-bai Mika Sillanp?? YU Zhong-bo YU Cong-rong College of Hydrology and Water Resources/State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering Hohai University State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of Sciences Laboratory of Green Chemistry School of Engineering ScienceLappeenranta University of Technology Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Florida International University

The profound impacts exerted by climate warming on the Tibetan Plateau have been documented extensively, but the biogeochemical responses remain poorly understood. This study was aimed at seasonal variations of total organic carbon(TOC) and total organic nitrogen(TON) in stream water at two gauging sections(TTH, ZMD) in the upper basin of Yangtze River(UBYA) and at fourgauging sections(HHY, JM, JG, TNH) in the upper basin of Yellow River(UBYE) in 2013. Results showed that concentrations of TON exhibit higher values in spring and winter and lower values in summer. TOC exhibits higher concentrations in spring or early summer and lower concentrations in autumn or winter. Seasonal variations of TOC and TON fluxes are dominated by water flux. In total, the UBYE and UBYA delivers 55,435 tons C of organic carbon and 9,872 tons N of organic nitrogen to downstream ecosystems in 2013. Although the combined flux ofTOC from UBYA and UBYE is far lower than those from large rivers, their combined yields is higher than, or comparable with, those from some large rivers(e.g. Nile, Orange, Columbia), implying that organic carbon from the Tibetan Plateau may exert a potentially influence on regional and/or global carbon cycles in future warming climate.

关键词： Seasonal variation Total organic carbon(TOC) Total organic nitrogen(TON) Yangtze River Yellow River

Spatial variation of stable isotopes in different waters during melt season in the Laohugou Glacial Catchment, Shule River basin

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Journal of Mountain Science 2016年第8期13卷 1453-1463页

作者： WU Jin-kui ding yong-jian YANG Jun-hua LIU Shi-wei CHEN Ji-zu ZHOU Jia-xin QIN Xiang Laboratory of Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Qilian Shan station of Glaciology and Ecologic Environment State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management Justus-Liebig-University Giessen

To evaluate isotopic tracers at natural abundances by providing basic isotope data of the hydrological investigations and assessing the impacts of different factors on the water cycle, a total of 197 water samples were collected from the Laohugou Glacial catchment in the Shule River basin northwestern China during the 2013 ablation seasons and analyzed their H- and O-isotope composition. The results showed that the isotopic composition of precipitation in the Qilianshan Station in the Laohugou Glacial catchment was remarkable variability. Correspondingly, a higher slope of δ180-δD diagram, with an average of 8.74, is obtained based on the precipitation samples collected on the Glacier ***, mainly attributed to the lower temperature on the glacier surface. Because of percolation and elution, the bottom of the firn the isotopic composition at is nearly steady. The 6180 /altitude gradients for precipitation and melt water were -o.37%o/100 m and -o.34%o/100 m, respectively Exposed to the air and influenced by strong ablation and evaporation, the isotopic values and the 6180 vs 6D diagram of the glacial surface ice show no altitudinal effect, indicating that glacier ice has the similar origins with the firn. The variation of isotopic composition in the melt water, varying from -l0.7‰ to -16.9‰ （8180） and from -61.1%o to -122.1%o （6D） indicates the recharging of snowmelt and glacial ice melt water produced at different altitudes. With a mean value of -13.3‰ for 8180 and -89.7‰ for 8D, the isotopic composition of the stream water is much closer to the melt water, indicating that stream water is mainly recharged by the ablation water. Our results of the stable isotopic compositions in natural water in the Laohugou Glacial catchment indicate the fractionations and the smoothing fluctuations of the stable isotopes during evaporation, infiltration and mixture.

关键词： Stable isotopes Precipitation/snow/ice Altitude effect Melt water Laohugou GlacialCatchment Qilian Mountains