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Comparing the Structural Parameters of the Milky Way to Other Spiral Galaxies

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2024年第3期24卷 10-28页

作者： Jacob A.Guerrette Aleksandr V.Mosenkov dallin Spencer Zacory d.Shakespear department of Physics and AstronomyN283 ESCBrigham Young University ProvoUT 84602USA

The structural parameters of a galaxy can be used to gain insight into its formation and evolution *** this paper,we strive to compare the Milky Way’s structural parameters to other,primarily edge-on,spiral galaxies in order to determine how our Galaxy measures up to the Local *** our comparison,we use the galaxy structural parameters gathered from a variety of literature sources in the optical and near-infrared wave *** compare the scale length,scale height,and disk flatness for both the thin and thick disks,the thick-to-thin disk mass ratio,the bulge-to-total luminosity ratio,and the mean pitch angle of the Milky Way’s spiral arms to those in other *** conclude that many of the Milky Way’s structural parameters are largely ordinary and typical of spiral galaxies in the Local Universe,though the Galaxy’s thick disk appears to be appreciably thinner and less extended than expected from zoom-in cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies with a significant contribution of galaxy mergers involving satellite galaxies.

关键词： Galaxy disk-galaxies fundamental parameters-Galaxy structure

Natural parasites in conjunction with behavioral and color traits explain male agonistic behaviors in a lizard

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Current Zoology 2024年第1期70卷 59-69页

作者： Rodrigo Megia-Palma dhanashree Paranjpe Robert d.Cooper Pauline Blaimont Barry Sinervo department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Parasitology UnitUniversidad de Alcala(UAH)E-28805Alcala de HenaresSpain CIBio Centro de Investigagao em Biodiversidade e Recursos GeneticosInBIO Laboratorio AssociadoCampus de VairaoUniversidade do PortoP-4485-661 VairaoPortugal BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIOCampus de VairaoP-4485-661 VairaoPortugal Rupa Rahul Bajaj Center for Environment and Art Empress Botanical GardensKavade MalaPuneIndia department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095USA department of Biology University of Houston Downtown1Main St.HoustonTX 77002USA department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of CaliforniaSanta CruzCA 95064USA

Male competition conforms to a cost-benefit model,because while aggression may increase reproductive prospects,it can also increase the risk of *** hypothesize that an additional cost in aggressive males would be an increase in parasite load associated with a high energy investment into sexual *** of these infections,in turn,may downmodulate the level of host aggression via energetic *** staged dyadic male contests in the lab to investigate the relationships of multiple parasites with the agonistic behavior of lizard hosts,Sceloporus *** also included both color and behavioral traits from opponents in the analyses because(1)color patches of lizards may serve as intraspecific signals used by conspecifics to assess the quality of opponents,and(2)contests between male lizards fit classical models of escalated aggression,where lizards increase aggression displays in response to an opponent's *** results conform to our hypothesis because male lizards displayed more pushups when they had more ***,some parasites may modulate the levels of aggression because lizards infected by hematic coccidians performed fewer ***,lizards also displayed fewer pushups when both the chroma and size of the opponent's blue patch were *** results thus also supported the role of the blue patch of *** as a sexual armament,because it contributed to the deterrence of aggression from opponent *** revealed that natural parasitic infections in lizard hosts can contribute to their agonistic *** encourage future studies to account for parasites in behavioral testswithlizards.

关键词： Ixodes pacificus Lankesterella sexual selection social interactions ticks

Additively manufactured Ti–Ta–Cu alloys for the next-generation load-bearing implants

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International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 2024年第1期6卷 353-374页

作者： Amit Bandyopadhyay Indranath Mitra Sushant Ciliveri Jose d Avila William dernell Stuart B Goodman Susmita Bose W.M.Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory School of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWA 99164United States of America Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary MedicineWashington State UniversityPullmanWA 99164United States of America department of Orthopedic Surgery Stanford University Medical CenterRedwood CityCA 94063United States of America

Bacterial colonization of orthopedic implants is one of the leading causes of failure and clinical complexities for load-bearing metallic implants. Topical or systemic administration of antibiotics may not offer the most efficient defense against colonization, especially in the case of secondary infection, leading to surgical removal of implants and in some cases even limbs. In this study, laser powder bed fusion was implemented to fabricate Ti3Al2V alloy by a 1:1 weight mixture of CpTi and Ti6Al4V powders. Ti-Tantalum(Ta)–Copper(Cu) alloys were further analyzed by the addition of Ta and Cu into the Ti3Al2V custom alloy. The biological,mechanical, and tribo-biocorrosion properties of Ti3Al2V alloy were evaluated. A 10 wt.% Ta(10Ta) and 3 wt.% Cu(3Cu) were added to the Ti3Al2V alloy to enhance biocompatibility and impart inherent bacterial resistance. Additively manufactured implants were investigated for resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains of bacteria for up to 48 h. A 3 wt.% Cu addition to Ti3Al2V displayed improved antibacterial efficacy, i.e.78%–86% with respect to CpTi. Mechanical properties for Ti3Al2V–10Ta–3Cu alloy were evaluated, demonstrating excellent fatigue resistance, exceptional shear strength, and improved tribological and tribo-biocorrosion characteristics when compared to Ti6Al4V. In vivo studies using a rat distal femur model revealed improved early-stage osseointegration for alloys with10 wt.% Ta addition compared to CpTi and Ti6Al4V. The 3 wt.% Cu-added compositions displayed biocompatibility and no adverse infammatory response in vivo. Our results establish the Ti3Al2V–10Ta–3Cu alloy’s synergistic effect on improving both in vivo biocompatibility and microbial resistance for the next generation of load-bearing metallic implants.

关键词： Ti6Al4V load-bearing implants additive manufacturing 3d printing antibacterial performance

Garg incontinence scores: New scoring system on the horizon to evaluate fecal incontinence. Will it make a difference?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第3期30卷 204-210页

作者： Petr Tsarkov Inna Tulina Parvez Sheikh darya d Shlyk Pankaj Garg department of Colorectal Surgery Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscow 119991Russia department of Oncologic Colorectal Surgery Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscow 119991Russia department of Colorectal Surgery Saifee HospitalMumbai 400004MaharashtraIndia department of Colorectal Surgery Garg Fistula Research InstitutePanchkula 134113HaryanaIndia

The main aim of this opinion review is to comment on the recent article published by Garg et al in the World Journal of Gastroenterology 2023;29:4593–*** authors in the published article developed a new scoring system,Garg incon-tinence scores(GIS),for fecal incontinence(FI).FI is a chronic debilitating disease that has a severe negative impact on the quality of life of the *** IV criteria define FI as multiple episodes of solid or liquid stool passed into the clothes at least twice a *** associated social stigmatization often leads to significant under-reporting of the condition,which further impairs *** important point is that the complexity and vagueness of the disease make it difficult for the patients to properly define and report the magnitude of the problem to their *** to this,the management becomes even more *** issue is resolved up to a considerable extent by a scoring *** were several scoring systems in use for the last three *** prominent of them were the Cleveland Clinic scoring system or the Wexner scoring system,*** Hospital or Vaizey’s scores,and the FI severity ***,there were several shortcomings in these scoring *** the opinion review,we tried to analyze the strength of GIS and compare it to the existing scoring *** main pitfalls in the existing scoring systems were that most of them gave equal weightage to different types of FI(solid,liquid,flatus,etc.),were not comprehensive,and took only the surgeon’s perception of FI into *** GIS,almost all shortcomings of previous scoring systems had been addressed:different weights were assigned to different types of FI by a robust statistical methodology;the scoring system was made comprehensive by including all types of FI that were previously omitted(urge,stress and mucus FI)and gave priority to patients’rather than the physicians’perceptions while developing the scoring *** to this,GIS in

关键词： Fecal incontinence Scoring system Urge Stress Flatus

Generating Baikal-GVd high energy cascade-like neutrino events with a GEANT4-based simulation toolkit

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Chinese Physics C 2024年第10期48卷 256-263页

作者： Zike Wang A.d.Avrorin Zhen Cao Mingjun Chen Peiyuan Chu Zh.-A.M.dzhilkibaev Bo Gao Tianqi Huang Jiali Liu Ying Qi Xiaohao You d.N.Zaborov Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Experimental Physics division&Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 117312Russia TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center Chengdu 610213China School of Science Tibet UniversityLhasa 850000China

Using the GEANT4 and Cosmic Ray Monte Carlo(CRMC)software packages,we developed a new simulation toolkit for astrophysical neutrino *** configuring the Baikal-GVd detector and comparing the vertex position and direction of incident particles,as well as the channel-by-channel signals,to the events detected by Baikal-GVd,we successfully generated 13 high-energy cascade neutrino events with the *** analysis revealed a systematic offset between the reconstructed shower position and the true interaction position,with a distance close to the scale of the shower maximum of−0.54±1.29 *** achieved a good linear relationship between the photoelectron number of neutrino events obtained by simulation and the real data measured by *** simulation toolkit could serve as a reliable basis for studying the performance of astrophysical neutrino telescopes.

关键词： high-energy neutrino cascade event simulation Cherenkov

Solar-driven CO_(2) conversion to methane and methanol using different nanostructured Cu_(2)O-based catalysts modified with Au nanoparticles

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第4期91卷 287-298页

作者： João Angelo Lima Perini Lilian d.Moura Torquato Juliana Fde Brito Gustavo A.Andolpho Mateus A.Gonçalves Leonardo d.de Angelis Lucas d.Germano Susana I.Córdoba de Torresi Teodorico C.Ramalho Maria V.Boldrin Zanoni São Paulo State University(UNESP) Institute of ChemistryRua Prof.Francisco Degni55AraraquaraSP 14800-060Brazil National Institute of Alternative Technologies for detection Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactive Substances(INCT-DATREM)São Paulo State University(UNESP)Institute of ChemistryRua Prof.Francisco Degni55AraraquaraSP 14800-060Brazil Laboratory of Molecular Modelling Department of ChemistryNatural Sciences InstituteFederal University of LavrasLavrasMG 37200-900Brazil department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Hradec KrálovéHradec Králové50003Czech Republic Instituto de Química Universidade de São PauloAv.Prof.Lineu Prestes 74805508-080São PauloSPBrazil

This work describes the use of TiO_(2)nanotubes-based electrodes(TNT)modified with Cu_(2)O nanostructures and gold nanoparticles for the photoelectroreduction of CO_(2)to produce value-added compounds.A thin layer of polydopamine was used as both an adherent agent and an electron transfer mediator,due to itsπ-conjugated electron *** highest production yield was achieved using a TNT@PdA/Nc/Au40%electrode,with Faradaic efficiencies of 47.4%(110.5μM cm^(-2))and 27.8%(50.4μM cm^(-2))for methanol and methane,*** performance of the photoelectrodes was shown to be Cu_(2)O facet-dependent,with cubic structures leading to greater conversion of CO_(2)to methanol(43%)and methane(27%),compared to the octahedral morphology,while a higher percentage of metallic gold on the nanostructured Cu_(2)O surface was mainly important for *** functional theory(dFT)calculations supported these findings,attributing the superior photoelectrocatalytic performance of the TNT@PdA/Nc/Au40%electrode for CH4generation to the formation of an OCH3intermediate bonded to Au *** using isotope-labeling and analysis by gas chromatograph-mass(GC-MS)demonstrated that13CO_(2)was the source for photoelectrocatalytic generation of13CH3OH and13CH313CH2OH.

关键词： Cu_(2)O nanocubes Photoelectrocatalysis Polydopamine CO_(2) photoelectroreduction dFT calculations

Review on dynamic analysis of road pavements under moving vehicles and plane strain conditions

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Journal of Road Engineering 2024年第1期4卷 54-68页

作者： Edmond V.Muho Niki d.Beskou department of disaster Mitigation for Structures Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China department of Civil Engineering University of the PeloponnesePatras 26334Greece School of Science and Technology Hellenic Open UniversityPatras 26335Greece

This paper reviews works on the dynamic analysis of flexible and rigid pavements under moving vehicles on the basis of continuum-based plane strain models and linear *** purpose of this review is to provide in-formation about the existing works on the subject,critically discuss them and make suggestions for further *** reviewed papers are presented on the basis of the various models for pavement-vehicle systems and the various methods for dynamically analyzing these *** pavements are modeled by a homogeneous or layered half-plane with isotropic or anisotropic and linear elastic,viscoelastic or poroelastic material *** pavements are modeled by a beam or plate on a homogeneous or layered half-plane with material properties like the ones for flexible *** vehicles are modeled as concentrated or distributed over a finite area loads moving with constant or time dependent *** above pavement-vehicle models are dynamically analyzed by analytical,analytical/numerical or purely numerical methods working in the time or frequency *** examples are presented to illustrate the models and methods of analysis,demonstrate their merits and assess the effects of the various parameters on pavement *** paper closes with con-clusions and suggestions for further research in the *** significance of this research effort has to do with the presentation of the existing literature on the subject in a critical and easy to understand way with the aid of representative examples and the identification of new research areas.

关键词： Flexible pavements Rigid pavements Moving vehicles Plane strain models dynamic analysis

The 2024 Compendium of Physical Activities and its expansion

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 1-2,F0003页

作者： Stephen d.Herrmann Erik A.Willis Barbara E.Ainsworth Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Center for Health Promotion and disease Prevention University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599USA School of Exercise and Health Shanghai University of SportShanghai 200438China

First developed 30 years ago,the Compendium of Physical Activities(Compendium)was created to provide a standardized way of measuring and classifying specific physical activities(PAs),allowing researchers and health professionals to assess the energy expenditure and health benefits associated with different PA.1Since its inception,the Compendium has been widely utilized and recognized as a fundamental PA and health resource.

关键词： has utilized classify

Aqueous electrochemical delithiation of cathode materials as a strategy to selectively recover lithium from waste lithium-ion batteries

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第1期88卷 144-153,I0004页

作者： Pier Giorgio Schiavi Andrea Giacomo Marrani Olga Russina Ludovica d’Annibale Francesco Amato Francesca Pagnanelli Pietro Altimari department of Chemistry Sapienza University of RomePiazzale Aldo Moro n.500185 RomeItaly

Lithium recovery from end-of-life Li-ion batteries(LIBs)through pyro-and hydrometallurgical recycling processes involves several refining stages,with high consumption of reagents and energy.A competitive technological alternative is the electrochemical oxidation of the cathode materials,whereby lithium can be deintercalated and transferred to an electrolyte solution without the aid of chemical extracting *** article investigates the potential to selectively recover Li from LIB cathode materials by direct electrochemical extraction in aqueous *** process allowed to recovering up to 98%of Li from high-purity commercial cathode materials(LiMn_(2)O_(4),LiCoO_(2),and Li Ni_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)Co_(1/3)O_(2))with a faradaic efficiency of 98%and negligible co-extraction of Co,Ni,and *** process was then applied to recover Li from the real waste LIBs black mass obtained by the physical treatment of electric vehicle battery *** black mass contained graphite,conductive carbon,and metal impurities from current collectors and steel cases,which significantly influenced the evolution and performances of Li electrochemical ***,due to concomitant oxidation of impurities,lithium extraction yields and faradaic efficiencies were lower than those obtained with high-purity cathode *** oxidation was found to occur within the voltage range investigated,but it could not quantitatively explain the reduced Li extraction *** fact,a detailed investigation revealed that above 1.3 V ***/Ag Cl,conductive carbon can be oxidized,contributing to the decreased Li *** on the reported experimental results,guidelines were provided that quantitatively enable the extraction of Li from the black mass,while preventing the simultaneous oxidation of impurities and,consequently,reducing the energy consumption of the proposed Li recovery method.

关键词： Lithium recovery Lithium-ion batteries recycling Electrochemical lithium extraction Lithium selective Extraction