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Costs of g.ucosinolates in <i&g.;Brassica rapa</i&g.;: Are they context dependent?

Open Journal of Ecolog. 2013年第2期3卷 185-195页

作者： Kirk A. Stowe cris g. hochwender Krista Fleck Nichole Duvall Debra Lewkiewicz Steve Trimble Shanon Peters 2Department of Biolog. University of Evansville Evansville USA Department of Biolog. Denison College Samson Talbot Hall Granville USA Department of Biolog. University of Evansville Evansville USA Department of Biolog. Vassar College Poughkeepsie USA Department of Interdisciplinary Studies Beacon College Leesburg USA

Models predicting.optimal levels of plant defense ag.inst herbivores typically include two assumptions: 1) defense is both beneficial and costly;and 2) the relationship between costs and benefits of a defense is consistent across environments. However, the expression of costs and benefits of defense may be environmentally dependent. We examined lines of Brassica rapa, previously diverg.ntly selected for the defensive trait foliar g.ucosinolate content. In one set of experiments (Experiment #1), plants were g.own in herbivore-free and herbivore-present environments to investig.te the costs and benefits of this defense. In a second set of experiments (Experiment #2), plants were g.own at two nutrient levels and two temperatures to examine the environmental context of costs of defense. In Experiment #1, increased levels of damag. resulted in decreased flower production and plants from hig. g.ucosinolate lines received less damag. than those from low g.ucosinolate lines, sug.esting.a benefit of this defense. In this experiment no cost of defense was detected. In Experiment #2, nutrients had a sig.ificant positive effect on flower production at 23°C, but not at 32°C. No sig.ificant effects of g.ucosinolate line nor interaction between nutrient environment and g.ucosinolate line were detected at 23°C, sug.esting.that no cost of defense occurred at this lower temperature. Similarly, no sig.ificant nutrient environment by g.ucosenolate line interaction was detected at 32°C. However, a sig.ificant effect of g.ucosinolate line was observed sug.esting.that at 32°C costs were incurred, but nutrient environment had no mitig.ting.effect. While results from Experiment #1 sug.ested that defense was beneficial, but not costly, results from Experiment #2 sug.ested that costs of defense were temperature dependent. For species occupying.broad g.og.aphic rang.s, these finding. of temperature-dependent costs are especially insig.tful with reg.rd to the evolution of defense because differ

关键词： Brassica rapa Plant Defense Cost of Defense Benefit of Defense Temperature Nutrients

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