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Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: biology, diagnosis, and treatment

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Chinese Journal of Cancer 2013年第6期32卷 312-324页

作者： cynthia Ro Wanxing Chai Victoria E.Yu Run Yu Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles CA 90048 USA

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs), a group of endocrine tumors arising in the pancreas, are among the most common neuroendocrine tumors. The genetic causes of familial and sporadic PNETs are somewhat understood, but their molecular pathogenesis remains unknown. Most PNETs are indolent but have malignant potential. The biological behavior of an individual PNET is unpredictable; higher tumor grade, lymph node and liver metastasis, and larger tumor size generally indicate a less favorable prognosis. Endocrine testing, imaging, and histological evidence are necessary to accurately diagnose PNETs. A 4-pronged aggressive treatment approach consisting of surgery, locoregional therapy, systemic therapy, and complication control has become popular in academic centers around the world. The optimal application of the multiple systemic therapeutic modalities is under development; efficacy, safety, availability, and cost should be considered when treating a specific patient. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of specific types of PNETs and familial PNET syndromes, including the novel Mahvash disease, are summarized.

关键词：肿瘤生物学神经内分泌全身治疗胰腺诊断生物学行为发病机制学术中心

Genotypic diversity of a dominant C_(4) grass across a long-term fire frequency gradient

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2013年第6期6卷 448-458页

作者： cynthia C.Chang Melinda D.Smith Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale UniversityNew HavenCT 06511USA Department of Biology University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA Department of Biology Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80523USA

Aims and Methods Diversity-disturbance research has focused on community diversity,but disturbance frequency could impact diversity within species as well,with important consequences for community diversity and ecosystem *** examined patterns of genetic diversity of a dominant grass species,Andropogon gerardii,in native North American tallgrass prairie sites located in eastern Kansas that have been subjected to a gradient of fire frequency treatments(burned every 1,2,4 or 20 years)since the *** addition,we were able to assess the relationships between genetic diversity of ***,species diversity and productivity across this range of fire *** Findings We found no significant relationships between genetic diversity of *** at the local scale(1 m^(2) plot level)and disturbance frequency(burned 2 to 32 times over a 38-year period).However,at the site level(*** all plots sampled within a site,~100 m^(2))there were differences in genotype richness and composition,as well as genomic dissimilarity among individuals of *** richness was greatest for the site burned at an intermediate(4-year)frequency and lowest for the infrequently(20-year)burned *** addition,genotypes found in the frequently burned sites were more similar from each other than expected by random chance than those found in the infrequently burned *** composition of *** was not significantly different between the frequently burned sites(annual vs.2 year)but did differ between frequently burned and infrequently burned sites(1 and 2 year vs.4 and 20 year,etc.).Together,these results suggest site-level ecological sorting of genotypes in intact prairie across a broad gradient of disturbance frequencies,likely driven by alterations in environmental *** fire promotes the abundance of dominant grass species,reduces plant community diversity and impacts ecosystem processes such as *** study suggests that

关键词： Andropogon gerardii disturbance frequency genetic relatedness genetic-species diversity relationship genotype richness intermediate disturbance hypothesis productivity tallgrass prairie

2023年美国麻醉医师学会神经肌肉阻滞监测与拮抗实践指南:美国麻醉医师学会工作组关于神经肌肉阻滞的报告

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中华麻醉学杂志 2024年第5期44卷 518-542页

作者： Stephan R.Thilen Wade A.Weigel Michael M.Todd Richard P.Dutton cynthia A.Lien Stuart A.Grant Joseph W.Szokol Lars I.Eriksson Myron Yaster Mark D.Grant Madhulika Agarkar Anne M.Marbella Jaime F.Blanck Karen B.Domino 西雅图华盛顿州明尼阿波里斯明尼苏达州达拉斯得克萨斯州密尔沃基威斯康星州教堂山北卡罗来纳州洛杉矶加利福尼亚州斯德哥尔摩瑞典丹佛科罗拉多州绍姆堡伊利诺斯州巴尔的摩马里兰州

本实践指南基于证据提供了全身麻醉期间及术后神经肌肉功能监测与阻滞拮抗的管理推荐。主要关注神经肌肉功能监测的类型与部位及阻滞拮抗的过程,以减少肌肉松弛药残留阻滞。

关键词：神经肌肉阻滞肌肉松弛药神经肌肉功能监测舒更葡糖钠新斯的明

Effects of plants and plant products on the testis

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2010年第4期12卷 468-479页

作者： Shereen cynthia D＇Cruz Selvaraju Vaithinathan Rajamanickam Jubendradass Premendu Prakash Mathur Department of Biochemistry ＆ Molecular Biology School of Life Sciences Pondicherry University Pondicherry 605014 India

For centuries, plants and plant-based products have been used as a valuable and safe natural source of medicines for treating various ailments. The therapeutic potential of most of these plants could be ascribed to their anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antispasmodic, analgesic and various other pharmacological properties. However, several commonly used plants have been reported to adversely affect male reproductive functions in wildlife and humans. The effects observed with most of the plant and plant-based products have been attributed to the antispermatogenic and/or antisteroidogenic properties of one or more active ingredients. This review discusses the detrimental effects of some of the commonly used plants on various target cells in the testis. A deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms of action of these natural compounds could pave the way for developing therapeutic strategies against their toxicity.

关键词： male reproduction natural products plants spermatogenesis steroidogenesis testis

Global sources, emissions, transport and deposition of dust and sand and their effects on the climate and environment： a review

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第1期11卷 35-43页

作者： Feng Wang Xueqiu Zhao cynthia Gerlein-Safdi Yue Mu Dongfang Wang Qi Lu Institute of Desertification Studies Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing 100091 China School of Resources and Environment Anhui Agricultural University Hefei 230036 China Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA

Dust and Sand Storms （DSS） originating in deserts in arid and semi-arid regions are events raising global public concern. An important component of atmospheric aerosols, dust aerosols play a key role in climatic and environmental changes at the regional and the global scale. Deserts and semi-deserts are the main source of dust and sand, but regions that undergo vegetation deterioration and desertification due to climate change and human activities also contribute significantly to DSS. Dust aerosols are mainly composed of dust particles with an average diameter of 2 ***, which can be transported over thousands of kilometers. Dust aerosols influence the radiation budget of the earth- atmosphere system by scattering solar short-wave radiation and absorbing surface long-wave radiation. They can also change albedo and rainfall patterns because they can act as cloud condensation nuclei （CCN） or ice nuclei （IN）. Dust deposition is an important source of both marine nutrients and contaminants. Dust aerosols that enter marine ecosystems after long-distance transport influence phytoplankton biomass in the oceans, and thus global climate by altering the amount of CO2 absorbed by phytoplankton. In addition, the carbonates carried by dust aerosols are an important source of carbon for the alkaline carbon pool, which can buffer atmospheric acidity and increase the alkalinity of seawater. DSS have both positive and negative impacts on human society： they can exert adverse impacts on human＇s living environment, but can also contribute to the mitigation of global warming and the reduction of atmospheric acidity.

关键词： Dust and sand storm Climate effects Radiative forcing Cloud condensation nuclei Precipitation Iron fertilizer

Evaluating the Development Performance of Tight Oil Reservoir

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Evaluating the Development Performance of Tight Oil Reservoi...

作者： Moore cynthia Kukuwa 中国石油大学(华东)

学位级别：硕士

随着压裂水平井技术的发展,致密油气藏已经成为接替常规油气资源的重要来源。致密油(气)藏具有物性差,裂缝分布复杂以及储层天然能量不足等特点。为使致密油藏获得较好开发效果,有必要认清如何评价其开发效果,并在此基础上建立一套科学... 详细信息

随着压裂水平井技术的发展,致密油气藏已经成为接替常规油气资源的重要来源。致密油(气)藏具有物性差,裂缝分布复杂以及储层天然能量不足等特点。为使致密油藏获得较好开发效果,有必要认清如何评价其开发效果,并在此基础上建立一套科学评价体系来指导早期开发、方案设计和后期调整。本文在对位于某致密油藏地质特征精确认识的基础上,建立了一套压裂水平井开发评价体系,利用该体系可以对低渗透油藏的水驱开发效果进行评价。对该综合评价方法和数值模拟结果相结合的评价体系进行了研究,同时建立了反映致密油藏特征的地质模型。在此基础上,建立了综合评价体系。对致密油藏的开发,需要制定一套专门的评价方法。在对该方法进行验证之后,将其应用于实际油田开发效果评价中。通过对低渗油藏注水开发效果评价,改善了注水开发效果并使得潜在储量得到有效动用。在评价中同时运用了数值模拟、模糊数学、层次分析法以及基质组成分析。对每个指标的计算方法和评价准则进行了验证,同时对注水潜力和水驱开发效果进行了评价。最后,鉴于先前的相关研究中缺少数学理论基础,本文引入了基质组成分析来改进这一缺陷。通过评价实际油田的开发数据以及数值模拟结果,表明对注水开发效果的评价结果最好,可见本文所建立的方法对改善油田注水开发的效果将发挥巨大作用。

关键词：致密油藏低渗数值模拟开发效果指标评价

Organic chloramines in chlorine-based disinfected water systems： A critical review

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2017年第8期29卷 2-18页

作者： Zuo Tong How Ina Kristiana Francesco Busetti Kathryn L.Linge cynthia A.Joll Curtin Water Quality Research Centre Department of Chemistry Curtin University Perth Western Australia 6102 Australia

This paper is a critical review of current knowledge of organic chloramines in water systems,including their formation, stability, toxicity, analytical methods for detection, and their impact on drinking water treatment and quality. The term organic chloramines may refer to any halogenated organic compounds measured as part of combined chlorine（the difference between the measured free and total chlorine concentrations）, and may include N-chloramines,N-chloramino acids, N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides. Organic chloramines can form when dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved organic carbon react with either free chlorine or inorganic chloramines. They are potentially harmful to humans and may exist as an intermediate for other disinfection by-products. However, little information is available on the formation or occurrence of organic chloramines in water due to a number of challenges. One of the biggest challenges for the identification and quantification of organic chloramines in water systems is the lack of appropriate analytical methods. In addition, many of the organic chloramines that form during disinfection are unstable, which results in difficulties in sampling and detection. To date research has focussed on the study of organic ***, given that breakpoint chlorination is commonly undertaken in water treatment systems, the formation of organic dichloramines should also be considered. Organic chloramines can be formed from many different precursors and pathways. Therefore, studying the occurrence of their precursors in water systems would enable better prediction and management of their formation.

关键词： Amino acids Disinfection by-products Organic chloramines N-chloramine Drinking water quality Organic bromamines Organic iodamines

Hybridization despite elaborate courtship behavior and female choice in Neotropical tree frogs

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Integrative Zoology 2023年第2期18卷 208-224页

作者： Renato C.NALI Kelly R.ZAMUDIO cynthia P.A.PRADO Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Evolução e BiodiversidadeInstituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Estadual PaulistaRio ClaroSão PauloBrazil Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA Department of Integrative Biology University of TexasAustinTexasUSA Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e VeterináriasUniversidade Estadual Paulista“Júlio de Mesquita Filho”JaboticabalSão PauloBrazil

The mechanisms of hybridization can be elucidated by analyzing genotypes as well as phenotypes that could act as premating barriers,as the reproductive interactions among heterospeciﬁcs can alter the evolutionary history of *** frogs,hybrids typically occur among species that reproduce explosively(in dense aggregations)with few opportunities for mate selection but are rare in species with elaborate courtship behaviors that may prevent erroneous *** 21 microsatellite markers,we examined hybridization in the prolonged-breeding tree frogs Bokermannohyla ibitiguara and *** sampled within a contact zone in the Brazilian savanna(72 tadpoles;74 adults).We also compared acoustic and morphological *** conﬁrmed both parental species genetically;STRUCTURE results conﬁrmed 14 hybrids,11 of which were second-generation according to NEWHYBRIDS,all with intermediate values of genetic dissimilarities compared to the *** and acoustic analyses revealed that hybrids showed variable but not necessarily intermediate ***,2 hybrids exhibited call types different from *** reproduction of *** involves territorial and aggressive males,elaborate courtships with acoustic and tactile stimuli,choosy females,and opportunistic *** study uncovers a rare case of viable hybridization among closely related frogs with such a combination of complex courtship behaviors and mate *** discuss the likely directionality and mechanisms behind this phenomenon,and highlight the importance of investigating hybridization even in species that show elaborate reproduction and female choice to advance our understanding of animal diversiﬁcation.

关键词： heterospeciﬁc mating hybrid zone Hylidae microsatellites prolonged-breeding

Navigating the currents of seascape genomics： how spatial analyses can augment population genomic studies

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Current Zoology 2016年第6期62卷 581-601页

作者： cynthia RIGINOS Eric D. CRANDALL Libby LIGGINS Pim BONGAERTS Eric A, TREML School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia Division of Science and Environmental Policy California State University Seaside CA 93955 USA Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences Massey University Auckland 0745 New Zealand Global Change Institute The University of Queensland QLD 4072 St Lucia Australia School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia

Population genomic approaches are making rapid inroads in the study of non-model organisms, including marine taxa. To date, these marine studies have predominantly focused on rudimentary metrics describing the spatial and environmental context of their study region （e.g., geographical distance, average sea surface temperature, average salinity）. We contend that a more nuanced and considered approach to quantifying seascape dynamics and patterns can strengthen population genomic investigations and help identify spatial, temporal, and environmental factors associated with differing selective regimes or demographic histories. Nevertheless, approaches for quantifying marine landscapes are complicated. Characteristic features of the marine environment, including pelagic living in flowing water （experienced by most marine taxa at some point in their life cycle）, require a well-designed spatial-temporal sampling strategy and analysis. Many genetic summary statistics used to describe populations may be inappropriate for marine species with large population sizes, large species ranges, stochastic recruitment, and asymmetrical gene flow. Finally, statistical approaches for testing associations between seascapes and population genomic patterns are still maturing with no single approach able to capture all relevant considerations. None of these issues are completely unique to marine systems and therefore similar issues and solutions will be shared for many organisms regardless of habitat. Here, we outline goals and spatial approaches for land- scape genomics with an emphasis on marine systems and review the growing empirical literature on seascape genomics. We review established tools and approaches and highlight promising new strategies to overcome select issues including a strategy to spatially optimize sampling. Despite the many challenges, we argue that marine systems may be especially well suited for identifying candidate genomic regions under environmentally mediated sele

关键词： adaptation genetic-environment association landscape oceanography population genomics remote sensing seascape genetics.