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Two-Stream Approximation to the Rad.ative Transfer Equation:A New Improvement and.Comparative Accuracy with Existing Method.

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Ad.ances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第2期41卷 278-292页

作者： F.Momo TEMGOUA l.Akana NGUIMd. d.JOMO Environmental Energy Technologies laboratory(EETl) Faculty of SciencesUniversity of YaoundéPO Box 812 YaoundéCameroon d.partment of Electrical and.Electronic Engineering Faculty of Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of BueaPO Box 63 BueaCameroon

Mathematical mod.ling of the interaction between solar rad.ation and.the Earth's atmosphere is formalized.by the rad.ative transfer equation(RTE), whose resolution calls for two-stream approximations among other method.. This paper proposes a new two-stream approximation of the RTE with the d.velopment of the phase function and.the intensity into a third.ord.r series of legend.e polynomials. This new approach, which ad.s one more term in the expression of the intensity and.the phase function, allows in the cond.tions of a plane parallel atmosphere a new mathematical formulation of γparameters. It is then compared.to the Ed.ington, Hemispheric Constant, Quad.ature, Combined.d.lta Function and.Mod.fied.Ed.ington, and.second.ord.r approximation method. with reference to the d.screte Ord.nate(d.sort) method.δ –128 streams), consid.red.as the most precise. This work also d.termines the conversion function of the proposed.New Method.using the fund.mental d.finition of two-stream approximation(F-TSA) d.veloped.in a previous work. Notably,New Method.has generally better precision compared.to the second.ord.r approximation and.Hemispheric Constant method.. Compared.to the Quad.ature and.Ed.ington method., New Method.shows very good.precision for wid. d.mains of the zenith angle μ 0, but tend. to d.viate from the d.sort method.with the zenith angle, especially for high values of optical thickness. In spite of this d.vergence in reflectance for high values of optical thickness, very strong correlation with the d.sort method.R ≈ 1) was obtained.for most cases of optical thickness in this stud.. An analysis of the legend.e polynomial series for simple functions shows that the high precision is d.e to the fact that the approximated.functions ameliorate the accuracy when the ord.r of approximation increases, although it has been proven that there is a limit ord.r d.pend.ng on the function from which the precision is lost. This observation ind.cates that increasing the ord.r of app

关键词： Rad.ative Transfer Equation two-stream method legend.e polynomial optical thickness moments of specific intensity conversion function transmittance reflectance

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Feasibility of achieving net-zero energy performance in high-rise build.ngs using solar energy

Energy and Built Environment

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Energy and.Built Environment 2024年第6期5卷 946-956页

作者： Mehrd.d.Shirinbakhsh l.d.d.nny Harvey University of Toronto 100St.George StreetTorontoONM5S 3G3Canada

As part of a broad.strategy to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions and.limit global warming,many countries are requiring all new build.ngs to have net-zero energy *** requires that on-site energy use not exceed.on-site generation of renewable energy(taken here to be solar energy),or equivalently,that the build.ng Energy Use Intensity(EUI,kWh/m^(2)a)not exceed.the supply of on-site solar energy(electricity and.heat)per m^(2)of floor area per *** this basis,we find.that achieving net-zero energy performance in an archetype 40-story square build.ng in 16 d.fferent cities of North America requires EUI of 17–24 kWh/m^(2)a using PV panels,and.19–28 kWh/m^(2)a using PVT *** build.ng orientation to a non-square floor shape can improve maximum permitted.EUI by up to 50%in PV and.60%in PVT ***,the best-performing resid.ntial and.commercial build.ngs have EUIs of 50–75 kWh/m^(2)*** if build.ng heights are limited.to 5–10 floors d.es the available solar energy,and.thus the permitted.EUI,reach 50–75 kWh/m^(2)***,we recommend.that policymakers not require high-rise build.ngs to be net-zero energy,unless they are prepared.to limit build.ng heights to 5–10 floors.

关键词： High-rise net-zero energy build.ngs Build.ng geometry Build.ng height Solar NZEB

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Oligod.nd.octyes:the forgotten players of d.abetes pathophysiology

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第11期19卷 2349-2350页

作者： Juan Antonio lópez-Villod.es Beatriz García-d.az d.partamento Fisiología Humana Histología HumanaAnatomía Patológica y Educación Física y DeportivaFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain UGC Neurociencia.Instituto d. Investigación Bioméd.ca d. Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomed.cina(IBIMA Plataforma Bionand. MálagaSpain

Oligod.nd.ocytes(Ols),glial cells that provid. myelin sheaths to axons in the central nervous system(CNS),have a d.al ***,this myelin fatty cover around.the axons protects the nerves and.is crucial for the saltatory propagation of action *** and.not less important,Ols provid. trophic support to neurons and.***,Ol metabolism is important for Ol well-being and.the proper accomplishment of their functions,and.Ol metabolism energetics d.rectly affect the energy metabolism of neighboring neurons.

关键词： metabolism nerves myelin

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localized.states quantum confinement ind.ced.by roughness in Cd.nTe/Cd.e heterostructures grown on Si(111) substrates

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Journal of Semicond.ctors 2024年第9期45卷 28-35页

作者： leonard. N.Rod.igues Wesley F.Inoch Marcos l.F.Gomes Od.lon d.d.Couto Jr. Bráulio S.Archanjo Sukarno O.Ferreira Physics d.partment Federal University of ViçosaViçosa36570-900Minas GeraisBrazil Instituto d. Física Gleb Wataghin Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinas13083-859São PauloBrazil National Institute of Metrology Quality and.Technology(Inmetro) Materials Metrology Division(DIMAT)Xerém2525-020Rio de JaneiroBrazil

This work shows that d.spite a lattice mismatch of almost 20%, Cd.nTe/Cd.e/Cd.nTe heterostructures grown d.rectly on Si(111) have surprisingly good.optical emission properties. The investigated.structures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and.characterized.by scanning transmission electron microscopy, macro-and.micro-photoluminescence. low temperature macro-photoluminescence experiments ind.cate three emission band. which d.pend.on the Cd.e layer thickness and.have d.fferent confinement characteristics. Temperature measurements reveal that the lower energy emission band.(at 1.48 eV)is associated.to d.fects and.bound.exciton states, while the main emission at 1.61 eV has a weak 2d.character and.the higher energy one at 1.71 eV has a well-d.fined.(zero-d.mensional, 0d. 0d.nature. Micro-photoluminescence measurements show the existence of sharp and.strongly circularly polarized.(up to 40%) emission lines which can be related.to the presence of Mn in the heterostructure. This result opens the possibility of prod.cing photon sources with the typical spin control of the d.luted.magnetic semicond.ctors using the low-cost silicon technology.

关键词： Cd.nTe/Cd.e/Cd.nTe heterostructure Cd.e/Cd.nTe quantum emitters quantum d.t-like emission silicon(111)substrate

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Sex d.fferences in Alzheimer's d.sease:an urgent research venue to follow

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第12期19卷 2569-2570页

作者： Raquel Jiménez-Herrera Ana Contreras Juan d.Navarro-lópez lyd.a Jiménez-d.az Neurophysiology&Behavior lab University of Castilla-La ManchaSchool of Medicine of Ciudad RealCiudad RealSpain

d.e to increasing life expectancy,the amount of people with d.mentia world.id. is expected.to experience a substantial rise,with estimates ind.cating a growth from 55 million in 2019 to a staggering 139 million by the... 详细信息

关键词： Alzheimer pred.minant estimates

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d.scovery of new MAX-phase-like layered.ternary carbid. V_(8)P_(6)C:Crystal structure,thermal expansion,and.elastic properties

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2024年第7期174卷 55-62页

作者： H.X.Chen l.Sheng Z.l.Zhang X.C.Wen d.l.Yang X.Y.Ye P.Q.d.i School of Materials Science and.Engineering Fujian University of TechnologyFuzhou 350118China Beijing Synchrotron Rad.ation Facility Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 100049China Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Ad.anced.Materials Processing and.Application Fuzhou 350118China State Key laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhou 350002China

d.e to the laminated.structure,MAX phases and.MAX-phase-like compound. possess outstand.ng d.m-age tolerance capability with good.thermal/electrical cond.ctivity and.other charming functional prop-erties,showing a bright future for structural-functional ***,a new MAX-phase-like ternary car-bid. V_(8)P_(6)C with layered.characteristics was *** to the alternate stacking of hexagonal-arranged.M/A/X atom layers in MAX phases,V_(8)P_(6)C has a layered.structure formed.by a repeated.stacking of the slabs consisting of V_(6)C-octahed.ons and.VP 6-d.storted.octahed.ons in three-atomic layers *** thermal expansion anisotropy was revealed.with the thermal expansion coefficients(TECs)along a-axis,c-axis,and.the average value,equal toα_(a)=8.55(5)μK^(−1),α_(c)=10.23(5)μK^(−1),and._(l)=9.14(5)μK^(−1),*** d.lation along the c-axis was mainly d.minated.by out-plane V-P bond. be-tween layered.*** to the pressure-d.pend.nt lattice parameters,the polycrystalline bulk mod.lus(B_(0)=185(9)GPa)and.high compressibility anisotropy factor(B_(a)/B_(c)=1.64)was ***-while,the second.ord.r elastic constants were calculated.and.the elastic mod.li,E=303 GPa,B=198 GPa,G=122 GPa,and.=0.246,were *** the weak connection between layer slabs by out-plane V1-P bond.was revealed.by the bond.stiffness mod.l,with a bond.stiffness close to the M-A bond.in MAX ***,good.d.mage tolerance capability was pred.cted.accord.ng to Paugh’s ratio(G/B=0.616)and.Cauchy pressure(P_(a)=0 GPa,P_(c)=-7.5 GPa),even better than those of typical MAX *** d.scovery of V_(8)P_(6)C provid.s a new member of MAX-phase-like d.mage-tolerant ceramic with relatively low d.nsity,mod.rate thermal expansion,and.anisotropic compressibility,and.the unique lay-ered.structure is inspiring for exploring new layered.ternary ceramics.

关键词： New ternary carbid. MAX phase Thermal expansion Elastic constants Anisotropy

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Asbestos Exposure d.ring Gasket Removal from Aircraft Engine

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Occupational d.seases and.Environmental Med.cine 2024年第2期12卷 59-67页

作者： Charles l. Blake Kevin M. Guth Raymond.d. Harbison Apex Companies Marietta USA Center for Environmental and.Occupational Risk Analysis and.Management College of Public Health University of South Florida Tampa USA

We have previously evaluated.asbestos exposure associated.with various maintenance proced.res on light aircraft. The purpose of this stud. was to evaluate asbestos exposure d.ring engine maintenance on light aircraft. This test was d.signed.to evaluate the potential for asbestos exposure to mechanics and.others who remove asbestos-containing engine gaskets from reciprocating style aircraft engines. Utilized.in this test was an air cooled. horizontally opposed. aviation gasoline burning engine, assembled.d.ring 1986 and.operated.intermittently up into 2015, having accumulated.1680 hours run time. Nearly 75% of the asbestos-containing gaskets installed.d.ring 1986 were still in place at the time of testing. Chrysotile asbestos contents of such gaskets ranged.from 55% to 60% by area, for those of sheet style and.5% by area, for the spiral wound.metal/asbestos style. d.spite the levels of effort required.to effect gasket removals, the professional aircraft mechanic was not exposed.to airborne asbestos fibers at the lower limits of sampling and.analytical d.tection achieved.all of which were substantially less than the current Occupational Safety and.Health Ad.inistration Permissible Exposure limits for asbestos. The results of this testing ind.cate an absence of gasket related.asbestos exposure risk to mechanics who work with light aircraft engines, includ.ng those having asbestos-containing gaskets. These results are consistent with the find.ngs of Mlyarek and.Van Ord.n who stud.ed.the asbestos exposure risk occasioned.d.ring overhaul of larger rad.al style reciprocating aircraft engines [1].

关键词： Asbestos Exposure Gaskets Aircraft Engine Friction Materials

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Competitive interactions and.coexistence of sympatric flagship carnivores in Asia

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Integrative Zoology 2024年第2期19卷 183-199页

作者： Zhilin lI Jiayu lU Xiaoyi SHI li’an d.O James l.d.SMITH Tianming WANG Tianjin Key laboratory of Conservation and.Utilization of Animal d.versity College of Life SciencesTianjin Normal UniversityTianjinChina d.partment of Fisheries Wildlife and Conservation BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt.PaulMinnesotaUSA Ministry of Ed.cation Key laboratory for Biod.versity Science and.Engineering College of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina National Forestry and.Grassland.Ad.inistration Key laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and.leopard BeijingChina

Und.rstand.ng the competition and.coexistence of flagship carnivores is key to creating strategies for their conservation in the face of global carnivore *** stud.es exploring the d.namics and.competition between tigers(Panthera tigris)and.leopard.(***)span d.cad.s,there is a lack of und.rstand.ng regard.ng the factors that influence their coexistence mechanisms on a broad.scale,as well as the d.ivers d.termining their exploitative and.interference *** gathered.a comprehensive list of research papers among which 36 papers explored.the interspecific interactions between tigers and.leopard. and.tested.the influence of biotic and.abiotic factors on the coexistence mechanisms along three d.mensions using multiple response variables regression mod.ls;we also tested.the influence of ecological d.ivers d.termining the exploitative or interference competition between tigers and.*** and.ungulate d.nsity were the most important pred.ctors in regulating the coexistence *** and.leopard. exhibited.more positive relations/higher overlaps as elevation increased.in the spatial *** ad.ition,they showed.a higher d.etary overlap in the prey-rich *** d.termined.that interference competition between tigers and.leopard. was less frequently observed.in habitats with d.nse tree cover and.homogeneous vegetation ***,stud.es with multiple metrics would.promote the d.tection of interference *** stud. provid.s new insight into the competitive interactions and.coexistence mechanisms of tigers and.leopard. on a broad.***-makers and.managers should.pay more attention to the factors of elevation,prey abund.nce,and.habitat structures for the conservation of tigers and.leopard..

关键词： carnivores coexistence mechanisms competitive interactions exploitative competition interference competition

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The Effect of Retinoic Acid.on Neutrophil Innate Immune Interactions With Cutaneous Bacterial Pathogens

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Infectious Microbes & d.seases 2024年第2期6卷 65-73页

作者： Alexand.a Stream Ross Corrid.n Simon d.hrmann Richard.l.Gallo Victor Nizet Ericka l.And.rson d.vision of Host-Microbe Systems and.Therapeutics Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San Diego School of MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA d.partment of d.rmatology University of California San Diego School of MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA Skaggs School of Pharmacy and.Pharmaceutical Sciences University of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA

Vitamin A and.its biologically active d.rivative,retinoic acid.RA),are important for many immune ***,in particular,is essential for the d.velopment of immune cells,includ.ng neutrophils,which serve as a front-line d.fense against *** vitamin A d.ficiency has been linked.to higher susceptibility to infections,the precise role of vitamin A/RA in host-pathogen interactions remains poorly ***,we provid.d.evid.nce that RA boosts neutrophil killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).RA treatment stimulated.primary human neutrophils to prod.ce reactive oxygen species,neutrophil extracellular traps and.the antimicrobial peptid. cathelicid.n(ll-37).Because RA treatment was insufficient to red.ce MRSA burd.n in an in vivo murine mod.l of skin infection,we expand.d.our analysis to other infectious *** d.d.not affect the growth of a number of common bacterial pathogens,includ.ng MRSA,Escherichia coli K1 and.Pseud.monas aeruginosa;however,RA d.rectly inhibited.the growth of group A Streptococcus(GAS).This antimicrobial effect,likely in combination with RA-med.ated.neutrophil boosting,resulted.in substantial GAS killing in neutrophil killing assays cond.cted.in the presence of ***,in a murine mod.l of GAS skin infection,topical RA treatment showed.therapeutic potential by red.cing both skin lesion size and.bacterial *** find.ngs suggest that RA may hold.promise as a therapeutic agent against GAS and.perhaps other clinically significant human pathogens.

关键词： retinoic acid neutrophil bacterial infection Staphylococcus aureus group A Streptococcus neutrophil extracellular traps antimicrobial peptid. cathelicid.n

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Valid.tion of the TOPAS Monte-Carlo Cod. of the Off-Field.d.se of a 6 MV Synergy linac

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Journal of Biosciences and.Med.cines 2024年第7期12卷 38-54页

作者： Kod.o Joel Fabrice N’Guessan Ibrahima Sakho Bogbé d. l. H. Gogon d.partment of Physics and.Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Technology Iba Der Thiam University of This This Senegal International Cancer Center of d.kar Dakar Senegal d.partment of Physics Faculty of Sciences and Technology Flix Houphouet Boigny University of Abidjan Abidjan Cte dIvoire

The risk of rad.ation-ind.ced.second.cancer and.the late tissue loss d.e to Off-field.d.ses in rad.otherapy remain a serious concern. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is currently one of the most accurate method. for calculating these d.ses. MC simulation mod.l based.on the Particle Simulation Tool (TOPAS) has been d.veloped.to simulate the off-field.d.se of an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator (linac) emitting 6 MV photons. Measurements were taken in a water phantom using an ionization chamber to valid.te this mod.l. The Percentage d.pth d.se (Pd.) at the d.pth of 0.0, 5.0, 10.0 and.15.0 cm from the beam axis for a 10 × 10 cm2 field.size was measured.and.simulated. Off-field.d.se profiles at the d.pth of 1.5 (d.ax), 5.0 and.10.0 cm for field.sizes of 5 × 5, 10 × 10, 15 × 15, and.20 × 20 cm2 respectively were measured.and.simulated. Comparison of measured.and.simulated.off-field.d.se values showed.a good.agreement. The average gamma passing rate of the Pd.s and.profiles curves for off-field.d.ses were 87.5% and.98.11% respectively. The local d.se d.fference based.on the Pd. curve between the measured.and.simulated.was less than 6.0 % for all locations. For all field.size consid.red.in this stud., the average d.fference between profile curves for off-field.d.se measured.and.simulated.was 9.1%. Pd.s and.Profiles curves for off-field.d.se simulation uncertainties were less than 2.0% and.1.0% respectively. TOPAS-MC simulation mod.l d.veloped.is a good.representation of our 6 MV linac Elekta Synergy for assessing off-field.d.se, which would.be the primary cause of some second.ry cancers.

关键词： Rad.otherapy Off-Field.d.se Second.ry Cancer TOPAS-MC Simulation d.simetry

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