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法律制度与经济:近代早期英国与中国之比较

国际社会科学杂志（中文版） 2024年第3期41卷 40-51,5,10页

作者：克雷格·马尔德格鲁英国剑桥大学历史系

导言在过去20年左右的时间里,由彭慕兰(Kenneth Pomeranz)发起的“大分流”争论极大地拓宽了经济史的研究范围。简要来说,他认为,19世纪初之前,中国长江下游地区民众的生活水平完全可以与西欧经济更为发达地区的相提并论。同时,英国有... 详细信息

导言在过去20年左右的时间里,由彭慕兰(Kenneth Pomeranz)发起的“大分流”争论极大地拓宽了经济史的研究范围。简要来说,他认为,19世纪初之前,中国长江下游地区民众的生活水平完全可以与西欧经济更为发达地区的相提并论。同时,英国有更利于工业化的条件,因为其地表煤层和他命名的“隐地”(ghostacres,海外殖民领地上现成的资源生产地)使得本土土地得以用于工业用途。这一论点促使许多其他历史学家试图在全球而不是民族国家层面上,衡量国家之间的工资和物价,以及其他经济指标,如职业结构。

关键词：西欧经济工业用途长江下游地区制度与经济经济史经济指标工业化 19世纪初

RNA Polymerase V Functions in Arabidopsis Interphase Heterochromatin Organization Independently of the 24-nt siRNA-Directed DNA Methylation Pathway

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Molecular Plant 2009年第4期2卷 700-710页

作者： Olga Pontes Pedro Costa-Nunes Paul Vithayathil craig s. Pikaard Biology Department Washington University 1 Brookings Drive St Louis MO 63130 USA

In Arabidopsis, pericentromeric repeats, retroelements, and silenced rRNA genes are assembled into heterochromatin within nuclear structures known as chromocenters. The mechanisms governing higher-order heterochromatin organization are poorly understood but 24-nt small interfering RNAs （siRNAs） are known to play key roles in heterochromatin formation. Nuclear RNA polymerase IV （Pol IV）, RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERAsE 2 （RDR2）, and DICER-LIKE 3 （DCL3） are required for biogenesis of 24-nt siRNAs that associate with ARGONAUTE 4 （AGO4）. Nuclear RNA polymerase V （Pol V） collaborates with DRD1 （DEFICIENT IN RNA-DEPENDENT DNA METHYLATION 1） to generate transcripts at heterochromatic loci that are hypothesized to bind to siRNA-AGO4 complexes and subsequently recruit the de-novo DNA methylation and/or histone modifying machinery. Here, we report that decondensation of the major pericentromeric repeats and depletion of the heterochromatic mark histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation at chromocenters occurs specifically in pol V and drdl mutants. Disruption of pericentromeric repeats condensation is coincident with transcriptional reactivation of specific classes of pericentromeric 180-bp repeats. We further demonstrate that Pol V functions independently of Pol IV, RDR2, and DCL3-mediated siRNA production to affect interphase heterochromatin organization, possibly by involving RNAs that recruit structural or chromatin-modifying proteins.

关键词： RNA polymerase V RNA-directed DNA methylation heterochromatin centromere gene expression.

A simple,stroke-based method for gesture drawing

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Virtual Reality & Intelligent Hardware 2022年第5期4卷 381-392页

作者： Lesley IsTEAD Joe IsTEAD Andreea POCOL craig s.KAPLAN school of Information Technology Carleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada school of Computer science University of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada

Background Gesture drawing is a type of fluid,fast sketch with loose and roughly drawn lines that captures the motion and feeling of a *** style transfer methods,which are able to learn a style from an input image and apply it to a secondary image,can reproduce many styles,they are currently unable to produce the flowing strokes of gesture *** In this paper,we present a method for producing gesture drawings that roughly depict objects or scenes with loose dancing contours and frantic *** following a gradient field,our method adapts stroke-based painterly rendering algorithms to produce long curved strokes.A rough,overdrawn appearance is created through a progressive *** addition,we produce rough hatch strokes by altering the stroke *** add optional shading to gesture *** A wealth of parameters provide users the ability to adjust the output style,from short and rapid strokes to long and fluid strokes,and from swirling to straight *** stylistic outputs include pen-and-ink and colored *** present several generated gesture drawings and discuss the application of our method to *** Our stroke-based rendering algorithm produces convincing gesture drawings with numerous controllable parameters,permitting the creation of a variety of styles.

关键词： Gesture drawing sketching Non-photorealistic rendering

Regarding the Distribution of Glue in the Pion

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Chinese Physics Letters 2021年第8期38卷 17-22页

作者： Lei Chang craig D.Roberts school of Physics Nankai UniversityTianjin 300071China school of Physics Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210093China Institute for Nonperturbative Physics Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210093China

Understanding why the scale of emergent hadron mass is obvious in the proton but hidden in the pion may rest on mapping the distribution functions(DFs)of all partons within the pion and comparing them with those in the proton;and since glue provides binding in quantum chromodynamics,the glue DF could play a special *** reliable predictions for the proton’s DFs is difficult because the proton is a three-valence-body bound-state *** sketched herein,the situation for the pion,a two-valence-body problem,is much better,with continuum and lattice predictions for the valence-quark and glue DFs in *** beginning of theory alignment is timely because experimental facilities now either in operation or planning promise to realize the longstanding goal of providing pion targets,thereby enabling precision experimental tests of rigorous theory predictions concerning Nature’s most fundamental Nambu-Goldstone bosons.

关键词： valence thereby rigorous

Evaluation of clinical outcomes in an interdisciplinary abdominal pain clinic: A retrospective, exploratory review

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2019年第24期25卷 3079-3090页

作者： Amanda D Deacy craig A Friesen Vincent s staggs Jennifer V schurman Division of Gastroenterology Children’s Mercy Kansas CityUMKC School of MedicineKansas CityMO 64108United States Division of Developmental and Behavioral sciences Children’s Mercy Kansas CityUMKC School of MedicineKansas CityMO 64108United States Biostatistics and Epidemiology Health Services and Outcomes ResearchChildren’s Mercy Kansas CityUMKC School of MedicineKansas CityMO 64108United States

BACKGROUND Pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGIDs)are common and wellaccepted to be etiologically complex in terms of the contribution of biological,psychological,and social factors to symptom ***,despite its documented benefits,interdisciplinary treatment,designed to address all of these factors,for pediatric FGIDs remains *** current study hypothesized that the majority of pediatric patients seen in an interdisciplinary abdominal pain clinic(APC)would demonstrate clinical resolution of symptoms during the study period and that specific psychosocial variables would be significantly predictive of GI symptom *** To evaluate outcomes with interdisciplinary treatment in pediatric patients with pain-related FGIDs and identify patient characteristics that predicted clinical *** Participants were 392 children,ages 8-18[M=13.8;standard deviation(sD)=2.7],seen between August 1,2013 and June 15,2016 in an interdisciplinary APC housed within the Division of Gastroenterology in a medium-sized Midwestern children's *** be eligible,patients had to be 8 years of age or older and have had abdominal pain for≥8 wk at the time of initial *** and psychosocial data collected as part of standard of care were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed in the context of the observational *** regression was used to model odds of reporting vs never reporting improvement,as well as to differentiate rapid from slower *** Nearly 70%of patients followed during the study period achieved resolution on at least one of the employed outcome *** those who achieved resolution during follow up,43%to 49%did so by the first follow up(i.e.,within roughly 2 mo after initial evaluation and initiation of interdisciplinary treatment).Patient age,sleep,ease of relaxation,and depression all significantly predicted the likelihood of *** specifically,the odds of clinical resolution w

关键词： Pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders Integrated care Behavioral health consultation Treatment outcomes Abdominal pain clinic

Massive gastrointestinal bleeding: An unusual case of asymptomatic extrarenal, visceral, fibromuscular dysplasia

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第43期13卷 5771-5774页

作者： Paula Andrea Rodriguez Urrego Mark Flanagan Wilson s Tsai craig Rezac Nicola Barnard Department of Pathology Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey United States Department of surgery RWJMS-UMDNJ United States Department of Heart Lung and Esophageal Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center United States

Extrarenal fibromuscular dysplasia causing gastro- intestinal bleeding without other manifestations and especially sparing renal vasculature is uncommon. The diagnosis of this entity is usually made by radiographic appearance and the treatment is controversial. To our knowledge only seven cases of visceral fibromuscular dysplasia as a primary manifestation of the disease have been described, symptoms range from abdominal pain to gangrene. This is the first case of visceral fibromuscular dysplasia presenting with otherwise asymptomatic gastrointestinal bleeding, without bowel necrosis or ischemic changes. We provide a review of the literature.

关键词： Fibromuscular dysplasia Extrarenal Visceral Gastrointestinal bleeding Intimal fibroplasia

Use of mycophenolate mofetil in inflammatory bowel disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第13期15卷 1594-1599页

作者： Terrence Tan Ian craig Lawrance Department of Gastroenterology Fremantle Hospital Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Fremantle Hospital Department of Medicine and Pharmacology University of Western AustraliaFremantle Hospital

AIM:To assess the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil(MMF)prospectively in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)patients intolerant or refractory to conventional medical ***:Crohn's disease(CD)or ulcerative colitis/ IBD unclassified(UC/IBDU)patients intolerant or refractory to conventional medical therapy received MMF(500-2000 mg bid).Clinical response was assessed by the Harvey Bradshaw index(HBI)or colitis activity index(CAI)after 2,6 and 12 mo of therapy,as were steroid usage and adverse ***:Fourteen patients(9 CD/5 UC/IBDU;8M/6F;mean age 50.4 years,range 28-67 years)were treated and prospectively assessed for their response to oral *** the 11 patients who were not in remission on commencing MMF,7/11(63.6%)achieved remission by 8 *** 3 patients in remission on commencing MMF maintained their *** patients were still on MMF at 6 mo with 9/14(64.3%)in remission,while of 12 patients followed for 12 mo,8 were in remission without dose escalation(66.7%).Three patients were withdrawn from the MMF due to drug *** were no serious adverse events attributed due to the ***:MMF demonstrated efficacy in the management of difficult *** appeared safe,well tolerated and efficacious for both short and long-term therapy,without the need for dose *** evaluation of MMF comparing it to conventional immunosuppressants is required.

关键词： Inflammatory bowel disease Mycophenolatemofetil Therapy Crohn's disease Ulcerative colitis

Evolution of siderian juvenile crust to Rhyacian high Ba-sr magmatism in the Mineiro Belt, southern s?o Francisco Craton

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 977-995页

作者： Hugo Moreira Luís seixas craig storey Mike Fowler stephanie Lasalle Ross stevenson Cristiano Lana school of Earth and Environmental sciences University of Portsmouth Burnaby Building Bumaby Road Portsmouth POI 3QL UK Departamento de Geologia Escola de Minas Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Ouro Preto MG 35400-000 Brazil GEOTOP Universite du Quebec a Montreal RO. Box 8888 Station Centre Ville Montreal Quebec H3C 3P8 Canada

Plutonic rocks from the Mineiro Belt, Brazil record a delayed onset of the transition from TTG to sanukitoid-type magmatism（high Ba-sr）, starting during the siderian magmatic lull when little juvenile magma was added to the continental crust. Rocks mostly belong to the calc-alkaline series, meta-to peraluminous and originally ＂Ⅰ-type＂,meaning that oxidized magmas were formed by partial melting of subducted material. The temporal distribution and apparent secular changes of the magmas are consistent with the onset of subduction-driven plate tectonics due to an increase of the subduction angle and opening of the mantle wedge. New isotopic analyses（sm-Nd whole rock and Lu-Hf in zircon）corroborate the restricted juvenile nature of the Mineiro Belt and confirm the genetic link between the Lagoa Dourada suite,a rare ca. 2350 Ma high-Al tonalite-trondhjemite magmatic event, and the sanukitoid-type ca. 2130 Ma Alto Maranhao suite. U-Pb dating of zircon and titanite constrain the crystallisation history of plutonic bodies; coupled with major and trace element analyses of the host rocks, they distinguish evolutionary trends in the Mineiro Belt. several plutons in the region have ages close to 2130 Ma but are distinguished by the lower concentration of compatible elements in the juvenile high Ba-sr suite.

关键词： sao Francisco Craton Magmatic lull TTG-sanukitoid transition Zircon U-Pb-Hf Titanite U-Pb Whole rock Nd isotopes

Accurate determination of DNA yield from individual mosquitoes for population genomic applications

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Insect science 2009年第4期16卷 361-363页

作者： craig s. Wilding D. Weetman K. steen M.J. Donnelly Vector Group Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place Liverpool L3 5QA UK

Accurate estimates of DNA quantity are likely to become increasingly important for successful genomic screening of insect populations via recently developed, highly multiplexed genotyping assays and high-throughput sequencing methods. Here we show that genomic DNA extractions from single Anopheles gambiae Giles using a standard commercial kit-based methodology yield extracts with concentrations below the linear range of spectrophotometric absorbance at 260 nm. Concentrations determined by spectropho- tometry were not reproducible, and are therefore neither accurate nor reliable. However, DNA quantification using a fluorescent nucleic acid stain （PicoGreen） gave highly reproducible concentration estimates, and indicated that, on average, single mosquitoes yielded approximately 300 ng of DNA. such a total yield is currently insufficient for many highthroughput genome screening applications, necessitating whole genome amplification of all or most individuals in a population prior to genotyping.

关键词： Anopheles gambiae DNA quantification mosquito picogreen spectrophotometry